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PubMed1977

Effects of single albino gene substitutions on the performance of mice in a compound avoidance-discrimination task.

Congenic C57BL/6J mice of the +/+, +/c and c/c genotypes were tested for motoric activity, active avoidance and visual discrimination performance in a variant of the Thompson-Bryant box. The three genotypes were observed to be identical in terms of motor activity, but differed greatly with regard to both avoidance and discrimination performance. On the avoidance portion of the task the c gene appeared to act in an additive fashion, with the +/+ mice being superior to the +/c mice, which were in turn superior to the c/c animals. Visual discrimination performance, however, indicated that the + allele operated in a dominant manner; here c/c mice were found to be inferior in performance when compared to either +/+ or +/c animals while no differences were observed between the two pigmented genotypes. Therefore, under the conditions of the present experiment, the albino gene shows incomplete dominance for active avoidance behavior and recessiveness for visual discrimination performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of prenatal stress on vulnerability to stress in prepubertal and adult rats.

This study investigated the hypotheses that unpredictable prenatal stress has effects on the offspring, similar to those induced by perinatal administration of glucocorticoids and increases the vulnerability to stressful situations at adulthood. Rats were exposed to random noise and light stress throughout pregnancy. Offspring were tested for the development of spontaneous alternation behavior (SA) and at adulthood, their response to novel or aversive situations, open field, extinction and punishment following acquisition of an appetitive response and two-way active avoidance, were assessed. In prenatally stressed rats, the development of SA was significantly delayed. On repeated exposure to an open field they were less active; control rats had elevated plasma corticosterone (CCS) on days 2 and 4 of open field exposure, while prenatally stressed rats had significantly raised plasma CCS after each exposure (days 1-8). Furthermore, punishment-induced suppression of an appetitive response was enhanced. Acquisition of active avoidance was faciliated in female but reduced in male prenatally stressed offspring. It is suggested that random prenatal noise and light stress may cause impairment of development of hippocampal function which lasts into adulthood. This impairment is manifested as an increase in vulnerability and a decrease in habituation to stressful stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of intra-accumbens dopaminergic grafts on behavioral deficits induced by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens or A10 dopaminergic neurons: a comparison.

Local lesion of the dopaminergic (DA) terminals of the nucleus accumbens have been described to reproduce part of the behavioral deficits evoked by the lesion of the whole mesocorticolimbic DA system. The most straightforward interpretation of these results would be that the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens is necessary for and critically involved in the normal performance of the given behaviors. However, while giving some indication as to the necessity of the integrity of this DA innervation for normal behaviors, such an approach cannot reveal whether the presence of the DA innervation of other mesocorticolimbic areas (e.g. amygdala, septum, etc.) is also required. In order to approach this question, the behavioral effects of DA grafts implanted into the nucleus accumbens of rats were evaluated following two different 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions: a lesion restricted to the anterior DA field (DA terminals of the nucleus accumbens and to a lesser degree the frontal cortex and anteromedial striatum) or a lesion of the whole mesocorticolimbic DA system. The latter lesion induces a disappearance of the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens as well as the amygdala, septum, etc. Both kinds of lesions led to locomotor hypoactivity, loss of locomotor activation by amphetamine, increased locomotor stimulation to apomorphine, decrease of exploratory activity and loss of hoarding behavior. These deficits were not seen in grafted animals bearing a local lesion of the DA innervation of this structure. For some of these recoveries, however, a pharmacological stimulation of the grafted neurons was required to reveal the effect of the graft. In the case of the total lesion of the mesocorticolimbic DA system, only locomotor dysfunctions were compensated by the intra-accumbens DA implants, while the other deficits remained intact, irrespective of a stimulation of the graft. These results indicate that the re-establishment of the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens is a sufficient condition for the compensation of locomotor deficits, irrespective of the presence of the DA terminals in more posterior limbic structures, while for deficits of more complex behaviors the simultaneous presence of posterior DA innervations is also required. This latter requirement suggests the existence of some cooperativity between the different central DA terminal areas for the normal performance of behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of three monoamine uptake inhibitors on behavior maintained by cocaine or food presentation in rhesus monkeys.

