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PubMedDate not supplied

Sheldon's trunk index and the growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk.

The trunk index (TI), a ratio of the area of the thoracic trunk to that of the lumbar trunk, is measured on a somatotype photograph marked according to defined criteria. Photographs of 82 boys from the Harpenden Growth Study were measured at ages 5 to 18 years, in an order that obscured which photographs were of the same boy at different ages. Remeasurement two months later of 12 boys at each of ages 5, 11, and 18 years showed retest correlations of 0.97 or higher for thoracic and lumbar areas separately and of about 0.95 for their ratio. When 57 boys aged 17 to 20 years were measured by another worker, their TI values correlated 0.90 with those used in this study. Inter-age correlations among the unedited TI values were approximately 0.9 between ages a year apart and declined as age differences increased. Correlations with values at age 18 increased from about 0.7 at age 5 to 0.9 by age 16. Editing was done by remeasuring all values that deviated by more than 0.05 TI units from a regression line based on each subject's total array of values. In the edited data, correlations with TI values at age 18 increased, ranging from 0.8 at age 5 to 0.95 by age 16. Mean TI was quite stable, ranging only between 1.45 and 1.51 for the whole age span, with the lowest values appearing from 11 to 14 years. In 43 of the 59 boys whose series allowed determination of peak height velocity (PHV), a 'TI dip' appeared: one to three TI values fell more than 0.05 TI units below the boy's overall regression line shortly before PHV. Distance and velocity curves are given for growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk areas. Peak velocity of growth of the lumbar area occurred on average a little earlier than that for the thoracic area; the TI dip was in part a result of this. Alterations of fat distribution as seen by skinfolds probably also contributed. Judging by their individual regression lines, about 80% of the boys showed no more than chance variation from a horizontal slope, their TI neither increasing nor decreasing overall. An additional 10% appeared to show significant slopes only because their series started or ended too near their TI dips. The remaining 10% of boys appeared to show real changes in TI as they grew. Examples of the most extreme changes are shown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Semiautomatic three-dimensional segmentation of the prostate using two-dimensional ultrasound images.

In this paper, we report on two methods for semiautomatic three-dimensional (3-D) prostate boundary segmentation using 2-D ultrasound images. For each method, a 3-D ultrasound prostate image was sliced into the series of contiguous 2-D images, either in a parallel manner, with a uniform slice spacing of 1 mm, or in a rotational manner, about an axis approximately through the center of the prostate, with a uniform angular spacing of 5 degrees. The segmentation process was initiated by manually placing four points on the boundary of a selected slice, from which an initial prostate boundary was determined. This initial boundary was refined using the Discrete Dynamic Contour until it fit the actual prostate boundary. The remaining slices were then segmented by iteratively propagating this result to an adjacent slice and repeating the refinement, pausing the process when necessary to manually edit the boundary. The two methods were tested with six 3-D prostate images. The results showed that the parallel and rotational methods had mean editing rates of 20% and 14%, and mean (mean absolute) volume errors of -5.4% (6.5%) and -1.7% (3.1%), respectively. Based on these results, as well as the relative difficulty in editing, we conclude that the rotational segmentation method is superior.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of current DSM-IV alcohol use disorders in short-stay, general hospital admissions, United States, 1994.

BACKGROUND: This study provides, to our knowledge, the first national prevalence estimates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), alcohol use disorders based on a structured, diagnostic instrument for inpatient admissions to US general hospitals. Existing prevalence estimates for inpatient admissions came from studies conducted in 1 or 2 hospitals and therefore do not support national inference. METHODS: A multistage probability sample was designed to represent acute care admissions to nonfederal, short-stay, general hospitals in the contiguous United States; 2040 admissions (1613 males and 427 females) in 90 hospitals participated. RESULTS: An estimated 1.8 million (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.2 million) annual hospital admissions met the criteria for a current (ie, in the past 12 months) DSM-IV alcohol use disorder. Overall prevalence was estimated to be 7.4% (95% confidence interval, 5.6%-9.1%). Among current-drinking admissions, estimated prevalence was 24.0% (95% confidence interval, 18.7%-29.4%), and males and females had similar rates. Pairwise comparisons showed significant elevations in the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in current-drinking admissions who were younger, black, unmarried, of a lower socioeconomic status, on Medicaid or without health insurance, smokers, or drug users. Prevalence of alcohol use disorders was also significantly higher in current-drinking admissions in hospitals that were government owned, had medical school affiliations, or had a high number of emergency department visits per day. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of alcohol abuse or dependence in current-drinking admissions was substantial, suggesting that hospitalization offers a unique opportunity to identify alcohol use disorders. Further research is needed to determine factors that may be associated with significant pairwise results, especially for race or ethnicity. We recommend alcohol screening of all hospitalized drinkers, followed, as appropriate, by diagnostic evaluation and referral or intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Revision of breast cancer staging: the 6th edition of the TNM Classification.

