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PubMed1992

The relationship of anger and child psychopathology.

This study examines the relationship of anger to child psychopathology in an inpatient psychiatric sample. Results suggest that anger as assessed by the Children's Inventory of Anger is not highly correlated with other affective experiences or behavioral dispositions, yet may provide incremental data pertinent to distinguishing children with concurrent disturbances of emotion and conduct from children with disturbances in either emotion or conduct.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural intervention for anger management in children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome.

The purpose of the study described was to evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural intervention for anger management with children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Forty-five children and their parents were randomly assigned to either intervention or wait-list control conditions. Children in the intervention participated in six 2-h weekly sessions while parents participated in a larger parent group. Parent reports indicated a significant decrease in episodes of anger following intervention and a significant increase in their own confidence in managing anger in their child. Qualitative information gathered from parents and teachers indicated some generalization of strategies learned in the clinic setting to both home and school settings. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Early antecedents of adult work stress: social-emotional competence and anger in adolescence.

We hypothesized that youth with elevated coronary heart disease (CHD) risk who exhibit diminished social-emotional competence and frequent anger in adolescence experience increased occupational stress after becoming adults. Perceived job control and support from coworkers in 57 young Black and White men and women were regressed on measures of social problem-solving skill (SPS) and anger arousal (AR) obtained 5 years earlier when participants were in high school. In models controlling for grade point average (GPA), SPS and GPA independently predicted coworker support in adulthood; anger in high school predicted diminished job control. These findings suggest that occupational stress may have identifiable social-emotional antecedents early in life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Influence of apologies and trait hostility on recovery from anger.

While there is growing evidence that quick recovery from stress is health-protective, relatively little is known about what factors affect recovery rates. We tested whether recovery from anger can be diffused with apologies. 184 participants performed a stress task involving verbal harassment and apologies. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: non-harassed control, good apology, pseudo-apology, or no apology. Measures of blood pressure and heart rate were taken at baseline, task and recovery periods. Participants scoring high in trait hostility displayed faster systolic blood pressure recovery when they received a genuine apology, but recovered more slowly when they received a pseudo-apology or no apology. Apologies did not influence subjective anger ratings. It was concluded that apologies may accelerate cardiovascular anger recovery among those with hostile personality predispositions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between anger and pain.

Anger is defined with reference to a cognitive-motivational perspective. This forms the basis for identifying the variety of reasons why pain sufferers are angry and the many ways in which they react when angry. Statistics are provided for the comorbidity of anger in chronic pain and headache. Going beyond such statistics, five dynamic interactions between anger and pain are emphasized and empirical evidence is provided for each of these interactions.

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

An analysis of anger in relation to clinical dentistry.

This article discussed anger and its cause. Experience and observation of human behavior denote valid points in the four concepts considered. The introduction of the RET has added the belief system and interpretation of events to the classic approaches. This concept adds further insight into why people become angry or, more accurately, allow themselves to be moved by anger. With this new knowledge should come an awareness of the need to converse with and know patients better and to prevent undesirable anger relationships from occurring. Dentists are able to modify the patient's belief system, if it is erroneous, by educating them toward more realistic expectations. This makes it possible to add to the patient's happiness by reducing conflictual relationships in the acceptance of reality.

Anger↗
PubMed1993

Anger inhibition and family history as modulators of cardiovascular responses to mental stress in adolescent boys.

Sixty boys aged 12-16 took part in an experiment in which physiological and subjective measures were obtained at rest and in response to mental arithmetic and mirror drawing tasks. Blood pressure was recorded from biological parents, and subjects were subsequently categorized as being at high family risk for cardiovascular disease if either parent had a history of coronary heart disease or hypertension, or a resting blood pressure > or = 140/85 mmHg. Twenty boys were classified as high family risk and forty as low risk. A significant interaction between family risk and a disposition towards anger inhibition was observed, with the greatest systolic blood pressure responses to tasks being recorded in high risk boys who reported high levels of anger inhibition. This effect was maintained after controlling for initial blood pressure level, age and body mass. The cardiac baroreceptor reflex was inhibited during tasks, and was lower in high than low family risk subjects. The results suggest that the tendency to inhibit anger expression interacts with familial factors in determining reactivity patterns that may be indicative of raised risk of future cardiovascular disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Relationship of cardiovascular reactivity and anger expression to serum lipid concentrations in healthy young men.

