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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

A modified pure tone audiometry technique for medico-legal assessment.

A modified method of pure tone audiometry (PTA) in which the auditory threshold is approached from silence in ascending steps, with tone presentations of 1-4 seconds and interval durations of 1.5-5 seconds was assessed against the British Society of Audiology (BSA) method of PTA in terms of its ability to establish valid thresholds in cases of non-organic hearing loss, prevalent in medico-legal testing. The results reveal that the modified technique of PTA is a valid threshold measurement for honest subjects, and yields less non-organic overlay than the standard method of PTA in cases of non-organic hearing loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A placebo-controlled comparison of the effect of nortriptyline and phenelzine on orthostatic hypotension in elderly depressed patients.

Seventy-five patients, 55 years or older, were treated for major depression with either nortriptyline, phenelzine, or placebo during a 7-week period. There was a significantly greater mean orthostatic fall in systolic pressure in patients treated with nortriptyline and phenelzine as compared to the placebo group, but no significant difference was evident between the nortriptyline and phenelzine groups. The orthostatic changes appeared during the first week of treatment and were not correlated with plasma level of nortriptyline, percent platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition, or pretreatment orthostatic changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1973

A comparative study of daily and twice-weekly continuation regimens of tuberculosis chemotherapy, including a comparison of two durations of sanatorium treatment. 2. Second report: the results from 12 to 24 months.

Further results of a controlled clinical trial of tuberculosis chemotherapeutic regimens, carried out with the cooperation of all 7 tuberculosis hospitals and 27 of the 30 chest clinics of the Central Bohemian region and 6 of the 10 chest clinics of Prague, are presented. Following 3 months of standard triple chemotherapy, a comparison was made of 3 continuation regimens allocated at random for up to 18 or 24 months. These were PAS plus isoniazid daily, streptomycin plus isoniazid twice a week, and streptomycin plus isoniazid twice a week up to 1 year and then streptomycin plus isoniazid once a week. After 2 years the results of all 3 regimens were highly satisfactory. Continuation of chemotherapy beyond 18 months produced no further demonstrable benefit at 2 years. A subsidiary comparison between 2 durations of sanatorium treatment-3 months and 6 months-failed to demonstrate any benefit from the longer period. It is concluded that all 3 continuation regimens were equally effective but that the intermittent regimens have the advantage of stricter control over the patient's chemotherapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction.

In a controlled trial of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction, 512 of 2338 patients at 11 European centers were stratified according to clinical severity. Three hundred fifteen patients allocated to medium-risk and high-risk groups were randomized to a 24-hour infusion of streptokinase or glucose. There were no essential differences in the severity of illness in the two groups before infusion. The overall mortality rates within six months were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the streptokinase group (15.6 per cent) than in the control group (30.6 per cent). Bleeding complications were more frequent in the streptokinase group; except for two nonfatal cerebral hemorrhages these complications were clinically unimportant. The treatment was generally well tolerated. We tolerated. We conclude that streptokinase given under the conditions of this trial -- to medium-risk patients admitted to a coronary-care unit within 12 hours of onset of symptoms -- reduces mortality at six months. (N Engl J Med 301:797-802, 1979)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Carcinogen classification systems: similarities and differences.

An overview of regulatory classification systems on carcinogens in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries is presented based on a questionnaire study. Most OECD countries have implemented legislation including classification systems and lists of carcinogens. Basically, there are two types of classifications systems. The major difference between the two is that in one system carcinogens are classified according to the weight of evidence for carcinogenic effects in humans, whereas in the other carcinogens are allocated to various groups according to potency. Even if the classification systems may differ, the substances classified as carcinogens are to a large extent the same. Classification of carcinogens will in many countries require hazard labeling. This labeling, i.e., the limit for labeling of substances and preparations, and risk phrases show considerable similarities, but differ in certain aspects. Several countries have restrictions on sale and/or use of carcinogens. There is a trend toward introducing more mechanistic considerations in the classification of carcinogens.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1990

Improved survival after prophylactic portal nondecompression surgery for esophageal varices: a randomized clinical trial. Cooperative Study Group of Portal Hypertension of Japan.

To evaluate prophylactic surgery for esophageal varices, a prospective randomized controlled trial was begun in 1980 by the Japanese Research Society for Portal Hypertension. Methods of operation included selective shunts and nonshunting interruption procedures. One hundred and twelve Japanese patients, in whom endoscopic findings suggested risk of bleeding but who had no bleeding episode, were randomly allocated to the operated group of 60 patients or nonoperated group of 52 patients. Nine patients with idiopathic portal hypertension, histologically proven noncirrhotic disease, which all fell in the operated group, were excluded from the study and the remaining 103 patients (51 operated and 52 nonoperated) were analyzed. Long-term follow-up of patients for a median of 49 mo with a maximum of 73 mo showed a total of 11 (22%) deaths, including 2 operative deaths, in the operated group compared with 23 (49%) deaths in the nonoperated group. The cumulative survival rate at 5 yr in the operated group was 72%, which was significantly higher than the 45% of the nonoperated group (p less than 0.05). The cumulative variceal bleeding rate at 5 yr was 7% in the operated group, which was significantly lower than that of the nonoperated group of 46% (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that portal nondecompression surgery was effective in preventing the variceal bleeding and in improving survival.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices↗
PubMed1988

Quality control of radiation therapy in multi-institutional randomized clinical trial for localized prostate cancer.

