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PubMed1997

Modes of therapeutic action.

The dialectic in psychoanalysis between theories about the mutative effects of interpretation and psychological knowledge and those concerning the effects of interpersonal interaction constitutes an important tension for approaches to psychoanalytic technique. This essay briefly summarises the thinking around these alternative conceptualisations of therapeutic action, and introduces a new empirically derived model, that of 'repetitive interaction structure', which attempts to bridge therapeutic action by insight and by relationship. Interaction structure is a way of formulating those aspects of the analytic process that have come to be termed intersubjectivity, transference-countertransference enactments and role responsiveness. The concept operationalises important aspects of interpersonal interaction, and can help specify the two-person patterns that emerge in an analysis. Patient and analyst interact in repetitive ways; these patterns of interaction, which are slow to change, probably reflect the psychological structure of both patient and analyst, whether psychic structure is conceptualised in terms of object-representations or compromise formations and impulse-defence configurations. Therapeutic action is located in the experience, recognition and understanding by patient and analyst of these repetitive interactions. Interaction structures stress the importance of the intrapsychic as a basis for what becomes manifest in the interactive field. Clinical illustrations from a psychoanalysis are provided, and research on repetitive interaction structures is described.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Validating DICOM content in a remote storage model.

Verifying the integrity of DICOM files transmitted between separate archives (eg, storage service providers, network attached storage, or storage area networks) is of critical importance. The software application described in this article retrieves a specified number of DICOM studies from two different DICOM storage applications; the primary picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and an off-site long-term archive. The system includes a query/retrieve (Q/R) module, storage service class provider (SCP), a DICOM comparison module, and a graphical user interface. The system checks the two studies for DICOM 3.0 compliance and then verifies that the DICOM data elements and pixel data are identical. Discrepancies in the two data sets are recorded with the data elements (tag number, value representation, value length, and value field) and pixel data (pixel value and pixel location) in question. The system can be operated automatically, in batch mode, and manually to meet a wide variety of use cases. We ran this program on a 15% statistical sample of 50,000 studies (7500 studies examined). We found 2 pixel data mismatches (resolved on retransmission) and 831 header element mismatches. We subsequently ran the program against a smaller batch of 1000 studies, identifying no pixel data mismatches and 958 header element mismatches. Although we did not find significant issues in our limited study, given other incidents that we have experienced when moving images between systems, we conclude that it is vital to maintain an ongoing, automatic, systematic validation of DICOM transfers so as to be proactive in preventing possibly catastrophic data loss.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1995

The preconceptual organization of emotion.

The suggestion is made that emotions organized on a preconceptual level are psychic constructs different in kind, as well as degree, from emotions organized on a more abstract conceptual level. For many people the regressive alteration in ego functioning that gives rise to these emotional constructions represents a characterological way of handling conflict. Emotions organized on a preconceptual level and rigidly maintained through primitive defenses ward off a host of fears ranging from castration to dedifferentiation. The shift from the preconceptual world of sensation to the conceptual world of abstraction complements the resolution of oedipal themes and is essential for free and easy movement between reality-based interactions and the imaginary experience of both self- and object representations in the transference. Structural and dynamic aspects of these emotional constructions are discussed and their relation to a person's experience of reality is explored through transference material taken from different points in an analysis. The problem of the analyst's use of concepts to refer to preconcepts is also discussed, as is the issue of enactments.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The active site of papain. All-atom study of interactions with protein matrix and solvent.

The proton transfer between the Cys25 and His159 residues in the active centre of the proteolytic enzyme papain is investigated with the Hartree-Fock SCF direct reaction field method. The active centre is treated quantum mechanically, while the environment is represented by interacting partial charges and polarizabilities. All protein atoms around the active site are included explicitly in the calculations. In this way a complete description is given of both the electrostatic and the dielectric properties of the enzyme. The protein matrix stabilizes the zwitterionic form of Cys-His, which is thought to be the catalytically active state much more than the neutral configuration. The most important contribution to the stabilization comes from the alpha-helix to which Cys25 is attached; more than half of its effect is due to the backbone atoms of Cys25 itself. Other important factors are the Asn175 side-chain and the solvent. Solvent effects are estimated by means of Monte Carlo calculations of crystal water molecules that are located near the active site. The total energies of the neutral and zwitterionic structures are similar, confirming the idea that a zwitterion can exist in the active centre of papain. The energy difference, however, is sensitive to the geometry of the active site, suggesting that the two structures are in thermal equilibrium. Classical analogues of the quantum mechanical interaction energy, employing point charge representations of the active site, are found to be quite useful. The dielectric behaviour of the protein is much more complicated than is implicated in dielectric constant models; force fields that do not include an atomic level representation of electronic polarization are inadequate.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The absence of the paternal penis.

