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PubMed1999

The BATHE Method: Incorporating Counseling and Psychotherapy Into the Everyday Management of Patients.

Physicians today are required to do more than ever before; skills that were unnecessary in the past are now "givens." In order for physicians to keep patients well, help them manage chronic problems, and encourage them to adhere to medication regimens, a positive doctor/patient relationship is vital. Establishing patient rapport, obtaining patient trust, and allowing patients to tell their stories show respect and allow a healing partnership. Patients often expect help with emotional as well as physical problems, so it is important to obtain as much information from patients as possible. The BATHE technique is a psychotherapeutic procedure and serves as a rough screening test for anxiety, depression, and situational stress disorders. The BATHE technique consists of 4 specific questions about the patient's background, affect, troubles, and handling of the current situation, followed by an empathic response; the procedure takes approximately 1 minute and must be practiced. Physicians may use the BATHE technique to connect meaningfully with patients, screen for mental health problems, and empower patients to handle many aspects of their life in a more constructive way.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

A comparative study of the usefulness of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and the Dougados Functional Index in the assessment of ankylosing spondylitis.

To determine whether the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI, score 0-10) or Dougados Functional Index (DFI, score 0-40) is superior in measuring physical function in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) we studied 191 consecutive outpatients with AS in the Netherlands, France, and Belgium. The participating centers are secondary and tertiary referral centers. The external criterion for disease activity (DA) was: both patient and physician assessment of disease activity on a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). The external criterion for damage was 2 radiological scores of the spine; BASRI-s (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index-spine) and a modified SASSS (Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score). Median scores for BASFI and DFI were 2.5 (range 0-10) and 8.5 (range 0-35), respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient between both indexes was 0.89. The average correlation with disease activity variables was 0.42 for BASFI and 0.41 for DFI. For both BASFI and DFI the correlation with BASRI-s was 0.42 and with SASSS 0.36. When distinguishing between patients with high and low disease activity, sensitivity for both indexes was between 76 and 94%, while specificity was between 66 and 87% for all 3 DA measures. Average misclassification between BASFI, DFI and DA was 23 and 27%, respectively. Both BASFI and DFI correlate equally well with disease activity and damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Survival of Bacillus anthracis spores in various tannery baths].

The influence of tannery baths: liming, deliming, bating, pickling, tanning, retannage on the survival and on the germination dynamism of B. anthracis spores (Sterne strain) was investigated. The periods and the conditions of this influence were established according to technological process of cow hide tannage. Practically after every bath some part of the spores remained vital. The most effective killing of spores occurred after pickling, liming and deliming. Inversely, the most viable spores remained after bating and retannage process. The lack of correlation that was observed between survival and germination of spores after retannage bath can be explained by different mechanism of spores germination inhibition and their killing.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Partial oxidation of reactive dyestuffs and synthetic textile dye-bath by the O3 and O3/H2O2 processes.

Ozonation and O3/H2O2 oxidation of reactive dyestuffs and simulated textile dye-bath were investigated. Effects of reaction pH, initial dye concentration, H2O2 concentration and assisting chemicals on treatment efficiency were examined. We found considerable improvement in COD and colour removal rates at pH = 11, that was almost the actual pH of the prepared textile wastewater, whereas in particular increasing the initial dyestuff concentration had an adverse effect upon oxidation rates. Removal of colour, COD and TOC were found to be fairly sensitive to the introduction of soda that is frequently applied as an auxiliary chemical during the reactive dyeing process. The addition of H2O2 had negligible effect on COD removal efficiency and decolorization rate compared to ozonation alone at different pH values. Accordingly it can be inferred that the theoretically expected effect of OH radical scavengers (e.g. carbonate, chloride) present in the synthetic dye-bath as well as introduced radical formation promoters (e.g. H2O2, OH-) were probably hidden due to the complexity of the synthetic wastewater matrix. Biodegradability of the ozonated dye-bath was accelerated by a factor of three corresponding to a 233% relative enhancement. The inhibition of the oxygen uptake rate decreased from 91% to 75% within only 5 min treatment time.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of therapeutic complexes using contrast baths, ultrasound and electric stimulation on anthropometric indicators and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with exogenous-constitutional obesity].

Contrast baths proved effective in reducing obesity as they influence body weight index, waist and hip circumferences, improve carbohydrate metabolism, lower insulin resistance. Ultrasound plus contrast baths complex is more effective in hynoid obesity while contrast baths plus electrostimulation with SMC is good in abdominal obesity.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of general carbon dioxide baths on processes of remodeling and diastolic function of the heart in patients with ischemic heart disease after myocardial infarction].

