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PubMed2004

Pubertal neuromaturation, stress sensitivity, and psychopathology.

Normal adolescent development is often accompanied by transient emotional and behavioral problems. For most individuals with postpubertal-onset adjustment problems, there is a resolution by early adulthood and relative stability through the adult life span. But for a minority, adjustment problems escalate during adolescence and portend the development of serious mental illness in adulthood. In this article, we explore adolescent behavioral changes and neurodevelopmental processes that might contribute to stress sensitivity and vulnerability for the emergence of the mental disorders. Of particular interest is the role that hormonal changes might play in the expression of genetic vulnerabilities for psychopathology. Drawing on recent findings from clinical research and behavioral neuroscience, we describe the ways in which postpubertal hormones might alter brain function and, thereby, behavior. It is concluded that there are both activational and organization effects of hormones on the adolescent brain, and these contribute to developmental discontinuities in behavioral adjustment. Implications for adult psychopathology and preventive intervention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Creative musical behavior and sex hormones: musical talent and spatial ability in the two sexes.

Creative musical behavior, musical intelligence, and spatial ability were investigated in relation to salivary testosterone (T). In a cross-sectional study with 117 adults and in an 8-yr longitudinal study with 120 adolescents, composers, instrumentalists, and nonmusicians of both sexes were compared by analyses of variance. Results indicate that an optimal T range may exist for the expression of creative musical behavior. This range may be at the bottom of normal male T range and at the top of normal female T range. In addition, musicians were found to attain significantly higher spatial test scores than nonmusicians, both, in an 8-yr-period of adolescent development and in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Social attitudes, self-description and perceived reasons for using drugs: a survey of the secondary school population in Malaysia.

The present paper is the third and concluding part of a study of the secondary school population of two of Malaysia's thirteen states, Penang and Selangor. Since completion of the two earlier papers, the research team has investigated the pattern and nature of drug use among the equivalent population in a third state, Kelantan, and has again found essentially the same pattern of results: youthful drug use is most clearly related to precocious self-assertion, and a set of beliefs and attitudes about drugs and drug taking, and is largely unrelated to indicators of social deprivation or personal problems. The significance of this repeated finding in Kelantan is that, in this much more rural and traditional state, adult and established patterns of drug use had historically differed considerably from those found in the two more urban and cosmopolitan states of Penang and Selangor. Our findings indicate that the new pattern of drug use by youth has transcended the older cultural differences between the states, and is in turn explained by a more universally familiar set of characteristics in adolescent development.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Adolescent immaturity in attention-related brain engagement to emotional facial expressions.

Selective attention, particularly during the processing of emotionally evocative events, is a crucial component of adolescent development. We used functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) with adolescents and adults to examine developmental differences in activation in a paradigm that involved selective attention during the viewing of emotionally engaging face stimuli. We evaluated developmental differences in neural activation for three comparisons: (1) directing attention to subjective responses to fearful facial expressions relative to directing attention to a nonemotional aspect (nose width) of fearful faces, (2) viewing fearful relative to neutral faces while attending to a nonemotional aspect of the face, and (3) viewing fearful relative to neutral faces while attention was unconstrained (passive viewing). The comparison of activation across attention tasks revealed greater activation in the orbital frontal cortex in adults than in adolescents. Conversely, when subjects attended to a nonemotional feature, fearful relative to neutral faces influenced activation in the anterior cingulate more in adolescents than in adults. When attention was unconstrained, adolescents relative to adults showed greater activation in the anterior cingulate, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, and right amygdala in response to the fearful relative to neutral faces. These findings suggest that adults show greater modulation of activity in relevant brain structures based on attentional demands, whereas adolescents exhibit greater modulation based on emotional content.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Caring for the adolescent with HIV infection or AIDS in the critical care setting.

Caring for the adolescent with HIV infection or AIDS in the critical care setting is challenging. This article discusses medical treatments for HIV, aspects of adolescent development that influence their behaviors, certain behaviors that put adolescents at risk for HIV acquisition, ethical and legal concerns for caring for this population, nursing implications for care, and the needs of nurses caring for this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The chronobiology of aging: changes in the temporal-periodic order].