The relationship between behaviorally evoked cardiovascular reactivity, preferred mode of anger expression, and serum lipid concentrations was examined in 63 healthy, young adult males. Subjects derived from three studies, each evaluating cardiovascular response to laboratory stressors. All participants completed the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale and provided fasting blood samples for lipid determinations. A significant negative correlation, calculated by meta-analytic procedures, was noted between a baseline-free measure of heart rate reactivity and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations (r = -0.26, p = 0.05). However, the previously reported relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and elevated total serum cholesterol (TSC) was not found. Additionally, men scoring high on a self-report measure of the tendency to express anger outwardly had significantly higher HDL-C concentrations than men scoring low on this measure (r = 0.30, p = 0.02); when subjects were stratified by level of cardiovascular reactivity, this relationship was apparent only among those showing the greatest magnitude of heart rate and blood pressure responses to acute mental stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cynical hostility influences anger, but not cardiovascular reactivity during competition with harassment.

Cynical hostility has been linked to coronary heart disease (CHD), and there is mixed support for the hypothesis that cynical hostility may contribute to CHD through exaggerated cardiovascular responses to anger-provoking stressors. The present study tested the influences of cynical hostility on affective and cardiovascular responses to provocation in 68 undergraduate men. Subjects were divided into high and low cynical hostility groups by a median split on Cook-Medley Hostility Scale scores, and half of the subjects in each group were harassed during competition on a video game. High hostile subjects reported greater anger than low hostile subjects during the competition, independently of harassment, and harassment produced stronger feelings of mistreatment, independently of hostility. Harassed subjects experienced larger systolic blood pressure responses only during an affect rating period after the competition, but the responses were not influenced by hostility. These findings provide further evidence that cynical hostility, anger, and cardiovascular reactivity are not simply nor consistently related.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cardiovascular reactivity, anxiety and anger during perceived controllability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional and cardiovascular responses in an aversive active coping situation. A letter detection task was presented to 64 male students. From a stream of letters scrolling over a screen, subjects were required to eliminate specific letters. Task difficulty was varied by changing the speed with which the stream moved along on the screen. Perceived control over an aversive loud tone was manipulated by instruction. While blood pressure differences in the experimental conditions could not be found, the group with perceived control displayed greater increases in heart rate and greater shortening of pulse transit time. In subjects low in trait anger, belief of control over aversive tones led to heightened cardiovascular reactivity compared with subjects high in trait anger. The results are discussed with respect to suppression of anger and a possibly opposite effect of emotion and mental effort in aversive active coping situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Anxiety and anger among abusers of different substances.

The levels of trait anxiety and trait anger were compared for adult clients in residential treatment with primary diagnoses of alcoholism, cannabis dependence, cocaine abuse and opioid dependence. With a sample of 809 clients results suggested each of these groups to have significantly elevated anxiety and anger scores, compared to non-client samples. However, there were no significant differences on either anxiety or anger scores based on drug of choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive therapy of anger management: theoretical and practical considerations.

Cognitive therapy, known for its treatment of depression, is fast becoming an approach to treating a wide variety of psychosocial phenomena. This article explores a model for anger management that incorporates elements of cognitive theory. The basic premises of cognitive theory will be presented. The application of these premises to the control of anger will be discussed. The anger arousal hypothesis by Novaco provides the foundation for the theoretical and clinical issues pertinent to psychiatric mental health nurses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Reactions to facial expressions: effects of social context and speech anxiety on responses to neutral, anger, and joy expressions.

Male and female participants (n=19) high or low in speech fear viewed pictures of faces posed in anger, neutral, and joyful expressions for 8s each. Zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii EMG, skin conductance, and heart rate were measured during picture viewing, and subjective ratings were made after each picture. Compared to anger expressions, joy expressions were responded to with greater zygomatic EMG, less corrugator EMG, and greater heart rate and skin conductance. Physiological response to neutral expressions was similar to response to anger expressions. Expressions posed by women were responded to physiologically more negatively than expressions posed by men. More fearful participants exhibited more negative and less positive facial expressions, and skin conductance responses suggesting greater attention when viewing negative expressions. Results suggest that reactions to facial expressions are influenced by social context, and are not simple mimicry.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Topiramate in treatment of depressive and anger symptoms in female depressive patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with increased aggression and diminished ability and quality of life. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of topiramate in influencing depressive symptoms, aggression, ability, and health related quality of life in depressive women. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 10-week study of topiramate in 64 female subjects from the general population who met criteria for recurrent major depressive disorder. Primary outcome measures were changes on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Test of Attention (d2), and the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: According to the intent-to-treat principle, a significant difference on the HDRS (P=0.02), all scales of STAXI (all P<0.001), Total efficiency of d2 (P<0.001), and on most scales of SF-36 (P between 0.15 and <0.001) were observed in the topiramate-treated subjects comprised the placebo group. The reduction in expression of anger correlated significantly with changes on the HDRS, and several scales of d2 and SF-36. Additional weight loss, which was significantly more pronounced in the topiramate group than in those treated with a placebo, was ascertained (difference in weight loss between the two groups: 4.2 kg, P<0.001). All the patients tolerated topiramate relatively well. LIMITATIONS: Only moderately ill women were included. CONCLUSIONS: Topiramate appears to be an effective agent in the reduction of depressive symptoms and anger and in the improvement of ability and health-related quality of life in depressive women. Additional weight loss can be expected.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between sleeping problems and aggression, anger, and impulsivity in a population of juvenile and young offenders.