Girls' experiences of object loss, in conjunction with female anatomical structure, may lend themselves to a particular genital anxiety regarding openness and emptiness. The relational void in giving up the mother as love object may lead to an internal self-representation of a "hole" to be filled, much as the mouth sucks the pacifier in the absence of the nipple. This image may then be extended to the genital representation. In turning to the father, a girl may find that she lacks a relationship with him in the relational space opened up by the loss of the mother; the penis is symbolically withheld from her in the father's relational distance. This lack of sexual and relational gratification, it is proposed, may be schematized by a female as her body being empty of something. The father's absence--the absence of the paternal penis--may lead to an absence of the mental representation of the vagina and to an inhibition of the role the vagina then plays for a woman in sexual desire. Vaginal repression may serve to disguise object hunger that might otherwise be experienced as vaginal longing. An abbreviated clinical vignette, revolving around a masturbatory fantasy, is offered in partial illustration of the thesis.

Fantasy↗
PubMed1997

Development of the organ of Corti in horseshoe bats: scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

The late prenatal and early postnatal development of the organ of Corti were studied in the horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus rouxi) by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Arrangements and dimensions of stereocilia bundles, together with their contacts with the tectorial membrane, were found to be adult-like shortly before birth, and thus before the biological onset of hearing (3-5 days after birth). During the first postnatal week, there were baso-apical gradients in disappearing kinocilia on inner hair cells (IHC), microvillis of supporting cells, and marginal pillars. The lower basal cochlear turn was mature with respect to these regressing structures at 3 days after birth, the apical turn at 10 days after birth. At birth, cytodifferentiation was found to be completed, and the tunnel of Corti and innermost spaces of Nuel had opened. The ultrastructure of IHCs was not markedly different from that at later ages. In outer hair cells (OHC), the adult-like regular arrangement of a single layer of subsurface cisternae and pillars was seen as soon as protrusions of supporting cells had withdrawn from the lateral wall of OHCs (basal turn at birth and throughout the cochlea 2 days after birth). Numerous efferent endings contacted the somata of IHCs up to the second postnatal week. Since the medial olivocochlear system is absent in horseshoe bats, the adult-like innervation pattern of OHCs was established at the biological onset of hearing. During the first 2 postnatal weeks, the cytoskeleton of pillar and Deiters cells, and the specialized Deiters cups developed. The organ of Corti appeared adult-like at 14 days, apart from the persistence of a reduced tympanic cover layer attached to the basilar membrane. Morphological data support physiological findings that the first broadly tuned auditory responses arise from the basal turn. The distinct low to high frequency gradient in development of sensitivity during the first 2 postnatal weeks of the horseshoe bat was not, however, matched by morphological gradients, and it would appear that the development of the cytoskeleton of supporting cells contributed to the establishment of tuning in the auditory fovea. Adult-like morphology of the organ of Corti coincided with the emergence of sharply tuned responses from the auditory fovea, but there was no clear-cut correlate for the shift in tuned foveal frequency representation that occurred during the following 3 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Maternal representations of patients with schizophrenia as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument.

Maternal perceptions were assessed, using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in 19 subjects with schizophrenia, 14 subjects with borderline personality disorder and 15 non-clinical subjects. Subjects with schizophrenia and subjects with borderline personality disorder reported significantly less care and more overprotection than did non-clinical subjects. No significant differences were found in representations by subjects with schizophrenia and subjects with borderline personality disorders. To the extent that the reported negative maternal behaviour gives a true picture of childhood and adolescent experiences, it does not seem to be specific for schizophrenia, but may be one factor in the development of severe mental disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Object representations in the early memories of sexually abused borderline patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed psychological representations in 58 subjects in order to achieve a better understanding of the relation between adult borderline personality disorder and reported histories of childhood sexual and physical abuse. METHOD: The subjects were 29 inpatients with borderline personality disorder diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, 14 nonborderline inpatients with major depressive disorder according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria, and 15 normal comparison subjects recruited from the community and screened for the absence of psychopathology. Earliest memories were used as the source of mental representations in all subjects. The memories were reliably coded for malevolent affect tone, presence of deliberate injury, and effectiveness of helpers. Family histories of childhood sexual and physical abuse were obtained with the Familial Experiences Interview, a structured interview. Abuse histories for a subset of the subjects were corroborated by interviews with family members. RESULTS: A reported history of sexual abuse, but not a reported history of physical abuse, predicted the presence of extremely malevolent representations in these earliest memories as well as representations involving deliberate injury. These two kinds of representations also discriminated borderline patients who reported histories of sexual abuse from borderline patients who did not report sexual abuse. Mean affect tone (from malevolent to benevolent) did not, however, discriminate sexually abused or physically abused subjects. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that malevolent representations associated with the borderline diagnosis in previous research may be partially related to a history of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for the object relations theory of borderline personality disorder are noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Love hurts: the evolution of empathic concern through the encephalization of nociceptive capacity.