The trial included 63 postmyocardial infarction (PMI) men aged 40-65 years with cardiac failure (CF) NYHA functional class I-II and/or left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. The patients were randomized into two groups: the study group and the controls. The former received medication plus carbon dioxide baths, the latter received medication only. As shown by two-dimensional echocardiography there were no significant differences between the groups by LV function, volume, myocardial mass. In patients of the study group, ejection fraction increased in 75% patients, in controls--in 62%. In those who have taken baths ejection fraction increased if it was low before the treatment. Transmitral blood flow measured with spectral dopplerography indicated significant changes in diastolic function in the study group. Thus, balneotherapy with carbon dioxide baths significantly improves LV diastolic function and myocardial contractility in patients with impaired LV systolic function.

Balneology↗
PubMed2003

Phenotypic population characteristics of the enterococci in wastewater and animal faeces: implications for the new European directive on the quality of bathing waters.

Faecal pollution of recreational bathing waters may derive from point sources of various wastewaters or from more diffuse sources such as run-off of agricultural wastes. The paper describes the application of population similarity studies to the enterococcal flora of various animal faeces and municipal wastewaters as a means of distinguishing human from animal faecal material. A simplified phenotypic testing technique (PhenePlate, PhP) was used to study the fermentation kinetics of eleven carbohydrates by all bacterial isolates. Enterococcal isolates (1,766) from six sources were investigated. Enterococcal population diversity (measured as Simpson's Diversity Index) in wastewater samples was high (mean D(i) = 0.95) compared with those of non-human faeces. The mean diversity of isolates in seabird faeces was 0.72, in sheep and donkey faeces 0.44, in dog faeces 0.42 and in cattle faeces 0.32. Analysis of population similarity coefficients demonstrated that faeces from sheep and cattle showed the greatest similarity (S(p) = 0.72). Sheep and cattle faeces demonstrated a low similarity to municipal wastewater samples. This would suggest that population similarity studies might be a useful tool for distinguishing the relative contributions of municipal wastewater and agricultural run-off to bathing water pollution. The PhP procedure identified a specific PhP type that appears to have high specificity to non-human faeces. It may, therefore, represent an important tool in source tracking. Additional phenotypic and genotypic analysis of PhP types that demonstrate a high degree of source specificity is required. The benefits and limitations of the use of population similarity studies to distinguish pollution sources are discussed in comparison with other source tracking approaches and the implications of these developments for future European Union legislation on the quality of bathing waters are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The bath-plug closure of anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

