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PubMedDate not supplied

Developing the research pipeline: increasing minority nursing research opportunities.

The need to increase the number of minority nurses in policy and leadership positions in health care administration, academia, and research has been acknowledged. Limited academic and research training opportunities are available specifically designed to develop a cadre of minority nurse scientists to conduct the research needed to ultimately reduce health disparities within racial and ethnic minority populations. This article describes a collaborative approach to research career development at the doctoral level.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Attitudes of internal medicine faculty and residents toward professional interaction with pharmaceutical sales representatives.

We surveyed faculty and residents from seven hospitals affiliated with three academic internal medicine training programs about their perceptions of the informational and service benefits vs the risks of ethical compromise involved in interactions with pharmaceutical sales representatives. Questionnaires were returned by 467 (81%) of 575 physicians surveyed. Residents and faculty generally had somewhat negative attitudes toward the educational and informational value of detailing activities at their institutions but indicated that representatives supported important conferences and speakers. Residents were more likely than faculty to perceive contacts with sales representatives as potentially influencing physician decision making. Sixty-seven percent of faculty and 77% of residents indicated that physicians could be compromised by accepting gifts. More than half of the physicians who suggested that such compromise was possible indicated that acceptance of gifts worth more than +100 from drug companies would be likely to compromise a physician's independence and objectivity. A majority of both faculty and house staff favored eliminating presentations by pharmaceutical representatives at their hospitals. Only 10% thought they had had sufficient training during medical school and residency regarding professional interaction with sales representatives.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Ten years of research and teaching at the special education department of the teachers' training college in cologne (author's transl)].

On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the special education department the teachers' training college an "academic week" was held in Cologne from June 20-24, 1976. Many German and foreign educational scientists and social paedagogues reported on the problems and research findings in the different fields of education and rehabilitation of the disabled. Since 1966 this department has experienced an unexpectedly rapid development. The majority of today's approximately 2600 students are pursuing studies to become teachers at schools for maladjusted children, the deaf, mentally disabled, physically handicapped, for children with learning disorders, with speech disorders and the hard of hearing. Approximately 250 students are trying to obtain a degree in education. Since the beginning of this decade, research work has been considerably intensified and is not mainly concentrating on the following five aspects: Studies of the theoretical, terminological and methodological approaches of special education--research projects concentrating on the social-scientific aspects of the problem of disability and the disabled--psychological studies of the learning and performance behaviour and the work load capacity of children at special schools--projects to ameliorate the communication and language capacity of the disabled--studies in connection with the planning and organisation of learning and instructional processes such as didactive and communication aids at special schools.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Forensic pathology and the autopsy.

Questionnaires sent to representative medicolegal jurisdictions in the United States showed that medicolegal necropsies comprise a substantial proportion of the total number of autopsies performed. Qualitative differences between customary hospital autopsies and their forensic counterparts include autopsy bias, the importance of trauma, biological variability, and medicolegal logic. Because of these differences, medicolegal autopsies have an important role to play in the education of undergraduate and graduate medical students and should be incorporated into the training programs of academic departments of pathology.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1982

Practitioners view dietetic roles for the 1980s.

A study was conducted among practitioners in Pennsylvania to obtain their opinions concerning essential entry-level competencies and those that they considered necessary when hiring and entry-level dietitian, and to determine how they felt about role specialization at the entry level or practice. The competencies identified as most critical for the entry-level dietitian were: (a) an understanding of the managerial processes of planning, organizing leading, evaluating, and controlling and their relationship to the management of human, material, and financial resources; (b) an understanding of the process, functions, and interrelationships of various systems of the human body; and (c) an ability to integrate knowledge of biological, social, and professional sciences into a comprehensive concept of human nutrition. A strong knowledge base, essential for the entry-level generalist, was indicated in the following areas: nutrition and disease, normal nutrition, food selection and planning, and food production systems. There was a perceived need for academic institutions to train both specialists and generalists in the 1980s.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed1981

Administration in family medicine education: an academic quandary.

Family medicine leadership is faced with the challenge of maintaining the progressive development of a new academic discipline. Academic administration has presented a dilemma to all fields, and there has been very limited training to assist administrators in academe. A survey of department chairmen and residency directors in family medicine determined that a high percentage of leaders have moved into their positions directly from practice or from faculty responsibilities. Predominant needs were in the areas of finance, external relationships, time management, and conflict intervention. There are several implications from this study which should be considered in the selection, training, and evaluation of academic family medicine administrators.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1977

Charles F. Prentice Memorial Lecture--1976. Optometry curriculum patterns in Europe.

The education and training of optometrists--more appropriately, ophthalmic opticians--in the western countries of the European continent differ in content and amount from that found in English-speaking countries, particularly the U. S. Current curriculum patterns for 12 European countries are presented. Formalized basic education before professional training averages 9.4 academic years; formalized course work, identified with curricula of schools of optics and optometry, averages 2.8 academic years; and required apprenticeship time averages about 2 years.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Being female in medical school. Observations of a counselor.