The National Prostatic Cancer Project (NPCP) from 1978 through 1985 compared definitive radiation therapy for Stages B2, C, D1 lesions in those who received only radiation treatment to those who received two years of additional cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or estramustine phosphate (Emcyt) chemotherapy. Two hundred fifty-four patients were entered and 229 evaluated for compliance of the spatial localization of the prostate through review of the simulation and port films. In 78 per cent this was satisfactory, whereas in 12 per cent it was unsatisfactory, and another 10 per cent were not evaluable. The principle cause of an unsatisfactory rating was failure to adequately cover the prostatic target volume, especially the apex which was found to be variable in location. Routine use of retrograde urethrocystography is urged as part of the localization method in patients to receive definitive external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. The role and impact of quality assurance programs for radiotherapy in cooperative clinical study groups is reviewed and discussed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Donor characteristics can influence transplant activities and the access to transplant for some age groups.

In recent years Italy has experienced a remarkable increase in organ donation and transplant rates for kidney transplantation. The organ donation rate has placed Italy among the European leaders, but a careful comparative evaluation of Italian and international registries data demonstrates that renal transplantations have not shared the same significant growth. In a decisive way donor characteristics have influenced not only the number of renal transplantations, but also the access to transplant for some age groups. We investigated the probability of transplantation from different age groups using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. The 7-year probability of transplant was 72% for the 15 to 45 age group, 85.7% for the 46 to 55 age group, and 88.5% for the over 55 years group (P = .0029). Ethical considerations suggest new approaches of innovative promotion of living donor transplants and a revision of organ allocation criteria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

TB: a partnership for the benefit of research and community.

A public-private partnership (PPP) involving Stellenbosch University in South Africa and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has benefited both research and a local community where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic. The venture, part of GSK's Action TB programme, enabled the University's Desmond Tutu TB Centre to establish an epidemiological field site in two suburbs of Cape Town where the annual risk of TB infection is 3.5%. Collaboration between the centre and GSK focused on the development of a surrogate marker model able to predict patient outcome with relative accuracy. Such models may be useful tools for diagnosis/prognosis and for shortening clinical trials of novel TB agents. Other research findings stemming from the Action TB partnership suggest that exogenous reinfection is responsible for the majority of relapse cases and that adults often have infection with multiple strains. The local community has been empowered by the implementation of the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) programme and benefited from improved education about health in general and TB in particular. The centre has also provided employment for many local people in field work and other roles. Meanwhile, national and international publicity about the centre's work has aided in generating the essential political will to allocate resources and shape healthcare priorities, benefiting this impoverished community.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A multiple-goal, multilevel model of feedback effects on the regulation of individual and team performance.

When working as a member of a team, individuals must make decisions concerning the allocation of resources (e.g., effort) toward individual goals and team goals. As a result, individual and team goals, and feedback related to progress toward these goals, should be potent levers for affecting resource allocation decisions. This research develops a multilevel, multiple-goal model of individual and team regulatory processes that affect the allocation of resources across individual and team goals resulting in individual and team performance. On the basis of this model, predictions concerning the impact of individual and team performance feedback are examined empirically to evaluate the model and to understand the influence of feedback on regulatory processes and resource allocation. Two hundred thirty-seven participants were randomly formed into 79 teams of 3 that performed a simulated radar task that required teamwork. Results support the model and the predicted role of feedback in affecting the allocation of resources when individuals strive to accomplish both individual and team goals.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

HIV disease surveillance. Collaboration between medicine and public health.

Public Health Surveillance is critical to the management of programs designed to control the epidemic of HIV-AIDS. Surveillance defines changing trends, helps to formulate preventive initiatives and evaluate their effectiveness, and to allocate resources. Collaboration between clinical medicine and public health is essential to achieve reliable surveillance.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1994

First inter-American conference on society, violence, and health.

As a part of the strategy to promote the Regional Plan of Action on Violence and Health, the First Conference on Society, Violence, and Health was held at the headquarters of the Pan American Health Organization in Washington 16-17 November 1994. The objectives of the Conference were to: 1) Draft a declaration calling upon the heads of state of the American States to mobilize resources in order to prevent violence: 2) Create a consensus among the national and international cooperation organizations on methods and procedures to achieve effective support for democratic values and the respect of the human rights in societies living in peaceful coexistence: 3) Promote a regional movement of nongovernmental and other organizations in order to create nonviolent communities; 4) Urge the governments of the Hemisphere to commit themselves individually and through international organizations to allocate financial resources capable of reversing the trend toward violence. The Conference had five panels: 1) Violence as a Public Health Issue; 2) Towards a Democracy without Violence; 3) The Political Economy of Non-Violence; 4) a Culture of Peace for the XXI Century; and 5) Building Non-Violent Social Relations. Distinguished speakers representing various institutions related to the subject area participated in each. As part of the objectives, the participants approved a Declaration that considered the nature of violence, examined its multiple causes and different expressions, and specified the structures of the most vulnerable social groups. Explicit reference was made to the need for carrying out efforts in order to strengthen democracy, seek healthier forms of life, and strive for a culture of peace and coexistence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Americas↗