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PubMed1993

Cystic fibrosis in Asians.

The clinical course of cystic fibrosis in nine Pakistani Asians was compared with 18 non-Asian age and sex matched controls. The Asian patients grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa at an earlier age (4.0 v 7.5 years), tended to have lower respiratory function test results (forced vital capacity 58.5 v 76.8% predicted; forced expiratory volume in one second 79.8 v 100.3% predicted), and had significantly greater concentrations of immunoglobulin IgG (13.4 v 10.1 g/l). They had a lower weight for age (78.4 v 95.7%) and weight for height (90 v 98.5%) despite similar intakes of dietary energy. Four of the nine Asians carried the delta F508 mutation compared with 17 of 18 controls. All the Asian patients were born in the UK; seven of their mothers were born in Pakistan and had moderate or severe difficulties with the English language. It is concluded that Asian patients may have a more severe clinical course than matched controls and that genetic and environmental factors may be contributory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Policy for prevention of Asian rickets in Britain: a preliminary assessment of the Glasgow rickets campaign.

Evidence of continuing hospital admissions of patients with Asian rickets and osteomalacia led to a further attempt to provide more effective preventive measures for the Glasgow Asian community. Dose-response studies showed that the equivalent of 10 microgram of vitamin D daily would provide effective prophylaxis, and a general practice survey showed that self-administered vitamin D supplements would reduce the prevalence and severity of Asian rickets. A multidisciplinary working group devised a preventive campaign based on the free issue of vitamin D supplements on demand to children who required them. Supported by a health education programme for community health personnel and the Asian community, the first 16 months of the campaign produced an eight-fold rise in the issue of supplements to older Asian children and a 33% increase in their issue to infants of all ethnic groups. Because more children are receiving vitamin D supplementation the campaign seems likely to reduce the prevalence of Asian rickets in Glasgow.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Coronary artery disease in Asians in Birmingham.

The severity and pattern of coronary artery disease in patients referred for investigation of the disease was compared between Asian and white patients living in Birmingham, matched for age, sex, blood pressure, and duration of symptoms, to investigate the clinical impression that Asians have worse, in particular worse distal, coronary artery disease than whites. Risk factors and outcome were also examined. The coronary angiograms of 34 Asians were compared blindly and repeatedly with those of 68 whites by two independent observers. Coronary artery disease was found to be quantitatively more severe in Asians, but the distribution of the disease was the same. Some risk factors were significantly different: fewer Asians were smokers; fasting cholesterol concentrations were higher in whites; and whites were heavier, with a larger body surface area. Follow up data showed that more Asians were refused coronary artery bypass surgery because of the severity of their disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Biochemical indices of osteomalacia in pregnant Asian immigrants in Britain.

Serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, and urinary calcium excretion were examined during the second trimester of uncomplicated normal pregnancy in Asian immigrants to Britain and in local Caucasians. The mean serum calcium was significantly lower in Asians than in Caucasians, and the mean serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in Asians. The geometric mean of the urinary calcium excretion was highly significantly lower in Asians than in Caucasians. The variances of the serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphatase, and urine calcium excretion did not differ significantly in the two populations. This indicates that there is a shift in values of immigrant Asians as a group compared with Caucasians. A comparison with figures obtained on normal nonpregnant persons of both suggests that the shift is not an inherent feature of the Asian population.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

Sampling Asian minorities to assess health and welfare.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aims were (1) to sample a specified subgroup of the Asian minority; (2) to give proper representation to those outside the areas of concentration; and (3) to evaluate the costs and benefits of the method. DESIGN: Glasgow postcodes with varying concentrations of Asians were sampled, and 173 Asians aged 30-40 were interviewed after household screening of 1439 Asian names identified on the electoral roll or valuation roll. Areas with few Asians, and households with two or more members aged 30-40, were undersampled, and then reweighted. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nurse measures of blood pressure, lung function, and body mass were taken, and selected interview measures of health and social background are reported. Substantial differences in blood pressure, reported health, and social background were revealed between Asians in areas of concentration and those in areas of dispersion. Loss in effective sample size due to undersampling and reweighting was 4-5% in the case of the area sampling, 13% in the case of the household sampling. Losses of potential sample members through under registration were probably less than 6%. CONCLUSIONS: The present sampling method targets subgroups successfully, and improves on sampling in areas of concentration, in that it enables dispersed members of the minority, who differ in crucial indices of health and social position, to be represented. The costs of the method are acceptable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Shared allergenic activity in Asian (Blattella asahinai), German (Blattella germanica), American (Periplaneta americana), and Oriental (Blatta orientalis) cockroach species.