Empathic concern for others is an essential motive for challenges of self-regulation at all developmental stages. A child who never develops the capacity for empathic concern may become an ineffective parent, such that developmental psychopathology propagates across generations. We draw on evidence and theory by Panksepp and associates that indicates that infant-mother bonding is mediated by opiate mechanisms. We review the neural systems of pain perception and find these are closely aligned with those for attentional and cognitive self-regulation. Analysis of the limbic and neocortical representations for interpersonal reasoning suggests there are important contributions from visceral, affective, and somatic and cognitive levels. We draw on modern learning theory to propose a critical role for frustration training in development to allow the child to achieve the capacity for tolerating psychological pain that allows effective empathic concern in later relationships.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The construction of experience: a longitudinal study of representation and behavior.

Continuity in relationship representation and developmental links between relationship representation and behavior from infancy to late adolescence were examined using longitudinal data from a risk sample (N = 185). Significant correlations were found among diverse representational assessments (e.g., interview, drawing, projective narrative) and between representational and concurrent observational measures of relationship functioning. Structural equation models were analyzed to investigate the relations among caregiving experience in infancy; relationship representation and experience in early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence; and socioemotional functioning in adolescence. A model representing interactive contributions of representational and behavioral experience represented the data significantly better than a model representing noninteractive contributions. Findings support an organizational developmental view that socioemotional adaptation arises from the progressive construction of mutually informing expectations and experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Cathexes and their objects in the thought of Sigmund Freud.

This paper reexamines Freud's theory of "cathexis" (a quantity of motivational intensity invested in an object) in the light of recent developments in philosophy and cognitive psychology. Contrary to what is often thought, the quantitative element is defensible as a purely psychological idea. The notion of a cathexis is closely similar to the philosophical idea of an "intentional" state, which derives from Franz Brentano, Freud's teacher and mentor. Freud initially held the object of a cathexis always to be intrapsychic, a position which is untenable and which he largely abandoned after 1915, when he began (correctly) to take cathected objects generally to be persons or events, not their representations. His idea of a cathexis as "entering into" its object contains a valuable and neglected insight, which undermines the centrality of the distinction between the "outer" and "inner" realms of experience. This distinction should not be confused with the key distinction between "fantasy" and "actuality" with respect to cathectic objects. So-called "inner" (fantasy) objects are generally "inside" the mind in a metaphorical sense only.

Cathexis↗
PubMed1982

Strachey's influence: a preliminary report.

James Strachey stands between his reader and Freud precisely because he translated and organized Freud's life work. Therefore we need to know what Strachey took for granted and how he made his choices in order to begin to disentangle Strachey's views from Freud's. Freud had no fear of sounding disorderly when describing what he could not see and did not understand. In fact, he was trying to reveal the faults in his own ideas by putting them as clearly as he could. Freud also began to develop intricate and nonspatial conceptions, but even these more abstract ways of thinking about unconscious activity are usually laid out in plain German. In his translation 'A Child is Being Beaten' Strachey always chose simple clarity. Because he believed that Freud was describing facts and forces which accounted for them, Strachey usually chose the most authoritative tone or quantitative term. This was a serious mistake. Strachey shifted Freud's focused questions and flexible approximations into artificial words which have the ring of set explanations. I have shown that much of what Freud wrote about ideas which are now called mental representation, drive and instinct, mental object relationships, developmental differentiation, ego-id-superego, regression, repression and cathexis is missing in Strachey's wording. By condensing some of Freud's descriptions of his own ideas, Strachey composed a premature technical language which isolated Freud's work from the science of his time, as well as ours, and may have hindered the development of psychoanalytic theory.