Within an organism the sequence of events and processes during development, maturation, and aging is determined by endogenous and exogenous factors. The endogenous factors consist of oscillatory as well as of unidirectional mechanisms. An individual temporal order ("Eigenzeit") is the result of coupling between various oscillators, interactions between oscillators, and unidirectional processes and of stochastic events. Age-dependent changes of the diurnal rhythms in man and mammals serve as an example for age-dependent changes of the individual temporal order. The parameter of the endogenous (= circadian) diurnal rhythms are changed during embryogenesis, postnatal development, adolescence and aging: amplitude and phase delay increase during development and decrease with age. A higher frequency (ultradian) component predominates in childhood and old age. From experiments with model oscillators, lesioned central clocks in the hypothalamus of mammals and with an arrhythmic mutant of Drosophila, it is concluded that the changes of the temporal order are due to changes in the coupling properties of circadian and higher frequency oscillators. This may be true for the coupling between exogenous periodicities ("Zeitgeber") and endogenous clocks, their mutual interaction and their coordinative function. At present, it is not known whether these changes have consequences for human well-being and health. This may be the case, however, as concluded from indirect evidence.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

The transmission and acquisition of values in the residential treatment of emotionally disturbed adolescents.

A discussion about (1) the role of values in adolescent development and (2) the various value pathologies found in adolescents in residential treatment was presented. A descriptive study of the transmission and acquisition of three values described how values are not only transmitted by unvarying routines, decrees, traditions, and unspoken codes, but are also conveyed by certain child-care practices. The consistency and quality of these practices were found to be a significant factor for the three values studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Adolescents and mental disorder: who consents to treatment?

Although English law recognises that developing adolescents may acquire the capacity to make decisions about medical treatment themselves it does not address the problem of mentally disturbed or disordered adolescents. This article examines the nature of adolescent refusal of treatment and suggests that a line be drawn between three categories of adolescent disturbance--the competent young person who refuses treatment that an adult too may refuse, the rebellious teenager whose refusal is triggered by simple teenage angst, and the mentally ill teenager whose refusal is triggered by mental illness. It suggests that adolescent autonomy needs to be more fully understood and the Mental Health Act more readily used in treating young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The interactions of functional systems at the homeostatic level in normal children and adolescents and in a radioecologically unfavorable environment].

In the article theoretical and application development of one of postulates of the Anokhin's theory of functional systems--the principle of multiparametric interaction is attempted in study of singularities of intersystem relationships of a number of leading functional homeostatic systems in a developing adolescent's organism living in radioecological unfavorable conditions and during rehabilitational procedures with application of interval dosed normobaric hypoxia. On the basis of a dynamic research of parameters cardiorespiratory and vegetative-humoral homeostasis is established, that the acclimatization of a children's organism to the factors of ecological and social risk in regions under small doses of radionuclides contamination is exhibited in reorganization of multiparametric relations of functional systems: a) increase of "rigidity" of intrasystem links separate cardiovascular effectors, b) of maximum activation sympathetic, pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-thyroid axes of a system stress-response, c) lack of intersystem consolidation of cardiorespiratory functional systems at a level of useful adaptive results. Thus character of interaction of homeostatic functional systems, their stability depend on personal combination of typological singularities in "the integral constitution" of the child-types of a vegetative regulation, somatic constitution, versions of emotional uneasiness. Principally important that it is revealed the capability of a correction in intersystem relations of homeostatic parameters, in particular, with the use of interval normobaric hypoxia of training (IHT). Hypoxic indorsements rendering the influence first of all through an exterior link of a functional system of breathing is carry on to recovery of integration of functional systems defining a homeostasis for children as at a level useful adaptive results. Thus the role initially high neurohumoral activity in achievement of best values cerebral, peripheral blood flow, lung ventilation is reduced, the contribution of separate effectors to security of physical functionality and aerobic capabilities of a children's organism "is equilibrated".

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of "envisioning the future" in the development of resilience among at-risk youth.