Whole-body extracts of the feral and peridomestic Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai) and the three domestic cockroach species, German (Blattella germanica), American (Periplaneta americana), and Oriental (Blatta orientalis), were compared allergenically using an IgE serum pool from 4 German cockroach sensitive individuals. In crossover radioallergosorbent inhibition analysis, the Asian cockroach shared allergenic activity primarily with the German cockroach polymer and to a lesser extent with either the American or Oriental cockroach polymers. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and thin-layer isoelectric focusing analysis of the extracts showed similar although varying intensities of Coomassie blue stained banding patterns among five extracts analyzed. Electroblotting analysis with 12.5% SDS-PAGE of the whole-body German cockroach extract and IgE serum from individuals sensitive to German cockroach revealed eight allergenic components with apparent molecular weights of 92, 80, 67, 48, 36, 27, 25 and 18 kD. Five components could be identified in the whole-body extract of the Asian cockroach corresponding to apparent molecular weights of 92, 67, 48, 40, and 32 kD. Analysis of individual serum by immunoblot analysis with each of the cockroach extracts showed considerable heterogenicity in the IgE-binding pattern. Although the Asian cockroach demonstrated considerable cross-reacting allergenic components to German and relatively fewer cross-reacting allergenic components to either the Oriental or American, it is too early to establish genus- or species-specific cockroach allergens. It is important to point out that German cockroach sensitive individuals should be made aware of the potential exposure of Asian cockroach aeroallergens both indoors and outdoors in areas with high infestations of Asian cockroaches.

Allergens↗
PubMed2005

The ProSeal laryngeal mask airway size selection in male and female patients in an Asian population.

The aim of this study was to investigate if size 5 compared with size 4 ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) in Asian men and size 4 compared with size 3 ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) in Asian women, would give a better glottic seal. We conducted a randomized crossover study involving 30 male and 30 female patients of Asian origin. Size 4 and size 5 PLMA were studied in men and size 3 and size 4 PLMA were studied in women. The patients were anaesthetized and paralysed and the PLMA was inserted with the introducer. The oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP), ease of insertion, anatomical position, mucosal injury, visibility of cuff in the mouth and volume of air required to achieve an intracuff pressure of 60 cmH2O were studied. In male patients, oropharyngeal leak pressure was higher when size 5 PLMA was used (P < 0.001) and there was a higher incidence of mucosal injury (P = 0.025). For female patients, oropharyngeal leak pressure was higher with size 4 PLMA (P = 0.036) while the number of insertion attempts, anatomical position and mucosal injury were similar. The cuff was not visible in the oral cavity in any cases. The mean volume of air required to achieve an intracuff pressure of 60 cmH2O was less than the maximum recommended by the manufacturers. The size 5 PLMA in Asian men and size 4 PLMA in Asian women resulted in a more effective glottic seal. The use of size 5 PLMA in Asian men led to increased mucosal injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Heterogeneity within the Asian American community.

BACKGROUND: Educational interventions are grounded on scientific data and assumptions about the community to be served. While the Pan Asian community is composed of multiple, ethnic subgroups, it is often treated as a single group for which one health promotion program will be applicable for all of its cultural subgroups. Compounding this stereotypical view of the Pan Asian community, there is sparse data about the cultural subgroups' similarities and dissimilarities. The Asian Grocery Store based cancer education program evaluation data provided an opportunity to compare data collected under identical circumstances from members of six Asian American cultural groups. METHODS: A convenience sample of 1,202 Asian American women evaluated the cultural alignment of a cancer education program, completing baseline and follow-up surveys that included questions about their breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors. Participants took part in a brief education program that facilitated adherence to recommended screening guidelines. RESULTS: Unique recruitment methods were needed to attract participants from each ethnic group. Impressions gained from the aggregate data revealed different insights than the disaggregate data. Statistically significant variations existed among the subgroups' breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors that could contribute to health disparities among the subgroups and within the aggregate Pan Asian community. CONCLUSION: Health promotion efforts of providers, educators, and policy makers can be enhanced if cultural differences are identified and taken into account when developing strategies to reduce health disparities and promote health equity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Ethnic differences in self-poisoning: a comparison of Asian and white groups.

The characteristics of Asian patients admitted to a Birmingham hospital following deliberate self-poisoning were compared with those of British-born white self-poisoners. Asian patients were more likely to be young, female, and married. They were less likely to have previously self-poisoned, received previous psychiatric treatment, be diagnosed psychiatrically ill, or suffer from a personality disorder. Culture conflict was common among the Asian patients and was present in the majority of unmarried Asian females. The rate of self-poisoning for Asian females was higher than for white females, but for Asian males was lower than for white males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Sociocultural correlates of eating disorders among Asian schoolgirls in Bradford.