PURPOSE: The current study examines both the quantity and quality of sleep reported by male adolescents detained in prison, with a focus on exploring the association between the quantity and quality of sleep with aggression, impulsivity, or anger. This represents a novel area of study not yet explored among incarcerated male adolescents. METHOD: One hundred eighty-four offenders took part; 104 young (average age 19 years) and 80 juvenile (average age 16 years). All completed a questionnaire exploring sleeping problems, and measures assessing aggression, anger, and impulsivity. RESULTS: Aggression was found to relate both to the quantity and quality of sleep reported, with reduced quantity and quality predicted by increased overall aggression. Across aggression subscales, only increased hostility was predictive of reduced current hours of sleep and increased problems in sleep quality. Apnea risk scores were not predicted by aggression, anger, or impulsivity. Differences in sleep behavior before and during prison were demonstrated, with evidence for increased poor sleeping habits within detention. No differences were observed between young and juvenile offenders. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a potential relationship between aggression and sleep among an incarcerated adolescent male sample, highlighting in particular a role for hostility. The findings are discussed in relationship to implications for treatment and directions for future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Brain blood perfusion hypothesis for migraine, anger, and epileptic attacks.

The common physiological rationale for migraine, anger, and epileptic attacks is discussed. The potential importance of homeostatic reactions in brain blood perfusion is described. The author speculates that these attacks are induced to meet some urgent biological needs. Each attack of migraine, anger, and epilepsy results in increased regional cerebral blood flow, with hypoperfusion being shown in inter-icteric states. This hypoperfusion may also be related to cerebral ischemic disease, organic change, some critical condition, or vasoconstriction due to sympathetic hyperactivity. Migraine attack is a subacute local vasomotor response. In contrast, anger and epileptic attacks are different manifestations of acute solemn general neuropsychiatric vasomotor reflexes. The newer paradigm of the etiological integration of these three kinds of attacks based on cerebral hemodynamic change does not only explain the mechanism of seizure-producing treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy, but also indicates the significance of cerebral vasodilative demands for the particular treatment of migraine, aggressive behavior, and epileptic seizures.

Anger↗
PubMed1999

Aggression and anger-related traits associated with a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) serotonergic activity correlates inversely with human aggressive behavior, and individual differences in aggressive disposition are at least partially heritable. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible association between measures of antagonistic behavior and an intronic polymorphism of the gene coding for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis. METHODS: Locally recruited men and women (n = 251) were genotyped for the A218C polymorphism located in intron 7 of the TPH gene. All subjects were administered standard interview and questionnaire indices of aggression and anger-related traits of personality; in a portion of subjects, CNS serotonergic activity was assessed by neuropsychopharmacologic challenge (prolactin response to fenfluramine hydrochloride). RESULTS: Persons having any TPH U allele scored significantly higher on measures of aggression and tendency to experience unprovoked anger and were more likely to report expressing their anger outwardly than individuals homozygous for the alternate L allele. In men, but not women, peak prolactin response to fenfluramine was also attenuated among subjects having any U allele, relative to LL homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS: Individual differences in aggressive disposition are associated with an intronic polymorphism of the TPH gene in a nonpatient sample of community-derived volunteers.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

Linking childhood sexual abuse and abusive parenting: the mediating role of maternal anger.

OBJECTIVE: This study had two primary objectives: First, to examine the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and later parenting characteristics, particularly physical abuse potential, and second, to explore maternal anger as a mediator of the relationship between CSA and adult physical abuse potential. METHOD: Utilized a community sample of low SES participants that included 138 mothers classified as having experienced CSA, and a comparison group of 152 non-sexually abused mothers. Parenting variables examined included the mothers' physical abuse potential, nurturance toward their children, unrealistic developmental expectations of children, as well as frequencies of spanking and general punishment. Data was collected via interview and other self-report measures. RESULTS: Even after controlling for mothers' childhood experience of Physical abuse, CSA significantly predicted adult risk of physically abusing one's own children. Further, maternal anger was confirmed as a mediator of the relationship between having been sexually abused as a child and the potential for physically abusing one's own children. CONCLUSIONS: CSA may be a risk factor for subsequent physically abusive parenting, while anger appears to play a significant role in mediating this relationship. Findings are discussed in the context of current knowledge concerning the impact of child sexual abuse and the processes contributing to abusive parenting.

Adult↗