BACKGROUND: This study presents the technique and results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak closure by placement of a fat plug on the intracranial surface of the dura. A prospective cohort study of all consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic closure of an anterior skull base CSF leak using the bath-plug technique was performed at a tertiary care center. METHODS: Thirty-three patients presented with CSF leaks: 6 were traumatic, 7 were spontaneous, 9 were iatrogenic, and 10 were associated with a meningoencephalocele. The average age of the patients was 40 years and the male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. All patients underwent the bath-plug technique for closure of CSF leaks. The surgical technique was presented. RESULTS: Thirty-one of the 33 patients had a successful primary closure of their CSF leak with 2 patients requiring a repeat procedure. After an average of 28 months follow-up, there were no recurrent leaks in any of the patients. This gives a primary closure success rate of 94% and a secondary closure rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: The bath-plug technique for closure of anterior skull base CSF leaks was a reliable technique for a large variety of causes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinimetric evaluation of the bath ankylosing spondylitis metrology index in a controlled trial of pamidronate therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) is an index comprising 5 measures of spinal and hip mobility in AS that has been primarily validated in the setting of a physiotherapeutic intervention and has not been validated in relation to functional outcomes. Our aim was to validate the BASMI and its individual components in relation to a validated functional index, the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), and to assess its responsiveness in patients with AS receiving 60 or 10 mg pamidronate monthly for 6 months in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. METHODS: AS patients were assessed with the BASMI and BASFI at baseline and 6 months. Two versions of the BASMI were evaluated: the original scoring was based on a 0-2 score for each measure, while a newer version scores each measure on a 0-10 scale. Paired t tests, effect sizes (ES; mean difference divided by baseline standard deviation), and standardized response means (SRM; mean difference divided by standard deviation of the difference) were used to assess responsiveness. A value > 0.5 was considered to reflect good responsiveness. Responsiveness was also examined by linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, and baseline Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and BASFI. The contribution of the BASMI to the variance in the BASFI was assessed by hierarchical linear regression analysis, independent variables being entered in the following order: (1) age, sex, disease duration; (2) drug dose group; (3) baseline or change in the BASDAI; and (4) change in the BASMI. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was also performed to examine the contribution of individual measures of the BASMI. A value > 0.6 was defined as indicative of a good correlation. RESULTS: Seventy AS patients completed 6 months of therapy [81% male, mean age 40.3 yrs (SD 9.7), disease duration 15 yrs (SD 9.5)]. The responsiveness of the BASMI was poor regardless of which version of the BASMI was used (ES = 0.26, SRM = 0.47 for the 60 mg dose group and using a 0-10 scoring system). Examination of the responsiveness of the individual components of the BASMI revealed significance for lumbar side flexion in the 60 mg dosing group (ES = 0.4, SRM = 0.43; p = 0.01) using the newer version of the BASMI (0-10 scoring) that was of similar responsiveness to the entire BASMI. Linear regression analysis showed no significant effects of age, sex, disease duration, baseline BASFI and BASDAI, or drug dose group on BASMI change scored using a 0-2 grading, but drug dose group had a significant effect on BASMI change scored using a 0-10 grading (p = 0.04). The correlation between changes in the BASMI and the BASFI was low, although significant when either version of the BASMI was examined (0.44 and 0.46 for the 0-2 and 0-10 scoring systems, respectively; p < 0.001). Of the individual components of the BASMI, a significant association was observed between changes in either cervical rotation or lumbar side flexion and changes in the BASFI (0.44 and 0.37, respectively; p < 0.01). After adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, the baseline BASDAI, and drug dose group, the BASMI added significantly to the variance in the BASFI (p < 0.001), but this was no longer significant once change in the BASDAI was added to the regression model. CONCLUSION: Responsiveness of the BASMI was poor with either scoring system. Lumbar side flexion was the most responsive of the BASMI components. Changes in the BASMI and its individual components did not correlate well with changes in functional outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Computer-administered bath ankylosing spondylitis and Quebec Scale outcome questionnaires for low back pain: agreement with traditional paper format.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the agreement between computer and paper-administered versions of Bath ankylosing spondylitis (AS) questionnaires and the Quebec Scale for low back pain (LBP). METHODS: Fifty patients with LBP completed the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Functional Index (BASFI), Global Score (BAS-G), and the Quebec Scale. Outcome measures were administered both in traditional paper format and by computerized touch-screen system. The order of completion was randomly assigned to each participant. The length of time required to complete each set of questionnaires was recorded and a "washout" period of at least 40 minutes was ensured between completion of the first and second set of outcome measures. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in completion time between the 2 methods of administration. A small systematic difference between computer and paper-administered versions was observed in the Quebec Scale and in the BAS-G results. However, there was a high degree of agreement between paper and computer-administered versions of the Quebec Scale, the BASDAI, BASFI, and BAS-G. Out of the 50 subjects, 84% indicated a preference for the computer-administered method. CONCLUSION: The Bath AS questionnaires and the Quebec Scale can be reliably administered by a computerized touch-screen system. Given the ease of data integration and analysis supported by computer-administered versions of these outcome measures, their excellent reliability, and their popularity among study participants, the computerized versions of the BASDAI, BASFI, BAS-G, and Quebec Scale seem preferable to the traditional paper format.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Combined sewer overflow emissions to bathing waters in Portugal. How to reduce in densely urbanised areas?

The current proposal for a revised European Directive concerning the quality of bathing water significantly increases the demands for the control of wet-weather discharges. A densely urbanised combined catchment was modelled for a 19-year long rainfall series in order to assess the current situation and to evaluate the benefits of potential solutions. Storage and advanced physical-chemical treatment of stormwater in the STP may significantly contribute for the reduction of the overflow volumes but reductions of the spill frequency under 2.5 spill days per bathing season are hardly obtained. This study reveals the severe strains that the local rainfall pattern may place on the control of the frequency of wet-weather discharges, pointing to serious technical, social and economical implications, at the local and at the national level, if the current proposal for a revised European Directive on Bathing Water is enforced.

Cities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytotoxicity of hard chairside reline resins: effect of microwave irradiation and water bath postpolymerization treatments.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of water bath and microwave postpolymerization treatments on the cytotoxicity of 6 hard reline acrylic resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials tested were Tokuso Rebase Fast (TR), Ufi Gel Hard (UGH), Duraliner II (D), Kooliner (K), New Truliner (NT), and Light Liner (LL). LL resin was additionally tested with an air-barrier coating (LLABC). Nine disks of each material (10 x 1 mm) were made and divided into 3 groups: group 1 (no postpolymerization treatment); group 2 (postpolymerization in microwave oven); group 3 (postpolymerization in water bath at 55 degrees C for 10 minutes). L929 cells were cultured in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 hours in Eagle's medium. Eluates prepared from the disks or medium without disks (control) replaced the medium. Cytotoxicity was assessed by both dehydrogenase succinic activity (MTT) assay and incorporation of radioactive 3H-thymidine assay. Tests were carried out in quadruplicate and repeated twice. Differences between groups were determined by analysis of variance with Tukey multiple-comparison intervals (alpha = .05). RESULTS: For MTT assay, the postpolymerization treatments had no effect on the cytotoxicity of all materials (P > .05). For 3H-thymidine assay, the postpolymerization treatments significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of UGH (P < .05). The cytotoxicity of K, NT, LL, and LLABC increased after microwave irradiation (P < .05). TR, NT, and LLABC showed an increase in cytotoxicity after water bath (P < .05). CONCLUSION: When assessed by MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of the materials was not affected by postpolymerization treatments. 3H-Thymidine assay showed that the cytotoxicity of the resins was not improved by the postpolymerization treatments, with the exception of UGH.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1991