A survey of 204 south-Asian and 355 Caucasian schoolgirls was conducted in Bradford using the EAT-26 and the BSQ. At interview, seven Asian girls and two Caucasian girls met DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa, yielding a prevalence of 3.4% and 0.6% respectively. One Asian girl met DSM-III-R criteria for anorexia nervosa. Factor analyses of the EAT and BSQ supported their cross-cultural conceptual equivalence in this south-Asian population. Among the Asians, high EAT and BSQ scores were associated with a more traditional cultural orientation and not with greater Westernisation. It is probable that these findings reflect the cultural and familial difficulties faced by these Asian girls growing up in Britain.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1993

Psychiatric morbidity and compulsory admission among UK-born Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans and Asians in central Manchester.

Psychiatric admissions in Central Manchester of Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Asians (within three age-bands) were studied over four years. Among the Afro-Caribbean group there were more single or unemployed persons than in either the Asian or European groups, which suggested greater socio-economic disadvantage. Rates for first admissions and readmissions among Afro-Caribbeans were greater; among Asians they were similar except for the 16-29-year age-group, who tended to have lower rates than Europeans. A higher proportion of Afro-Caribbeans and Asians were psychotic. In the Afro-Caribbean group, the raised rates of admission were largely attributable to increased rates of schizophrenia. The highest rate occurred in second-generation (UK-born) Afro-Caribbeans and was nine times that among Europeans. The police were more frequently involved in the admissions of Afro-Caribbeans compared with Europeans or Asians. Higher proportions of Afro-Caribbeans and Asians who were readmitted were detained under the Mental Health Act 1983, when compared with Europeans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A social psychological perspective on HIV/AIDS and gay or homosexually active Asian men.

This paper employs findings in social psychological research to analyze HIV/AIDS-related issues among gay and homosexual Asian men living in western countries, specifically in Australia. This includes analyses of: (1) the impact of collectivistic cultural ideologies on self-conception and self-esteem; (2) self-identity related to the status of Asians as numerical and status minorities; (3) the existence of stereotypes of Asians in the gay communities and their consequences on individual Asians; and (4) issues related to self-esteem of gay Asian men as determined by their identification with the Asian and/or the gay communities and acculturation to the dominant Australian Anglo-Celtic culture.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Effect of Asian and Siberian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by five digoxin immunoassays. Significant variation in digoxin-like immunoreactivity among commercial ginsengs.

Asian and Siberian ginsengs contain glycosides with structural similarities to digoxin. We studied potential interference of ginseng in 5 digoxin immunoassays in 3 Asian (2 liquid extracts, 1 capsule) and 3 Siberian ginseng preparations (1 liquid extract, 2 capsules). With the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), we observed apparent digoxin activity in 1 Asian liquid preparation and in the liquid extract and 1 capsule form of Siberian ginseng. In mice fed ginseng, we observed digoxin activities in the serum (Asian, 0.48-0.68 ng/mL [0.6-0.9 nmol/L]; Siberian, 0.20-0.47 ng/mL [0.3-0.6 nmol/L]), indicating that such interferences also occur in vivo. Serum pools prepared from samples from patients receiving digoxin and then supplemented with Asian or Siberian ginseng showed falsely increased digoxin values using the FPIA (e.g., for Asian ginseng, 1.54 ng/mL [2.0 nmol/L] vs control value, 1.10 ng/mL [1.4 nmol/L]) and falsely decreased values using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA; 0.73 ng/mL [0.9 nmol/L] vs control value, 1.04 ng/mL [1.3 nmol/L]). Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances (DLISs) showed synergistic effects with ginsengs in interfering with the FPIA and MEIA for digoxin. No interference was observed with 3 other digoxin assays, even in the presence of elevated DLISs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations.

In a previous study of Southeast Asian genetic variation, we characterized mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) from six populations through high-resolution restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Our analysis revealed that these Southeast Asian populations were genetically similar to each other, suggesting they had a common origin. However, other patterns of population associations also emerged. Haplotypes from a major founding haplogroup in Papua New Guinea were present in Malaysia; the Vietnamese and Malaysian aborigines (Orang Asli) had high frequencies of haplogroup F, which was also seen in most other Southeast Asian populations; and haplogroup B, defined by the Region V 9-base-pair deletion, was present throughout the region. In addition, the Malaysian and Sabah (Borneo) aborigine populations exhibited a number of unique mtDNA clusters that were not observed in other populations. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to compare these patterns of genetic diversity with those shown in subsequent studies of mtDNA variation in Southeast Asian populations because the latter have typically sequenced the first hypervariable segment (HVS-I) of the control region (CR) sequencing rather than used RFLP haplotyping to characterize the mtDNAs present in them. For this reason, we sequenced the HVS-I of Southeast Asian mtDNAs that had previously been subjected to RFLP analysis, and compared the resulting data with published information from other Southeast Asian and Oceanic groups. Our findings reveal broad patterns of mtDNA haplogroup distribution in Southeast Asia that may reflect different population expansion events in this region over the past 50,000-5,000 years.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2004