The objective was to explore the process by which adolescents develop resilience and change their risk behaviors despite multiple stressors in their environment. The design was exploratory using grounded theory to understand the process from the teens' perspectives. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 32 individuals-28 adolescents (age range 16-21 years) and 4 adults (age range 32 and 72)-on two occasions. The participants used the basic social process "envisioning the future" to become resilient and stop engaging in risk behaviors. Envisioning the future included two processes "feeling competent" and "elevating expectations" that were facilitated within the context of a relationship with a reliable, caring, and competent adult. Participants in this study became resilient despite environmental stressors by setting higher expectations for themselves and feeling self-confident. The findings of this study provide information regarding the specific behaviors that promote positive outcomes in at-risk youth and suggest ways in which public health nurses can facilitate these behaviors in both the youth and their mentors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent alcohol use development and young adult outcomes.

This study used latent growth modeling to examine the effects of level of alcohol use and development of alcohol use during adolescence, on young adult outcomes for males and females. Adolescents (N = 480; mean = 13.03 years, S.D. = 1.44; 264 female) were assessed annually over a 4-year period and then 5-6 years later in young adulthood (mean = 22.49 years, S.D. = 1.50). Chronicity of alcohol use in adolescence was related to higher alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, aggressive behavior, theft, and suicide ideation in young adulthood among both males and females. Development of alcohol use during adolescence was related to alcohol-related problems in young adulthood for males and females, and to higher levels of alcohol use and aggressive behavior for males only. The results indicate that development of alcohol use as well as level of alcohol use in adolescence is important for future adjustment outcomes, and that these relationships vary as a function of gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Health in adolescence.

This paper briefly describes some recent publications on adolescent health, one of which advocates the establishment of a database on adolescent health, and then discusses what the author considers to be the three most important adolescent health problems, namely unintentional injuries, asthma and mental health disorders. While considerable research into injuries and asthma are already being planned or carried out, this is not the case for adolescent mental health disorders. Adolescent physical and sensory disabilities, health risks and health promotion are briefly discussed in terms of research needs. The nature and prevalence of adolescent mental health problems are then discussed as well as some influences on adolescent development and mental health. Finally, it is argued that two types of research into adolescent mental health disorders are needed (basic and programme development and evaluation). It is recommended that the Medical Research Council sponsor a seminar on mental health research needs and consider the possibility of adopting more active strategies to promote research into mental health, including the mental health of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The effect of altitude on adolescent growth and development.

To evaluate the effect of altitude on adolescent growth and development, three groups of healthy, well-nourished youth of similar socioeconomic status and ethnic grouping who resided at sea level (n = 1262 subjects), mid-altitude (n = 1743 subjects), and high altitude (n = 1137 subjects) were studied. The following parameters were evaluated: weight and height in all subjects; genital and pubic hair development in the males; and the initiation of breast development and age of menarche in the females. At mid-altitude, puberty appears to start at a similar age, but lasts longer, than at sea level. At high altitude, puberty starts significantly later and is more prolonged than at sea level and mid-altitude. Our data reveal relatively little effect of altitude upon growth and weight-gain patterns or final attained heights and weights.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self care in adolescents].

The purpose of this work is to offer an analysis on the adolescence as stage of the life with some specific characteristics due to the transformations that happen so much at biological level as cognitive and psychosocial. During this period, the adolescent develops their autonomy and by so much starts their independence of the parents, some and other will experience situations that them will make be felt insecure in their/its performances until each one assume their new paper in the familiar environment and before itself. Parents and adolescent can need support and advice to obtain that this stage, in conflicting occasions, is developed normally, so that the adolescent become a capable adult about caring whether same and about others, with a life style that favor the integrated operation and the continued development. The family nurse can lend them the support and advice that need, since occupies a privileged place in the health equipment to guarantee the continuity of the assistance to the familiar group from the birth until the maturity. Basing us on the theory of the self-care developed by D. Orem, we will check the specific requirements of self-care of this stage of the vital cycle, of great transcendency for the step to the adult age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Acquisition of autonomy skills in adolescents with myelomeningocele.

