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PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of severe urinary infection in the elderly. Clinical and bacteriological study of 130 cases (author's transl)].

Strict criteria were applied in the choice of the 130 patients with severe urinary infections included in the study: men or women over 65 years of age presenting with clinical signs and symptoms, a bacterial count greater than or equal to 10(6)/mm3, one type of germ found on urine culture. The results of an antibiogram showed the frequency with which each germ was involved and their sensitivity to antibiotics, more particularly gentamicin, minocyclin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprime, oxolinic acid. Based on sensitivity and tolerance criteria, the choice of antibiotic was : oxolinic acid orally ; gentamicin parenterally, after evaluation of renal function. These results can assist the physician, when confronted with cases of severe urinary infection, and before the results of the antibiogram are available, in choosing effective therapy adapted to each case.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methodological possibilities for in vitro evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial plaque from periodontal pockets].

Two different methods for making the subuletic bacterial antibiogram were compared, namely, the inhibition halo technique and that of percentage reduction. The first, of the more classical nature, is based on the introduction of the antibiotic inside a small cavity made in the culture medium, which leads to the formation of circular haloes around the cavity itself. The magnitude of the hales is all the greater, the more effective the antibiotic. The percentage-reduction technique calculates the reduction, expressed as a percentage, of the total number of colonies grown in the cultural medium containing the antibiotic, with respect to the number of colonies grown on a control culture-plate without antibiotic. Both techniques gave unambiguous results in 92.8% of the cases, both showing satisfactory validity; however, the percentage reduction technique proved to be more complex, to require fuller investigation and to be more expensive than the other. In fact, to make the antibiogram of a bacterial plaque concerning the seven antibiotics tested, 24 plates of agar-culture were necessary with the "r" method, whereas, with that of "inhibition haloes" only two sufficed. In addition, in the case of plaques with scarce microbial density or in the presence of highly invasive germs, by using the "inhibition haloes" method, it is always possible to have some information, which is impossible with the other method.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Sensitivity of Salmonella strains to Augmentin and new generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides].

The authors evaluated the sensitivity of Salmonella rods to augmentin (amoxicilin and clavulanic acid) and 23 antibiotics routinely used in antibiograms. Salmonella strains were isolated in the years 1987-88 from the faeces of children and adults. It was found that 94% of strains were sensitive to augmentin. Among cephalosporins the most effective were cefotaxime and cephtriaxone (100% of sensitive strains) and among aminoglycosides--amikacin (100%) and netilmicin (93%). S. typhimurium revealed greater resistance to antibiotics than S. enteritidis, which points to the need of making antibiograms before starting a therapy of infections induced by S. typhimurium.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

To shigellosis epidemicity in East-Slovakian region.

A set of 2227 strains of Shigella sonnei isolated from dysentery patients in East-Slovakian region from 1975 through 1977 was analyzed by age and sex of patients, place and time of isolation, and by phage type, colicin type and antibiogram patterns of strains. The study showed that some phage types tended to occur in association with certain colicin types, the most common combination being that of phage type 75 and col factór Ei (86% of strains). In 1976 and 1977 this phage type gradually replaced col factor Ia that in 1975 was predominant. The rise in the incidence of these strains was striking and pointed to their intensive circulation among the population of East-Slovakian districts, particularly among children of preschool age. A hypothetic assumption is that such changes in the phage type and colicin type patterns might precede the new epidemic wave of dysentery outbreaks in the population. That would also explain e.g. the irregularity of dysentery epidemic cycles encountered in Czechoslovakia during the decade from 1972 through 1982. The analysis of strains by pattern of antibiogram showed that the percentage of strains resistant to all antimicrobials and sulphonamides tested remained virtually constant over the three years under study and did not exceed 6% of strains. Only the strains monoresistant to tetracycline were found to show a striking rise in their incidence from 5% in 1975 to 23% in 1977. In the majority of cases they were S. sonnei strains with col factor Ei.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Campylobacter strains isolated from slaughtered chickens: their sensitivity to antibiotics and resistance to erythromycin.

Antibiograms for 304 Campylobacter strains isolated in Csongrád county from slaughtered chickens in the years 1981 to 1983 were determined with the disk-agar diffusion method. The isolates, originating from two poultry-processing plants and two canteen kitchens proved to be sensitive to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin and resistant to penicillin. The antibiogram depended on the source of samples and, to a higher degree, on the year of sampling. The frequency of strains resistant to erythromycin was 5.7% in 1981 and 39.8% in 1983; for the resistant strains the minimum inhibiting concentration was greater than 250 micrograms erythromycin per ml. In the same periods 25.0% and 32.8% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 23.3% and 49.2% to lincomycin, respectively. Simultaneous resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin and erythromycin occurred in 16.4% of the isolates.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salmonellosis in Dakar: bacteriological, clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. Ten years records (author's transl)].