Many students experience medical school as much more intense, stressful, and rigorous than the undergraduate school years. Female students, in particular, have different concerns and needs that require additional attention. As the number of women pursuing careers in medicine increases, their professional development is a topic that medical schools and community practitioners must address. An overview is provided of the female student's experience in medical school, followed by recommendations to enhance her academic and clinical training experiences.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1996

The patients' library movement: an overview of early efforts in the United States to establish organized libraries for hospital patients.

The patients' library movement in the United States, a dynamic, cohesive drive begun and sustained by librarians and physicians, strove to promote placement of organized libraries for patients in hospitals. It took shape in the early years of this century, evolving from its proponents' deeply held conviction that books and reading foster the rehabilitation of sick people. The American Library Association's World War I service to hospitalized military personnel dramatically reinforced the conviction; the post-World War I institution of public library extension services to general hospitals explicitly reflected it. Enormous energy was infused into the patients' library movement. Throughout the first half of this century, there were sustained efforts not only to establish organized libraries for hospitalized people but also to expand and systematically study bibliotherapy and to shape patients' librarianship as a professional specialty. The movement's achievements include the establishment of patients' library committees within national and international associations; impetus for development of academic programs to train patients' librarians; and publication, from 1944 through 1970, of successive sets of standards for hospital patients' libraries. The first of these remain the first standards written and issued by a professional library association for a hospital library.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

How often do neuroradiologists perform sonography of the carotid arteries? A survey of academic and nonacademic radiology practices, with implications for fellowship training.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Debate in the neuroradiology community surrounds the amount of formal training in sonography of the carotid arteries that should be provided to fellows. This study was designed to assess current practice patterns at both academic and nonacademic practices regarding the performance of carotid sonography. METHODS: A neurovascular radiology survey was sent to all 102 program directors of neuroradiology fellowships in the United States and Canada (academic practices). The survey was also sent to 146 randomly selected senior members of the ASNR (three per state, except one each for Alaska and Vermont) who were not affiliated with fellowship programs (nonacademic practices). RESULTS: Fifty-seven surveys from academic practices and 70 surveys from nonacademic practices were returned. Radiologists at academic practices performed approximately 42% of studies (general radiologists or sonography specialists, 36%; neuroradiologists, 5%; cardiovascular radiologists, 1%). Nonradiologists performed approximately 58% of studies (vascular surgeons, 47%; neurologists, 10%; cardiologists, 1%; neurosurgeons, <1%). Neuroradiologists performed carotid sonography at 11% (6/57) of academic practices. On average, radiologists at nonacademic practices performed approximately 62% of studies (general radiologists or sonography specialists, 38%; neuroradiologists, 15%; cardiovascular radiologists, 9%). Nonradiologists performed approximately 38% of studies (vascular surgeons, 25%; neurologists, 6%; cardiologists or internists, 6%). Neuroradiologists performed carotid sonography at 53% (37/70) of nonacademic practices. CONCLUSION: At most academic practices, neuroradiologists do not perform sonography of the carotid arteries. This may explain the reluctance of some fellowships to provide formal training in this technique. In contrast, although neuroradiologists perform carotid sonography at a majority of the nonacademic practices, the percentage of studies that they perform is small; moreover, neuroradiologists perform far fewer studies than do general radiologists or sonography specialists.

Canada↗
PubMed1984

The music therapy clinical intern: performance skills, academic knowledge, personal qualities, and interpersonal skills necessary for a student seeking clinical training.

The music therapy curriculum consists of two distinct parts: the academic phase and the internship. The music therapy student must apply for a clinical internship during the last year of the academic phase, and the student is expected to evolve from student to professional music therapist during the internship phase. The present study sought to determine the skills, knowledge, and qualities clinical training directors considered most important for a prospective intern to possess. The sample population of the survey consisted of 25 clinical training directors from the Great Lakes Region. Results of the survey indicated that piano skills, knowledge of psychology, emotional maturity, and the ability to express needs and feelings were considered most important for the prospective intern to possess.

Great Lakes Region↗
PubMed1992

Consultation-liaison psychiatry in Brazil. Psychiatric residency training.

A mailing survey assessed consultation-liaison (C-L) service delivery and training among all 23 approved psychiatric residency training programs throughout the country. Twenty questionnaires were returned. Outpatient, inpatient, emergency, and consultation services were present together in 35% of the academic hospitals where residency training took place. Consultation service was provided by 18 (90%) responding programs. Eleven of those reported C-L training as part of their general psychiatry rotation. Nevertheless, educational objectives, weekly case conferences, and didactic seminars were provided by only five of them. The training time varied from 40 to 560 hours, 190 hours on average. The same five programs offered an elective third-year residency training, including liaison with specific units. The results illustrate the migration of academic psychiatric departments from the psychiatric hospital to the general hospital as well as the beginning of C-L training programs in Brazil.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

A postgraduate dental training program for treatment of persons with disabilities.