Child↗
PubMed1995

A comparative analysis of physiological responses at submaximal workloads during different laboratory simulations of field cycling.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between heart rate (fc), oxygen consumption (VO2), peak force and average force developed at the crank in response to submaximal exercise employing a racing bicycle which was attached to an ergometer (RE), ridden on a treadmill (TC) and ridden on a 400-m track (FC). Eight male trained competitive cyclists rode at three pre-determined work intensities set at a proportion of their maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max): (1) below lactate threshold [work load that produces a VO2 which is 10% less than the lactate threshold VO2 (sub-LT)], (2) lactate threshold VO2 (LT), and (3) above lactate threshold [workload that produces a VO2 which is 10% greater than lactate threshold VO2 (supra-LT)], and equated across exercise modes on the basis of fc. Voltage signals from the crank arm were recorded as FM signals for subsequent representation of peak and average force. Open circuit VO2 measurements were done in the field by Douglas bag gas collection and in the laboratory by automated gas collection and analysis. fc was recorded with a telemeter (Polar Electro Sport Tester, PE3000). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed: (1) in VO2 between FC and both laboratory conditions at sub-LT intensity and LT intensities, (2) in peak force between FC and TC at sub-LT intensity, (3) in average force between FC and RE at sub-LT. No significant differences were demonstrated at supra-LT intensity for VO2. Similarly no significant differences were observed in peak and average force for either LT or supra-LT intensities. These data indicate that equating work intensities on the basis of fc measured in laboratory conditions would overestimate the VO2 which would be generated in the field and conversely, that using fc measured in the laboratory to establish field work intensity would underestimate mechanical workload experienced in the field.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Family ties of heroin addicts.

Families of black, male heroin addicts of low socioeconomic class were compared with families of schizophrenics and high-achieving normal controls. The hypothesis was that heroin addicts are enmeshed with their parents or parental surrogates in alliances across generational lines and in reversals of the hierarchical organization of their families that, clinically, appear to perpetuate the addictive behavior. Family members chose representations of their hiertarchical relations to show closeness and distance between family members. There were significant differences among the three groups. Heroin addicts' families had the highest number of representations in which offspring were equal to or higher in the hierarchy than the parental generation and in which closeness was represented between two family members across generational lines. High achievers' families had the lowest scores; schizophrenics' families were in the middle. The results support clinical observations of heroin addicts' families and offer a guide for therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object.

A schematic overview of the development of male and female gender identity has been presented with an attempt to formulate a developmental line. The steps include: (Table: see text) In discussion of these steps an effort was made to distinguish between core morphological or core gender identity--that is, the primary sense of being male or female, to which other aspects of gender identity are added over the course of development to eventually include a "mix" of masculinity and femininity; gender role identity, which includes the conscious and unconscious mental representations of dialogues with other people vis-à-vis one's gender identity as well as identification with role models; and the separate process of choosing a sexual partner orientation. These separate strands join together and intermingle to make up what we view globally as "gender identity."

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Body image and mental structure--the ascertainment of body experience in psychodynamic diagnostics].

The present paper introduces a new method for diagnosing the body image and reference to the integrational level of personality structure. First the body image is defined using five criteria: consciousness, flexibility, intersubjectivity, representational links to thought contents, and level of structural integration of the personality. Using axis four of the Operationalised Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD) as a starting point, dimensions are defined and described that allow assessment of the body image according to structural dimensions of the personality. The structural diagnostics of the body image can serve as a basis for a new rating instrument of body image integration.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Agency and communion in the structure of parental representations.

We administered the revised Assessment of Qualitative and Structural Dimensions of Object Representations (Blatt, Chevron, Quinlan, Schaffer, & Wein, 1992) to 279 male and female undergraduate students and carried out independent principal components analyses of maternal and paternal ratings. Three stable factors, Agency, Communion, and Structure, were found in both sets of ratings. This factor structure differed from that reported by Quinlan, Blatt, Chevron, and Wein (1992). Results found here are consistent with contemporary interpersonal personality theory.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2003

Refinements in the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index incorporating the human representational variable.

The Ego Impairment Index (EII; Perry & Viglione, 1991) is a composite measure of psychological impairment and thought disturbance developed from the empirical and theoretical literature on the Rorschach. In this article, we summarize reliability and validity data regarding the EII. Our major goal was to present the rationale and empirical basis for recent refinements in the EII. Among the subcomponents of the original EII was the Human Experience variable (HEV), which has recently been revised and replaced with the Human Representational variable (HRV; Viglione, Perry, Jansak, Meyer, & Exner, 2003). In this study, we replaced the HEV with the HRV to create the EII-2. This was accomplished by recalculating the factor coefficients with a sample of 363 Rorschach protocols. We present additional validity data for the new EII-2. Research recommendations and interpretive guidelines are also presented.

Adult↗