Rhesus monkeys (n = 6) were surgically prepared with double lumen i.v. catheters and the effects of continuous infusion of the monoamine reuptake blockers mazindol, sertraline and fluoxetine were examined on behavior maintained by food presentation or i.v. cocaine injections. Under baseline conditions, lever pressing was maintained under a three-component multiple schedule of reinforcement in which food (1-g banana-flavored pellets) was available for 600 s under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule in the first and third components. In the second component, the dose of cocaine that maintained maximum rates of responding (0.03 or 0.05 mg/kg per injection) was available for 1800 s under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule. There was a brief time-out after each reinforcer. When behavior was stable, mazindol (0.4-3.2 mg/kg per 24 h), sertraline (0.1-8.0 mg/kg per 24 h) or fluoxetine (0.4-3.2 mg/kg per 24 h) was administered continuously via the second lumen of the double lumen catheter. Mazindol was administered for the same number of sessions that were required for responding to decline to low levels when the monkeys were allowed to self-administer saline [5-13] while sertraline and fluoxetine were administered for a minimum of 21 days. Baseline conditions were reinstated between doses of each drug. Each drug decreased cocaine-maintained responding in a dose-related manner. In most cases, food-maintained responding was disrupted at doses equal to or lower than those that decreased cocaine-maintained responding. Additionally, the higher doses of each drug decreased food intake outside the daily sessions. These results suggest that monoamine uptake blockers with prominent effects on either dopamine or serotonin neurotransmission can decrease cocaine self-administration but only at doses that also affect behavior maintained by other reinforcers.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed2005

Multidimensional structure of anxiety-related behavior in early-weaned rats.

Early environmental stimuli affect various aspects of physical and behavioral development. Weaning is one of the most important events in the early stage of life, and recently we have found that precocious weaning augments anxiety and aggressiveness in mice. Here, we report the presence of virtually identical phenomena in rats. To understand the multidimensional structure of anxiety-related behavior, the influence of early weaning upon behavior in adulthood was investigated using three behavioral tests: the elevated plus-maze test, the hole-board test and the open-field test. Two groups of rats were prepared. One was weaned from the dam at 16 days of age (early-weaned group) and the other at 30 days (normally weaned group) as a control. Both groups were subjected to the three tests at 8-10 weeks of age. The elevated plus-maze test revealed lower frequency of entry to and shorter duration of stay in the open arms in the early-weaned animals. In the hole-board test, the early-weaned rats showed lower frequency and shorter duration of head dipping into the holes. And in the open-field test, the early-weaned rats tended to stay at the central square for a shorter period and to defecate more frequently. The behavioral parameters of the three tests were combined and subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The factorial scores for six extracted factors were compared between the early-weaned and normally weaned groups, and it was revealed that the early-weaned rats had a lower score in Factor 1 (non-anxious exploration) and Factor 5 (risk assessment behavior). Taken together, these results suggest that the time of weaning had a considerable impact on behavioral development, particularly with respect to anxiety-related behaviors.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Tolerance and cross tolerance to the accuracy- and rate-decreasing effects of mu opioids in rats responding under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule.

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the development of tolerance to the effects of morphine and other mu opioids in rats responding under a fixed-consecutive-number (FCN) schedule of food presentation. To this end, five rats were trained under an FCN schedule and subsequently tested with a variety of mu opioids both before and during chronic exposure to a 0.4 mg/ml morphine drinking solution. Morphine, fentanyl, buprenorphine, butorphanol and nalbuphine produced dose-dependent decreases in both accuracy and response rate when tested prior to the chronic regimen. In most instances, doses of these drugs that decreased accuracy also decreased response rate. During chronic treatment, tolerance developed to the effects of morphine and cross-tolerance was conferred to the effects of fentanyl, buprenorphine and butorphanol. A greater degree of tolerance was conferred to the effects of butorphanol than to the other opioids examined, and the degree of tolerance conferred to butorphanol's rate-decreasing effects was greater than the degree of tolerance conferred to its accuracy-decreasing effects. Doses of naloxone that had no effect prior to morphine treatment produced large decreases in accuracy and response rate when tested during the chronic regimen. In contrast to the other opioids examined, the potency of nalbuphine was not altered by chronic morphine administration. These data emphasize the importance of both pharmacological and procedural variables in the development of tolerance and cross tolerance to the behavioral effects of opioids.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Involvement of rodent prefrontal cortex subregions in strategy switching.

The present study examined whether inactivation of the prelimbic-infralimbic areas or the dorsal anterior cingulate area impairs strategy switching in the cheeseboard task. After implantation of a cannula aimed at either the prelimbic-infralimbic or dorsal anterior cingulate areas, all rats were tested in a spatial and a visual-cued version of the task. Some of the rats received the spatial version first, followed by the visual-cued version. The procedure for the other rats was reversed. Infusions of 2% tetracaine into the prelimbic-infralimbic or dorsal anterior cingulate areas did not impair acquisition of the spatial or visual-cued versions. However, inactivation of the prelimbic-infralimbic areas, but not the dorsal anterior cingulate area, impaired learning when rats were switched from one version to the other. These findings suggest that the prelimbic-infralimbic areas are involved in switching to new behavior-guiding strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The role of early sensory experience in the prey catching responses of Salamandra salamandra to stationary prey.