A Breast Task Force comprised of nationally known experts in the field of breast cancer treatment was charged with recommending additions and changes for the 6th edition of the TNM Classification that were based on published evidence and/or were consistent with widespread clinical consensus. Additions made to the staging system were designed to facilitate the uniform collection of clinically relevant information about new techniques for the detection of metastatic cells. These additions include quantitative criteria to distinguish micrometastases from isolated tumor cells, and specific identifiers to record the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and molecular biology techniques. Revisions of the previous staging system are related to the number of affected axillary lymph nodes and to the classification of level III axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes outside of the axilla.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Three-dimensional dimer structure of the lambda-Cro repressor in solution as determined by heteronuclear multidimensional NMR.

The 1H, 15N and 13C magnetic resonances of the lambda-Cro repressor have been assigned almost completely, mainly through the use of heteronuclear multidimensional NMR methods. Inter-subunit NOEs were distinguished by means of heteronuclear spectral editing technique (13C double half filter technique). Based on the distance and dihedral angle constraints derived from the NMR data, the three-dimensional solution structure of the lambda-Cro repressor in the dimeric form has been calculated by the simulated annealing method. The input for the structure calculations consisted of 1H-1H distance constraints, of which 1536 were intra-subunit and 40 were inter-subunit, and dihedral angle, phi, constraints, which numbered 92. The average root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) for all backbone heavy- atoms of the 20 calculated structures for residues 3 to 59 of the total of 66 amino acid residues in both subunits was 1.57 Angstrum, while the average RMSD for each subunit in the same residue range was 0.66 Angstrum. The subunit is composed of three alpha-helices, residues 7 to 13, 16 to 23 and 27 to 36, and a three-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet composed of residues 3 to 6, 40 to 44 and 50 to 55. The solution structure of the subunit is essentially the same as that in the crystalline form, but the structure of the dimer form in solution differs from that of the dimer unit in the crystalline form. It is suggested that the solution dimer structure is distorted to fit the recognition helices in the major grooves of DNA on complex formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

An integrated surgical suite management information system.

The operational aspects, application areas, and results achieved from an integrated surgical suite management information system are described. The system, which has been operating within Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, for 4 years, captures comprehensive data for each surgical episode, performs extensive edits on these data to assure data base integrity, and utilizes this data base in multiple applications. These applications include fixed-format reporting for medical staff and management; ad hoc retrieval capabilities to support research, education, and decision making; and linkage to other hospital systems to reduce both data redundancy and paper flow.

Hospital Departments↗
PubMed2005

Eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis of controlled studies on prevalence of eating disorders in Type 1 diabetes was performed in order to assess differences between diabetic and non-diabetic female subjects. All controlled studies using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third Edition Revised (DSM Ill-R) or the DSM Fourth Edition (DSM IV) criteria for interview-based diagnosis were included in the analysis. The total sample was composed of 748 and 1587 female subjects with and without diabetes, respectively. The prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) in Type 1 diabetic subjects was not significantly different from that of controls (0.27 vs 0.06%), while that of bulimia nervosa and of the two conditions combined was significantly higher in diabetic patients (1.73 vs 0.69%, and 2.00 vs 0.75%, respectively; both p < 0.05). Type 1 diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of bulimia nervosa in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Operative record using intraoperative digital data in neurosurgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop a new method for more efficient and accurate operative records using intra-operative digital data in neurosurgery, including macroscopic procedures and microscopic procedures under an operating microscope. METHODS: Macroscopic procedures were recorded using a digital camera and microscopic procedures were also recorded using a microdigital camera attached to an operating microscope. Operative records were then recorded digitally and filed in a computer using image retouch software and database base software. FINDINGS: The time necessary for editing of the digital data and completing the record was less than 30 minutes. Once these operative records are digitally filed, they are easily transferred and used as database. Using digital operative records along with digital photography, neurosurgeons can document their procedures more accurately and efficiently than by the conventional method (handwriting). INTERPRETATION: A complete digital operative record is not only accurate but also time saving. Construction of a database, data transfer and desktop publishing can be achieved using the intra-operative data, including intra-operative photographs.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between changes in body weight and changes in psychosocial functioning.