A study on salmonellosis in Senegal has been carried out in Dakar at the University Hospital of Fann from 1966 to 1976. The authors describe the various methods of isolating the germs (mainly hemoculture and coproculture) and the techniques used for bacteriological research (antibiograms, tests on plasmidic resistance). The results of these investigations, which took the whole of 10 years, are presented below, in accordance with their different aspects: - bacteriological: 1 335 strains of Salmonella have been isolated. Significantly, S. typhi is predominant (56,6 p. 100). But 7 serotypes represent 90 p. 100 of the total strains which are now in existence in Dakar; - clinical: the aspects of these diseases vary: typhoïd fever, encephalitis, diarrheic syndrome, especially among infants, and purulent meningitis, which is generally severe; - therapeutic: 880 strains have been tested with 10 antibiotics. Two groups of Salmonella serotypes are opposed: those which are sensitive (S. typhi, S. typhi murium, S. enteritidis, S. paratyphi C), those which have become resistant (S. stanleyville, S. havana, S. ordonez). The most frequent antibiotype of this kind is ASKCTSu. This is a phenomenon of plasmidic resistance, demonstrated by in vitro experiments; - epidemiological: the lysotypes of 86 strains have been determined. Two epidemiological features must be described: either a stable endemic situation with sensitive strains - or epidemics, lasting several years, with resistant serotypes. Different therapeutic schemes can be used: chloramphenicol for typhoid fever, or sometimes cotrimoxazole, or ampicillin for meningitis. In diarrheic syndrome, symptomatic treatment is enough. Then, the authors give their comments on the special characteristics of salmonellosis in Dakar: - the influence of environment on the various clinical aspects of these diseases: very serious cases of meningitis, typhoid fever, which is more severe than in France, and complications when treatment has gone wrong at the beginning; - antibiograms, which are essential, in order to choose the adequate therapeutics; - and the different aspects of epidemillogy, which are linked to the sensitivity of the serotypes to the most active antibiotics. The existence of several resistant serotypes in Senegal is a real danger: plasmidic resistance could be transferred to S. typhi. In such a situation, epidemiological surveillance of salmonellosis is absolutely necessary, and control of enteric diseases, characterized by foecal transmission, must be carried out, with the techniques available in the country.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

[Experiences with the Mikruvid methylene blue reduction test in the diagnosis of bacteriuria. A contribution to the trial of a screening procedure].

A bacteriuria tablet test based on methyl-blue reduction was examined for its reliability as screening method for the recognition of infections of the urinary tract. 860 urine specimens of male and female patients were investigated which had been got before the beginning of an antibiotic therapy. Apart from simple handling and little expenses the tablet test distinguishes itself by a sensitivity of 99.3% in infected urines with numbers of germs = 10(5) K/ml urine and 96% in the urine specimens infected by pathogenic germs abd a number of germs of 5 X 10(4)--10(5) K/ml urine, respectively. Contamination germs are in most cases suppressed by the tablet test. The specificity in our investigation material is about 97.2%. In a positive result of the reaction it is possible to send the specimens for the differentiation of germs and for the antibiogram directly to the nearest bacteriological laboratory. This test gives the possibility systematically to control endangered groups of persons in large quantity and to begin an aimed therapy in significant bacteriuria without any greater delay according to the findings of the antibiogram.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1982

Effect of bambermycins on quantity, prevalence, duration, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected broiler chickens.

Twenty broiler chickens were fed bambermycins (Flavomycin; an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces) at the rate of 3 g/ton (US) for 63 days, and 20 control birds were fed nonmedicated feed. The birds were inoculated (dosed) on the 10th and 11th feeding day with Salmonella typhimurium. The study evaluated the effects of bambermycins on Salmonella incidence, shedding, and antimicrobial resistance. Bambermycins had no effect on body weights, duration of shedding of salmonellae, number of salmonellae shed on postdosing day 3, tissue recoverability of salmonellae, and total number of resistance patterns. Bambermycins resulted in the decrease of salmonellae to be more gradual; however, both treatments were comparable at the end of the study. The majority of S typhimurium from bambermycins-treated birds maintained the original antibiogram of streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and nalidixic acid. The salmonellae isolated from the control birds were more resistant to 2 drugs (varying antibiograms). Bambermycins as a feed additive in broiler diets given at the dose level of 3 g/ton had no detrimental effects based on salmonellae shedding and antimicrobial resistance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 4: epidemiological conclusions from five different typing methods.