Reference values for pulmonary function in Asian Indians living in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for pulmonary function in the Asian-Indian population living in the United States. DESIGN: Five-year cross-sectional study of pulmonary function in healthy adult Asian Indians living in the United States, using American Thoracic Society guidelines for measuring pulmonary function. SETTING: Measurement of pulmonary function in healthy nonsmoking Asian Indians in a pulmonary function laboratory or at festivals, picnics, and ceremonies where subjects could be conveniently recruited. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred sixty subjects from a population of Asian Indians residing in the Chicago metropolitan area. MEASUREMENTS: Spirometry was performed in all subjects with measurements of FEV(1), FVC, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF(25-75)). Lung volumes were measured in eighty subjects. Prediction equations for FEV(1), FVC, and FEF(25-75) were derived using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Three hundred sixty-three subjects (226 men and 137 women) met the inclusion criteria. Spirometric values derived from our prediction equations, when compared to the values for whites from the selected studies in the literature, showed FVC to be 20 to 24% lower in men and 25 to 28% lower in women. FEV(1) was 16 to 23% lower in men and 20 to 26% lower in women. Differences were not quite as large when compared to values from African Americans and other studies on Asians. CONCLUSIONS: We provide reference values for pulmonary function in nonsmoking Asian Indians living in the United States. These reference values should be used for evaluation of pulmonary function in this population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs.

Babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) is an emerging disease in dogs in the United States. To date, no drugs have been shown to eliminate B. gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections from dogs. Twenty-two dogs that remained persistently infected with B. gibsoni (Asian genotype) after either imidocarb diproprionate and or diminazine aceturate therapy were identified and randomly and evenly distributed into 2 groups. One group was treated with atovaquone and azithromycin combination therapy, and the other group received a placebo. Eight of 10 dogs in the treatment group had no detectable B. gibsoni (Asian genotype) DNA, as determined by a sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, in any of their posttreatment samples. In contrast, B. gibsoni (Asian genotype) DNA was detectable by PCR in the posttreatment samples from 11 of 11 of the placebo-treated dogs. One dog in the treatment group was excluded from the treatment outcome analysis. This dog had 2 consecutive negative PCR assay results and was euthanized because of ongoing degenerative joint disease prior to completion of the study. No adverse effects of treatment were reported in any dog during the study period. A combination of atovaquone and azithromycin is the 1st described treatment that will either eliminate B. gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections or suppress the parasitemia below the limit of detection in the majority of treated dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Stuttering therapy with British-Asian children. I: A survey of service delivery in the United Kingdom.

The results of a UK survey of speech and language therapy services offered to Asian children and adolescents who stutter are set in the context of current therapy approaches favoured in the UK. Eighty-seven speech and language therapists from the major centres of Asian population in the UK completed a postal questionnaire. This yielded data on: service delivery to stuttering children in general; the size and nature of the Asian populations served; therapists' own cultural backgrounds; steps taken by therapists to increase their skill in this area; interpreter services available; changes made to usual working practices aimed at accommodating the cultural needs of Asian clients. The results revealed a service mostly provided by non-specialist therapists, who treated small numbers of both stuttering and Asian clients. Therapists were serving clients from up to four different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, yet access to interpreter services was poor. Therapists were on the whole poorly trained and equipped to treat Asian clients. A range of changes to working practices are described, but no cohesive approach was apparent. The issues involved in appropriate and accessible service delivery are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Stuttering therapy with British-Asian children. II: Speech and language therapists' perceptions of their effectiveness.

This paper tested hypotheses arising from the literature on the treatment of stuttering in British-Asian children and adolescents, using data obtained from a postal questionnaire completed by 87 therapists. The results showed therapists treating lower numbers of Asian clients than expected, but perceiving their therapy to be less effective with their Asian clients than with their British ones. The variables affecting therapists' perceived success were not those expected. Greater experience with Asian clients did not increase perceived success, nor did Asian therapist and client sharing broadly the same cultural background guarantee success. A satisfactory interpreter service did not lead to a higher perceived success rate, nor did postgraduate training or making special changes to usual working practices. On the contrary, therapists in the last two categories were less likely to perceive success with their Asian clients. Therapists identified a very wide range of cultural factors needing special consideration in therapy, but consensus centred around parental attitudes to stuttering and to therapy.

Adolescent↗