This study describes ages of acquisition (AOA) of typical adolescent autonomy skills in a regional cohort of individuals with myelomeningocele (MM), aged 12 to 18 years, with a mean age of 14 years 11 months (SD 2y 5mo). Prospectively collected data over 10 years were analyzed. Regression analysis, using Generalized Estimation Equation, provided 50th centile and 75th centile AOA for each skill. One hundred and fifty-eight participants (90 males, 68 females) attended 378 annual patient visits. Patient contacts were equally distributed across age and physical severity groupings. Twenty-four percent of participants had functional lesion levels at or above L2, and 38% between L3-L5, 38% at S1 or below. Eighty-four percent had shunted hydrocephalus, 24% were independent in ambulation, and 69% achieved toileting independence before adolescence. AOA for autonomy skills were delayed by 25 to 30% when compared with typically developing adolescents. Differences in cognitive ability explained the variance in median ages for skill acquisition (p=0.01) more than physical lesion level. Participants acquired community skills at a median age of 16 years 6 months. Twelve percent of 18-year-olds drove cars (9% with supervision, 3% independently), regardless of physical lesion severity. We conclude that adolescents with MM acquire the majority of autonomy skills 2 to 5 years later than their typically developing peers. This study establishes AOA timelines for autonomy skills in adolescents with MM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adolescent drug abuse: helping families survive.

Drug use and abuse carries risk in people of all ages. However, adolescents are particularly vulnerable to substance misuse. Adolescent drug use continues to be an area of concern with a number of adolescents developing problems associated with the use of various drugs. Negative sequelae associated with adolescent drug use include areas such as schooling, health, and family relationships. Difficulties with the legal system, schooling, or within the family are commonly the triggers for recognition of substance misuse problems in a young person. However, problems are usually well-established before they are recognized. The challenge of dealing with these problems will fall on families, particularly parents. This is a crisis for families, and ongoing support is needed if they are to overcome the challenges. Health workers (including nurses) are well-positioned to support families who are dealing with adolescent drug problems. In this paper we propose the adoption of a strengths approach as a strategy for developing resilience in families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents: programmatic treatment development.

Few effective psychosocial treatment models for depressed adolescents have been developed, let alone ones that use the developmentally potent context of the family as the focus of intervention. Attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) is a brief, manualized treatment model tailored to the specific needs of depressed adolescents and their families. Attachment theory serves as the main theoretical framework to guide the process of repairing relational ruptures and rebuilding trustworthy relationships. Empirically supported risk factors for depression are the primary problem states that therapists target with specific treatment strategies or tasks. Parent problem states include criticism/hostility, personal distress, parenting skills, and disengagement. Adolescent problem states include motivation, negative self-concept, poor affect regulation, and disengagement. Intervention tasks include relational reframing, building alliances with the adolescent and with the parent, addressing attachment failures, and building competency. A small, randomized clinical trial provides initial support for the model. Several process research studies, using both qualitative and quantitative methods, have helped refine the clinical guidelines for each treatment task. ABFT is a promising new treatment for depressed adolescents and more research on it is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Health inequality in adolescence. Does stratification occur by familial social background, family affluence, or personal social position?

BACKGROUND: Two new sets of stratification indicators--family's material affluence and adolescent's personal social position- were compared with traditional indicators of familial social position based on parental occupation and education for their ability to detect health inequality among adolescents. METHODS: Survey data were collected in the Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey in 2003 from nationally representative samples of 12-, 14- and 16-year-old Finns (number of respondents 5394, response rate 71%). Indicators of the familial social position were father's socio-economic status, parents' education, parents' labour market position. Indicators of material affluence were number of cars, vacation travels, and computers in the family, own room and amount of weekly spending money. Adolescent's personal social position was measured as school performance. Measures of health were long-standing illness, overweight, use of mental health services, poor self-rated health and number of weekly health complaints. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was applied to study the associations between stratification indicators and health variables. RESULTS: All three groups of indicators of social stratification showed inequality in health, but the strongest associations were observed with the adolescent's personal social position. Health inequality was only partly identifiable by the traditional indicators of familial social position. The direction of the inequality was as expected when using the traditional indicators or personal social position: adolescents from higher social positions were healthier than those from lower positions. The indicators of family's material affluence showed mainly weak or no association with health and some of the indicators were inversely associated, although weakly. CONCLUSION: In addition to traditional indicators describing the socio-structural influences on the distribution of health among adolescents, indicators of family's material affluence should be further developed. Adolescents' personal social position should be included in the studies of health inequalities.

Adolescent↗