There is presently no accepted method for marking individual strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Consequently, five parameters for distinguishing such strains were examined and compared for their epidemiological efficacy: biotyping, serotyping, proteinase grouping, aminopeptidase profiles and antibiograms. Both biotyping and proteinase grouping were of limited use in identifying a particular strain, although they were helpful in initially categorizing such strains. Antibiograms were least useful because of similarities in susceptibility patterns among isolates. Serotyping and amino-peptidase profiles provided the best means of identifying an individual strain for epidemiological use. The applicability of these typing methods was demonstrated during a one year epidemiological study at a chronic disease hospital.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1981

[Antibacterial chemotherapy in resuscitation. Our clinical experience].

Experience with antibiotic management in a resuscitation centre between 1974 and 1978 is described. An account is given of the incidence of bacteria in excreate, urine, blood, etc. cultures, and of the sensitivity of germs most commonly encountered in such centres to single antibiotics. It is shown that Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, predominate, and the way in which their sensitivity to antibiotics varies in the course of time is examined. Preparation of an "overall antibiogram" based on assessment of the data made it clear that aminoglycosides and cephalosporins are the drugs of choice for Gram-negative forms, and cephalosporins for Gram-positive bacteria. A critical survey of the results leads to the suggestion that four changes should be made in the approach to antibiotic therapy: 1) elimination of the practice of "preventive" therapy in the form of "initial cover"; 2) withdrawals on admission for bacteriological determinations; 3) abstention or administration of a low-toxicity antibiotic (one of the penicillins) in the case of "minor" infection; 4) employment of potent bactericides of the aminoglycoside group or the polymixines only in cases of superinfection with evidence of septicaemia supported by an antibiogram. It is felt that the essential premiss to sound antibiotic management is the removal of other routes where by infection can enter. Drastic supplementary measures must be taken with regard to the architecture of the premises and the sterilisation of material. Staff training is also essential to prevent the spread of infection from hyperseptic patients.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Properties of S. aureus and H. influenzae strains residing in the throats of children].

Strains of S. aureus and H. influenzae which were isolated from the throats of 41 children suffering from successive acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis were compared. All strains which were isolated at least twice, during acute occurrences, or more from the throat of each child, were traced by: phago-typing, biochemical properties, antibiogram and ability to produce beta-lactamases (S. aureus), or by: biotyping, serotyping, ability to produce beta-lactamases and antibiogram (H. influenzae). Based on these investigations it was concluded that the bacterial strains among the examined children had often changed. It was concluded that only a few children were a carriers of the same strain of S. aureus.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Vibrio cholerae O1 strain isolated during a recent outbreak in Nigeria.

In a study on the outbreak of cholera in Nigeria in 1992, 86 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (79 Ogawa serotype and 7 Inaba serotype) were isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and plasmid profile analysis of the strains were done. Most isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin, and less sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The strains showed 13 resistant patterns; the commonest resistant patterns were Apr, Smr, and ApTcr. A total of 41 (47.6%) strains contained one or more plasmid(s) with sizes ranging from 4.5 kilobase to 150 kilobase. Ten isolates were able to transfer resistant plasmids to Escherichia coli K-12 by conjugation. Antibiogram patterns distinguished more isolates than in plasmid profile analysis. Plasmids specifying resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim were found. The differing patterns of antibiogram and plasmid profiles indicated that many circulating strains were responsible for the last outbreak in the country.

Cholera↗
PubMed1975

[The need for early therapy in gynecologic patients with postoperative indvelling catheters].

Different conceptions on value or method of chemoprophylaxis or early therapy in case of postoperative carriers of indwelling catheters caused us to compare the effectivity of Nifurantin and Sulfaclomid. Patients were randomised in three groups (target therapy as per antibiogram, "blind" begin with Nifurantin or Sulfaclomid). A simple blind test was made. Evaluation of results was made on the basis of the antibiograms. No essential microbiological differences were found to exist between trans-urethral and suprapubic catheters. Due to the frequency distribution and the resistance situation, we recommend a "blind" early therapy with Nifurantin and simultaneous urine culture, the result of which may lead to a target change in therapy. Microbiological after-checks are just as essential as the correct use of optimal catheters.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Bacteremia induced by labor. Is prophylaxis for infective endocarditis necessary?].