Two groups of newly metamorphosed Salamandra salamandra (L.) were raised with living and with stationary prey, respectively. One year later, the group which had experience exclusively with stationary prey was significantly better in responding to stationary prey than the group which only had experience with moving prey. This was the case both under light and dark conditions. The experiments show that prey-catching behavior in salamanders can be considerably modified by experience.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Trigeminal deafferentation and feeding in the pigeon: sensorimotor and motivational effects.

The role of oral sensations in the control of hunger and thirst in the pigeon was studied in birds in which the trigeminal sensory nerves had been sectioned bilaterally. Trigeminal deafferentation, although it does not impair drinking, disrupts both the neurosensory and the motivational control of feeding behavior. These two types of deficit may be experimentally dissociated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Preliminary evidence of altered sensitivity to benzodiazepines as a function of maternal care in the rat.

Variations in maternal care over the first week of life alter the expression of genes encoding for various subunits of the GABA(A)/benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor in the amygdala, a brain region associated with fear behavior. Increased maternal licking/grooming and arched-back nursing are associated with decreased fearfulness and enhanced expression of the subunits that confer BZ sensitivity. In these studies we found that the offspring of high licking/grooming-arched-back nursing mothers also showed increased behavioral sensitivity to acute BZ treatment, suggesting a functional relation between the effect on gene expression and fear behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Response specificity in animal timing.

The stimuli that control responding in the peak procedure were investigated by training rats, in separate sessions, to make two different responses for food reinforcement. During one type of session, lever pressing was normally reinforced 32 s after the onset of a light. During the other type of session, chain pulling was normally reinforced either 8 s after the onset of one auditory cue or 128 s after the onset of a different auditory cue. For both types of sessions, only the appropriate manipulandum was available, and 20% of the trials lasted 240 s and involved no response-contingent consequences. Rats were then tested with the auditory cues in the presence of the lever and the light in the presence of the chain. If the time of reinforcement associated with each stimulus was learned, response rates should peak at these times during transfer testing. However, if a specific response pattern was learned for each stimulus, little transfer should occur. The results did not clearly support either prediction, leading to the conclusion that both a representation of the time of reinforcement and the rat's own behavior may control responding in this situation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dynamics in the fine structure of schedule-controlled behavior.

The variability in the behavioral equilibrium established by six basic schedules was characterized. The measures were the pause preceding the first response in each interreinforcement interval; the mean rate of responding in each interreinforcement interval; and the relative frequency of each interresponse time. The temporal windows ranged across the 780-session exposure, across a session, and across the interreinforcement interval. A display of individual interresponse times as a function of time in the interreinforcement interval indicated clear recurrent responding at somewhat less than 3 Hz in every bird, even after extended exposure to a schedule and regardless of the contingency. No strong sequential dependencies in the interresponse-time distributions were identified. A simulator, based on a simple recurrent pulser, was presented that produced output similar to the obtained data. An archival data base of the behavior chronically maintained by the simple schedules was also generated.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The role of a modulatory neuron in feeding and satiation in Aplysia: effects of lesioning of the serotonergic metacerebral cells.

Food-induced arousal in Aplysia is characterized by a progressive increase in the speed and strength of biting responses elicited by a seaweed stimulus. Data from semi-intact and dissected preparations suggest that the identified, serotonergic, metacerebral cells (MCCs) of the cerebral ganglion contribute to food-induced arousal by enhancing the strength of buccal muscle contractions, and by modulating the output of the central pattern generator for biting movements. In order to test this hypothesis in intact, free-moving animals and to determine if the MCCs play a role in satiation of feeding, the behavior of animals that had their MCCs destroyed by intracellular injection of proteases was compared with that of B Cell-Lesion and Dye injection control animals (Experiment 1) or surgical control animals (Experiment 2). Nonfeeding behaviors such as defensive withdrawal responses, locomotion, and righting reflexes were unaffected by MCC lesioning. Also unaffected by MCC lesioning were appetitive feeding behaviors and the amount of food needed to satiate animals. Significant behavioral deficits in consummatory feeding behaviors, which remained stable for periods exceeding 10 d, were observed in the MCC-lesioned animals but not in controls. Lesioned animals exhibited a slowing of rate of repetitive biting responses by 40% of controls and had reduced magnitudes of repetitive bites, particularly at the end of a testing run of 10 consecutive bites. The deficit in bite magnitude was minimally evident in food-deprived animals (Experiment 1) but became more pronounced as animals were fed to satiation (Experiment 2). MCC-lesioned animals still exhibited a residual build-up of the rate and magnitude of biting responses at the onset of feeding behavior. This suggests that, in addition to the MCCs, there are other sources of modulation that contribute to plasticity of consummatory responses during the food-induced arousal state.

Animals↗