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Agriculture in Britain has become the focus of international attention in recent years. Many have questioned the changes that have occurred in the industry, and the typical assumption is that agriculture has become increasingly unsustainable and remote form consumers. The contribution of agricultural research to all of this is also being dissected: after all, who is supposed to benefit?
This paper reviewed the effects of cover crops in reducing soil loss, surface runoff, NO3- leaching and water pollution, and elucidated roles of cover crops in controlling pest insects, weeds and diseases, and increasing soil nutrients. The potential roles and appropriate application of cover crops in sustainable development of agriculture were also discussed.
For the purpose of managing and processing land resources and environment information, a spatial database of land information in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, which involved present data and the investigated information by remote sensing, was established under the supporting of PAMAP GIS 4.2. The spatial database could provide the functionality of querying for spatial data and its associated attributes, conversion between the different data formats, mapping the digital terrain, fast and accurate analysis on soil resources, land assessment and management application, and soil erosion risk mapping. The establishment of this spatial database was expected to play an important role in territorial planning, agricultural sustainable development, spatial assessment of ecological environment, and so on.
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Unless the nutrition community intervenes in national and international policymaking, the world could well be headed for serious trouble with deaths from starvation on a consequential scale. There has been near-total dissociation between agricultural planning policies and food distribution and nutritional needs of populations. Unfortunately, the nutrition community is out of the mainstream of forces which affect nutritional status and which produce the macro-decisions. Why? Perhaps the professionals have too narrow a view of their role; although malnutrition is a health problem, the solution is not necessarily one of health delivery. Perhaps they don't seriously wish to be involved with policy change and the work it entails. Perhaps, by being unable to achieve consensus within their own ranks, they have generated a lack of credibility. The nutrition community needs to recognize a broader scope for nutrition and to take new approaches in advocacy directed to education policy-makers. No one else can play this role with authority.
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Although health conditions in the rural areas of the USA are comparatively good, they are inferior to those in the urban areas. An important reason for this inferiority is the fact that rural sanitation is less a social responsibility than an individual responsibility, which many rural families cannot finance. The rural culture imposes many handicaps on the rural family's health and wealth. Such handicaps may be moderated by sanitation and related social and economic measures, if the measures selected are appropriate to the local needs and resources, which may vary greatly. Although sanitation needs are common to all rural areas, the refinement and complexity of sanitation facilities and services cannot be uniform. Allowing for variable circumstances, however, the basic elements of rural sanitation in the USA can be realized within a generation. The probable net gains in farm productivity would seem to warrant support for a rural sanitation programme on economic grounds alone, if an economic market may be assumed for the increase in agricultural production.
Among the countries that can be classified as Near East Africa, North West Africa, and Western Africa, there is a great diversity of foods and dietary patterns. Prevalence of undernourishment as defined by FAO using dietary energy supply data, varies dramatically among these countries, with Tunisia in the lowest prevalence category (<2.5%), and Sierra Leone in the highest prevalence category (>35%). Throughout the 1960's, the dietary energy supply of North West African and Western African countries was similar. However, since the 1970s a great and consistent improvement has been seen in North and North West African countries. Both the proportion and number of undernourished in North Africa is now very similar to that of North America. Oil use, energy from fat, and protein from plant versus animal sources account for a large part of the food pattern differences between countries in these regions. Using Tunisia and Sierra Leone as examples again, dietary diversity as measured by the percentage of energy from foods other than starchy staples, is about 50% in the former, while in the latter, it is only 36%. Fatty fruits such as olives, cocoa and palm fruit have a special role in both the diet and the economies of the region.