PURPOSE: To characterize the occurrence of bacteremia during delivery and to verify the necessity of prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. METHODS: The authors collected hemoculture of 100 women, 15,30 and 45 minutes after delivery. The data were collected from May 1992 until May 1993. The positive hemocultures were followed by antibiogram. RESULTS: Seven hemocultures were positive: six for Staphylococcus, one for Candida sp, Penicilium sp, Clandosporum sp and Aspergillus sp that were found in association. Four patients had prematures amniorrhexis, longer than 6 hours before delivery (p < 0.05). Six patients had labor longer than 6 hours after admission (p < 0.05). The authors did not observe differences related to vaginal delivery with or without forceps or cesarean section. The samples were all sensible to cefalotin at the antibiogram. CONCLUSION: Labor and delivery is a high risk procedure for bacteremia and so for ineffective endocarditis in susceptible patients. The statistical analysis recognize as risk factors labor longer than 6 hours inside the hospital and premature amniorrhexis. We propose the use of intravenous cefalotin 1g 60 minutes before expulsion and repeated 6 and 12 hours later.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation and elimination of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit.

A recent outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a teaching hospital was investigated. A total of 25 MRSA isolates, 16 from the patients and nine from the staffs (carriers), was collected for the study. The possible relationship among the isolates was investigated by using antibiograms and restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid DNA. Control strategy of the MRSA nosocomial infection was proposed after the study of antibiograms and plasmid profile. There were four plasmid patterns (I-IV), each containing 7, 8, 2, and 8 isolates. Six of the 16 isolates from the patients had identical plasmid patterns as the carriers (I and II). Person to person transfer via hand contact by medical personnel was found to be the most frequent mode of transmission identified in the outbreak of MRSA nosocomial infection in the NICU. Our strategy for control of the outbreak and elimination of the MRSA from all patients and carriers was successful after intensive surveillance and control measures. These included (a) strict isolation and cohorting; (b) hand washing between patient contacts to prevent transmission; (c) treatment of the carrier state in health care workers and patients with safe and effective topical agents such as mupirocin.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of Vibrio cholerae serotype 01 strains isolated from patients and the aquatic environment.

Vibrio cholerae 01 strains of El Tor and Classical biotypes and Ogawa and Inaba serotypes were isolated from both patients and pond water, the latter used by the patients from whom the V. cholerae 01 strains had been isolated. Paired strains, i.e. from the patient and from the pond used by the patient, were compared. All strains were found to be non-hydrophobic and agglutinating in ammonium sulphate (2.0-2.5 M). They demonstrated similar antibiogram patterns and plasmids were not detected. Except for one clinical and one environmental strain, all strains caused fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop (RIL). The outer membrane protein profiles of both clinical and environmental strains were nearly identical, except for the presence of an additional 22 kDa polypeptide, observed only in environmental strains. The protein profiles of two environmental isolates, analysed after passage through rabbits by oral feeding, were altered, demonstrating a significant decrease in the number of protein bands after animal passage but with the major protein band pattern remaining unchanged. Each passaged strain, however, demonstrated properties similar to the non-passaged culture in cell surface hydrophobicity, plasmid profile, antibiogram patterns, and enterotoxin production.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Staphylococcal and other bacterial species associated with intramammary infections in Danish dairy herds.

Four thousand six hundred forty-five quarter milk samples from 1179 cows from 20 commercial dairy herds were examined in order to determine the prevalence of bacterial species. A total of 859 isolates from 839 (18.1%) culture positive samples could be assigned to 34 different species and subspecies. Diagnostics of staphylococcal species was based on conventional procedures able to differentiate between all 36 species and subspecies presently acknowledged. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 10.2% of the samples and was the most common species isolated. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.6%) and Streptococcus uberis (1.4%) were the second and third most common species isolated. Seventeen different coagulase negative staphylococcal species (CNS) were found in 4.1% of the samples. The most frequently isolated CNS were S. epidermidis (1.3%), S. chromogenes (1.0%) and S. simulans (0.7%). Isolates of S. aureus were phage typed, and isolates of S. epidermidis were investigated by phage typing, antibiogram typing, and biotyping. A total of 378 (79.9%) isolates of S. aureus could be typed by phages, assigning them to 18 different phage types. However, 6 phage types accounted for 92.1% of the typable isolates. One to 2 phage types predominated within each herd. Eleven (18%) isolates of S. epidermidis could be typed by phages, assigning the isolates to 3 different types. Biotyping of S. epidermidis produced a total of 8 different types, the most common accounting for 29.5% of the isolates. A total of 6 different antibiogram types were observed among all isolates of S. epidermidis. Resistance towards penicillin (36.1%), tetracycline (9.8%) and streptomycin (9.8%), were recorded in the isolates of S. epidermidis. However, 35 (57.4%) of the isolates were susceptible to all 12 antibiotics tested.

Animals↗