Educational aspects of a five-year project of postgraduate training in dentistry for patients with severe disabilities are described. Courses consisted of two weeks of didactic and up to six weeks of clinical instruction. Participating dentists, dental hygienists, and assistants demonstrated significant post-course gains in cognitive knowledge and confidence. Follow-up evaluations indicated that more than 75 percent actively apply their training, particularly those in academic dentistry. The nationwide response to the program indicates a demand for advanced training of this type.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2004

Academic achievement and emotional status of children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that intensive multimodal psychosocial intervention (that includes academic assistance and psychotherapy) combined with methylphenidate significantly enhances the academic performance and emotional status of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with methylphenidate alone and with methylphenidate combined with nonspecific psychosocial treatment (attention control). METHOD: One hundred three children with ADHD (ages 7-9), free of conduct and learning disorders, who responded to short-term methylphenidate were randomized for 2 years to receive one of three treatments: (1) methylphenidate alone, (2) methylphenidate plus psychosocial treatment that included academic remediation, organizational skills training, and psychotherapy as well as parent training and counseling and social skills training, or (3) methylphenidate plus attention control treatment. Children's function was assessed through academic testing, parent ratings of homework problems, and self-ratings of depression and self-esteem. RESULTS: No advantage was found on any measure of academic performance or emotional status for the combination treatment over methylphenidate alone and over methylphenidate plus attention control. Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and was maintained over 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: In stimulant-responsive young children with ADHD without learning and conduct disorders, there is no support for academic assistance and psychotherapy to enhance academic achievement or emotional adjustment. Significant short-term improvements were maintained over 2 years.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Prediction of Academic Achievement in an NATA-Approved Graduate Athletic Training Education Program.

The Purpose of this investigation was to determine which information used in the applicant selection process would best predict the final grade point average of students in a National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) graduate athletic training education program. The criterion variable used was the graduate grade-point average (GPAg) calculated at the completion of the program of study. The predictor variables included: 1) Graduate Record Examination-Quantitative (GRE-Q) scores; and 2) Graduate Record Examination-Verbal (GRE-V) scores, 3) preadmission grade point average (GPAp), 4) total athletic training hours (hours), and 5) curriculum or internship undergraduate athletic training education (program). Data from 55 graduate athletic training students during a 5-year period were evaluated. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that GPAp was a significant predictor of GPAg, accounting for 34% of the variance. GRE-Q, GRE-V, hours, and program did not significantly contribute individually or in combination to the prediction of GPAg. The results of this investigation suggest that, of the variables examined, GPAp is the best predictor of academic success in an NATA-approved graduate athletic training education program.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Communication effectiveness training improves surgical resident teaching ability.

BACKGROUND: An important educational objective of academic surgical programs is to train surgical teachers. Whether formal instruction of surgery residents in general principles of teaching has a role in the achievement of this objective is unproven. STUDY DESIGN: We tested whether the teaching ability of surgery residents could be improved by two different interventions: (A) a lecture on communication effectiveness plus home study of their own videotaped lectures and (B) a critical review of their own videotaped lectures with a teaching consultant. Each resident taught four sessions. There was no intervention between sessions 1 and 2; intervention A occurred between sessions 2 and 3; and intervention B, between sessions 3 and 4. Each of the four videotaped sessions was graded for communication effectiveness using a standardized scoring form. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between scores from lectures 1 and 2 (no intervention) or lectures 2 and 3 (intervention A). Intervention B (individualized feedback) resulted in significant improvement in all scores from session 4 compared with sessions 1 and 2: content 3.40 versus 2.98 (p = 0.01), language 3.43 versus 3.22 (p = 0.03), delivery 3.25 versus 2.87 (p = 0.002), and overall 3.43 versus 2.88 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resident teaching ability can be improved by communication effectiveness teaching. Individualized feedback is more effective than a lecture combined with self-study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Diabetes management by residents in training in a municipal hospital primary care site (IPCAAD 2).

PURPOSE: Since diabetes is largely a primary care problem but we know little about management by residents in training--the primary care practitioners of the future--we examined surrogate outcomes reflective of their performance. METHODS: A seven-week observational study was conducted in a typical training site- a municipal hospital internal medicine resident "continuity" (primary care) clinic in a large, academic, university-affiliated training program. We evaluated control of glucose, blood pressure, and lipids; screening for proteinuria; and use of aspirin relative to national standards. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-six (556) patients were 72% female and 97% African-American, with mean age 63 years, duration of diabetes 12 years, and BMI 34 kg/m2. Patients were managed largely with diet alone (22%) or oral agents alone (40%); 7% used oral agents and insulin in combination, and 30% insulin alone. Hemoglobin A1c (mean 8.2%) was above goal (<7.0%) in 61% of patients. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean 128 mg/dL) was above goal (<100) in 76% of patients, but high density lipoprotein (mean 53 mg/dL) was at goal in 46%, and triglycerides (mean 138 mg/dL) were at goal in 85%. Diastolic pressure (mean 75 mm Hg) was at goal (<85) in 77% of patients, but systolic pressure (mean 143) was at goal (<130) in only 25% of patients. An average of only 53% of the patients had urine protein screening per 12 months, and use of aspirin was documented for only 39% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes in a typical internal medicine resident primary care clinic frequently do not achieve national standard of care goals. Since skills and attitudes developed in residency are likely to carry over into later practice, local diabetes educators may need to work with medical faculty to develop new interventions to improve postgraduate medical education in diabetes management.

Academic Medical Centers↗