Previous studies have indicated that obesity is related to a variety of psychosocial problems. Unfortunately, the literature on the relationship between weight status and psychosocial functioning has primarily utilized clinical samples and cross-sectional designs. The current study prospectively explored the relationship between weight gain and changes in psychosocial functioning. Subjects were 195 women and 204 men recruited as part of a larger longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors, who attended assessment sessions once per year for 2 consecutive years. Psychosocial functioning was assessed using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), the Family Environment Scale (FES) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale 3rd Edition (FACES-III). Subjects were categorized based on their weight status at each year so the effect of a change in weight status on changes in psychosocial functioning could be evaluated. Multivariate measures indicated no changes in psychosocial functioning as a result of change in weight status over a 1-year period for either men or women. It appears that shifts in body weight, at least in a sample of subjects with generally good levels of psychological functioning, are not associated with changes in the measured levels of psychosocial functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Method and value of digital recording of operations for congenital heart disease.

PURPOSE: We describe the methods we have used to employ digital video techniques in the teaching of surgery for congenital heart disease. DESCRIPTION: This paper describes the hardware and software required to initiate and utilize digital video in surgery for congenital heart defects. Images are collected through a headlight camera and stored on standard digital-video camera tape. Tapes are catalogued using a purpose built database, linked to the hospital data system, and employing the European Pediatric Codes coding system for diagnostic and procedural coding. This permits keyword as well as patient-based searches. Master tapes are then digitally edited using proprietary software to create for example teaching tapes or to explain the operation to the family of the patient. EVALUATION: Eighty percent of the procedures performed by one surgeon (M.J.E.) during the last year have been recorded in this way. CONCLUSIONS: A working digital archive of pediatric cardiac surgical procedures has been created. Database links to hospital systems create the opportunity for linking full, visual records of procedures to be retained in an electronic patient record.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2004

Activation induced deaminase: the importance of being specific.

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is required for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes. Although the preponderance of evidence suggests that AID functions by deaminating deoxycytidine in DNA, the question remains whether it can also deaminate cytidine in mRNA, as originally proposed based on its homology to RNA-editing enzymes. Recently, the biological relevance of assaying mammalian enzymes for DNA deaminase activity using Escherichia coli DNA as a reporter has been questioned, representing another round in the ongoing debate.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed2005

[Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia: description and management].

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD) are, beside cognitive disorders, major features of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Diagnosis is important to enhance our knowledge of the pathophysiology of dementia and of their functional consequences for patients and caregivers. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of dementia depends to a large extent on the presence of BPSD. A committee of geriatricians, neurologists and psychiatrists specialized in dementia (THEMA 2) has promoted an epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic update in this field. This work was based on the BPSD Consensus Conference Report edited in 2000 by the International Psychogeriatric Association. This report was updated with the most recent literature reports, and was adapted to the French environment. This paper is a synthesis of this meeting, validated and corrected by the entire Thema 2 group.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Transcriptome identification of putative genes involved in protein catabolism and innate immune response in human body louse (Pediculicidae: Pediculus humanus).

Genomics information relating to human body lice is surprisingly scarce, and this has constrained studies of their physiology, immunology and vector biology. To identify novel body louse genes, we used engorged adult lice to generate a cDNA library. Initially, 1152 clones were screened for inserts, edited for removal of vector sequences and base pairs of poor quality, and viewed for splicing variations, gene families and polymorphism. Computational methods identified 506 inferred open reading frames including the first predicted louse defensin. The inferred defensin aligns well with other insect defensins and has highly conserved cysteine residues, as are known for other defensin sequences. Two cysteine and five serine proteinases were categorized according to their inferred catalytic sites. We also discovered seven putative ubiquitin-pathway genes and four iron metabolizing deduced enzymes. Finally, glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome P450 genes were among the detoxification enzymes found. Results from this first systematic effort to discover human body louse genes should promote further studies in Phthiraptera and lice.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

BrainSuite: an automated cortical surface identification tool.

We describe a new magnetic resonance (MR) image analysis tool that produces cortical surface representations with spherical topology from MR images of the human brain. The tool provides a sequence of low-level operations in a single package that can produce accurate brain segmentations in clinical time. The tools include skull and scalp removal, image nonuniformity compensation, voxel-based tissue classification, topological correction, rendering, and editing functions. The collection of tools is designed to require minimal user interaction to produce cortical representations. In this paper we describe the theory of each stage of the cortical surface identification process. We then present classification validation results using real and phantom data. We also present a study of interoperator variability.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase is a uracil-processing DNA repair nuclease.

Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase (eNDK) is an XTP:XDP phosphotransferase that plays an important role in the regulation of cellular nucleoside triphosphate concentrations. It is also one of several recently discovered DNases belonging to the NM23/NDK family. E. coli cells disrupted in the ndk gene display a spontaneous mutator phenotype, which has been attributed to the mutagenic effects of imbalanced nucleotide pools and errors made by replicative DNA polymerases. Another explanation for the increased mutation rates is that endk- cells lack the nuclease activity of the NDK protein that is essential for a DNA repair pathway. Here, we show that purified, cloned endk is a DNA repair nuclease whose substrate is uracil misincorporated into DNA. We have identified three new catalytic activities in eNDK that act sequentially to repair the uracil lesion: (i) uracil-DNA glycosylase that excises uracil from single-stranded and from U/A and U/G mispairs in double-stranded DNA; (ii) apyrimidinic endonuclease that cleaves double-stranded DNA as a lyase by forming a covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate complex with the apyrimidinic site created by the glycosylase; and (iii) DNA repair phosphodiesterase that removes 3'-blocking residues from the ends of duplex DNA. All three of these activities, as well as the nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, reside in the same protein. Based on these findings, we propose an editing function for eNDK as a mechanism by which the enzyme prevents mutations in DNA.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2003

Environmental management of asthma at top-ranked U.S. managed care organizations.

We evaluated the status of nationally top-ranked managed care organizations' (MCOs) asthma disease management programs to identify "best practices" in the environmental treatment and control of asthma. Application materials were developed and mailed to the top 34 managed care organizations, as determined by the ranked results from the October 1998 edition of US News and World Report. Based on the results of a staff and panel review, five applicants were selected for site visitation. The results of the site visits determined two finalists and three runners-up. We recommend that MCOs integrate population and community-based strategies and seek an emphasis on prevention. We encourage collaborations with other organizations and agencies. We endorse home visitation to assess environmental factors and also support use of telephonic case management. We think that smoking cessation programs should be coordinated with asthma management. We consider it important to use alternative forms of communication such as the Internet. And we find that it is important to be mindful of language, culture, and literacy.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phylogenetic invariants for genome rearrangements.

We review the combinatorial optimization problems in calculating edit distances between genomes and phylogenetic inference based on minimizing gene order changes. With a view to avoiding the computational cost and the "long branches attract" artifact of some tree-building methods, we explore the probabilization of genome rearrangement models prior to developing a methodology based on branch-length invariants. We characterize probabilistically the evolution of the structure of the gene adjacency set for reversals on unsigned circular genomes and, using a nontrivial recurrence relation, reversals on signed genomes. Concepts from the theory of invariants developed for the phylogenetics of homologous gene sequences can be used to derive a complete set of linear invariants for unsigned reversals, as well as for a mixed rearrangement model for signed genomes, though not for pure transposition or pure signed reversal models. The invariants are based on an extended Jukes-Cantor semigroup. We illustrate the use of these invariants to relate mitochondrial genomes from a number of invertebrate animals.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Neurocognitive impairment due to chronic alcohol consumption in an American Indian community.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that clinically ascertained alcoholics tend to have lower scores than nonalcoholics on cognitive performance tests, particularly the Block Design (BD) and Digit Symbol (DS) tests of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). The aim of this study was to determine whether similar differences are found in a community sample of Plains Indian men and women with an episodic pattern of drinking and a high lifetime prevalence of alcoholism (71% for men, 44% for women). METHOD: We administered a truncated form of the WAIS-R to 334 members of a Plains Indian tribe (197 women and 137 men). Blind-rated psychiatric diagnoses were assigned according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria and based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders, Lifetime Version (SADS-L) interview. We compared 68 currently drinking alcoholics (38 men and 30 women), 116 abstaining alcoholics (59 men and 57 women) and 150 nonalcoholics (40 men and 110 women). RESULTS: Current and past heavy drinking had no impact on WAIS-R scores in women. Male alcoholics who were abstinent > or = 2years had similar scores to nonalcoholic men. Male current drinkers showed a trend for lower overall verbal and performance (PIQ) scores and BD performance subtest. Further analysis showed that drinking for > or = 15 years was significantly associated with reduced DS in male current drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that for the men in this community sample, the impact on PIQ is due to the direct effect of chronic alcohol consumption on cognitive performance and is at least partially reversible after 2 years of abstinence.

Adult↗