Determination of totalcoliform and faecalcoliform bacteria from bathing water with FLUOROCULT-BRILA-broth.

The BRILA-MUG one-tube-test in connection with the MPN-method can be used successfully to determine with sufficient reliability the number of indices of total coliforms and faecal coliforms according to the EC-Directive for bathing waters. Using the one-tube-test and determination of gas production, fluorescence and indole production is, from the hygienic point of view for surface waters, equal in value to subculture and biochemical identification. The test needs only a minimum of material and laboratory staff. Differences between this test and other more extensive tests with several biochemical identification steps are negligible. The work load for bathing water monitoring would not be justified in this case. Due to the occurrence of Aeromonas, the values for total coliforms compared to a determination with biochemical identification are higher in some cases. A high contamination with Aeromonas indicates a high polluted surface water with a high degree of eutrophication. This is an important additional criterion for the evaluation of bathing waters, even when a direct dependence on faecal contamination does not exist in every case. The degree of an up-to-date faecal contamination can be estimated by the pollution with faecal coliforms.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1991

Timed acid bath effects on kidney podocytes prepared for scanning electron microscopy.

In perfusion fixation of dog kidney glomeruli, observation of tear fractured surfaces by scanning electron microscopy reveals the deposition of "debris" on the surface of glomerular visceral epithelium (podocytes) that is not deposited on other kidney tissue surfaces. It is of concern to remove this debris without damage to tissue surfaces. A 5 minute bath in 8N HCl (hydrochloric acid) following postfixation in 1% OsO4 (osmium tetroxide) removes only some of the debris. A 10 minute acid bath removes this debris without visible damage to podocyte surface structures such as cilia, plicae or blebs. A 20 minute acid bath is destructive to these surface features.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the adaptation of acrylic resin cured by microwave energy and conventional water bath.

Acrylic resin record bases made from three commercial resins were processed by water bath curing and by microwave energy. The adaptation of the record bases to a standard cast was measured to determine if there were any statistically significant differences in the fit that could be attributed to the differences in curing methods and the brands of resin. The results indicated a small statistically significant difference in favor of the water bath cure overall, but clinically there were no appreciable differences in the adaptation of the record bases with either curing method or the resins used. The adaptation of artificial dentures made from acrylic resin is clinically acceptable with either microwave curing or the water bath method.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1989

Bath-photo-therapy with the thermal water of Comano: treatment of psoriasis.

Association between baths with the thermal water of Comano Springs and selective photo-therapy UVB (bath-photo-therapy) has proved to be effective in 94% of psoriatic patients with non-extensive disease. Therefore bath-photo therapy represents a valid alternative to traditional topical treatments and can be used as a adjuvant in the interval periods of the aggressive modern therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Liberation of human leukocyte elastase by hypertonic saline baths in psoriasis].

Human leukocyte elastase, a proteolytic enzyme of neutrophils, can be determined by a highly sensitive enzymatic assay. Bathing in hypertonic salt solutions allowed considerable amounts of human leukocyte elastase to be eluted from psoriatic lesions. Optimal elution was achieved with sodium chloride concentrations of 1 M and higher. Thirty patients with psoriasis of varying degrees of severity released significantly increased amounts of human leukocyte elastase following a 10-min bath in salt water. During daily treatment with salt water baths and UV-B radiation the elutable amounts of elastase decreased dramatically within a few days, reaching normal levels when the skin had cleared. Determination of human leukocyte elastase in salt water eluates of psoriatic skin seems to be useful for quantification of therapeutic effects. It appears conceivable that human leukocyte elastase plays a role in the psoriatic tissue reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Modification of skin sensitivity to selective UV-B (SUP) by water baths and various saline solutions--effect of various concentrations, duration of effect].

The skin sensitivity against selected UV-B (SUP) can be improved by baths in water or in salt solutions, leading to an average economizing of the radiation dose of about 50%. The best effect is achieved by a 0.3% salt bath (0.5 kg common salt per bath-tub). As the effect lasts for two hours, balneophototherapy may be carried out not only in hospitals but in practices, as well.

Balneology↗