Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “subordinate behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Bullying and sexual harassment among Brazilian high school students.

Bullying and sexual harassment at school have received recent attention in developed countries; however, they have been neglected in Latin America. Thus, the authors investigated these phenomena among 400 Brazilian high school students from two high schools (one private and one public). Analyses using t-tests showed that boys bullied and sexually harassed their peers more often than girls did. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that boys and girls who scored high on general misconduct bullied their peers more often than those who scored low on general misconduct. Boys who believed they would be punished by their teachers for bullying and who scored low on benevolent sexism bullied more often than boys who believed they would not be punished by their teachers and who scored high on benevolent sexism. Moreover, bullying predicted peer sexual harassment for boys and girls. Recommendations to prevent bullying and sexual harassment are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Brain lateralization of emotional processing: historical roots and a future incorporating "dominance".

This article provides a review of research on the hemispheric specialization in emotional processing during the past 40 years and the theoretical models derived from the conceptual analysis of these results. The publications reviewed here were collected to better appreciate the cortical lateralization of emotional perception (visual and auditory), expression (facial and prosodic), and experience. Four major models of emotional processing are discussed--the Right Hemisphere, Valence, Approach-Withdrawal, and Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Activation System models. Observing the relative merits and limitations of these models, a new direction for exploration is offered. Specifically, to better appreciate the strength and direction (i.e., approach versus withdrawal) of experienced emotions, it is recommended that state "dominance" be evaluated in the context of asymmetrical activation of left-frontal (dominance) versus right-frontal (submission) brain regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The Animal Preference Test and its relationship to behavioral problems in young children.

We compared performance on the Animal Preference Test; (APT; Van Krevelen, 1955) with parental assessment of children's behavioral problems as measured by the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1986). Forty Black and Hispanic 6- to 12-year-old boys were asked to name the three animals they would most like to be and the three animals they would least like to be if they could not be a human being. Reasons for animal choice were categorized into one of four theme categories: aggression, autonomy, nurturance, and pleasure-beauty. Each category had a high degree (91%) of interrater reliability. When reasons for animal choice were dichotomized into aggression/autonomy versus nurturance/pleasure-beauty, children who rejected animals because of their nurturant or aesthetic qualities displayed significantly greater aggressive (p less than .001) and depressed (p less than .05) behaviors on the CBCL. The choice of animals the subjects would most like to be was not meaningfully associated with CBCL performance. Further research with this easily administered and reliably scored projective test appears warranted.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1982

Decision making and age differences among gay male couples.

There appear to have been three major historical forms for male homosexual relationships: the Latin American model patterned after gender-roles, the Greek model involving a mature adult male and an adolescent male, and the modern form between males of approximately equal ages. The patterning of attractions among men of various ages is explored in a sample of 1,556 Chicago area homosexual males. The dominant trend found was for attraction towards persons of similar ages. Age differences between partners in liaisons were found to be associated with differences in decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Bullying in Flemish schools: an evaluation of anti-bullying intervention in primary and secondary schools.

BACKGROUND: The positive of the Norwegian anti-bullying programme (Olweus, 1992) stimulated other countries to tackle bully/victim problems. However, outcome studies found rather low levels of effect or even inconsistent results. AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate behavioural effectiveness of a school-based anti-bullying approach within Flemish schools. In addition, specific attention was given to the relationship between outcome findings and external support. SAMPLE: A total of 18 schools, comprising 1104 primary and secondary school children were recruited for this study. Students ranged in age from 10 to 16 years. METHOD: For this study, an experimental pre-test/post-test design was used which included a control group. Three groups were established. The first group, Treatment with Support, involved students from schools that implemented a school-based anti-bullying intervention with additional support from the research group. The second group, Treatment without Support, also involved students from schools that implemented a school-based anti-bullying programme. However, in contrast with those falling under the first condition, this group of schools could not appeal to the research group for additional help. The last group involved students from schools that did not implement the anti-bullying programme and served as a Control condition. Repeated measures analyses of variance were carried out. RESULTS: The findings regarding the effects of the school-based anti-bullying intervention programme on the extent of bullying and victimisation showed a mixed pattern of positive changes in primary schools and zero outcomes in secondary schools. The findings regarding the effects of external support revealed limited outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of the evaluation study confirm that a school-based anti-bullying intervention strategy can be effective in reducing problems with bullying, especially within primary schools. It was argued that the developmental characteristics of secondary school students interfered with the programme outcomes. In addition, the findings revealed no extra effects of specific training sessions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Anti-bullying intervention: implementation and outcome.

BACKGROUND: The participant role approach represents a view of bullying as a group process in which bystanders often encourage the bullying or silently witness it, while little support is given to the victim (e.g. Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, Björkqvist, Osterman, & Kaukiainen, 1996). There is a discrepancy between students' attitudes (which are often against bullying) and their actual behaviour in bullying situations, and this may be an important factor contributing to the persistence of the problem. AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an anti-bullying intervention programme targeting the group as a whole. Class teachers who attended a 1-year training course carried out the interventions in school classes. The present evaluation of the project is based on multi-level modelling, assessing the programme effects after 12 months of intervention, utilizing a cohort longitudinal design with adjacent cohorts (Olweus & Alsaker, 1991) also taking into account the degree of implementation of the programme. SAMPLE: The intervention was implemented in 48 school classes (Grades 4, 5, and 6) from 16 Finnish schools, involving 1,220 children (600 girls and 620 boys). METHOD: The present report is based on questionnaire data collected at two assessment points during the project, assessing the frequencies of bullies and victims, the extent of observed and experienced bullying, students' attitudes and efficacy beliefs related to bullying, and their participant role behaviours (self- and peer-reported). Reports were collected from teachers about the concrete actions taken in order to compare the actual content of the intervention to what had been planned. RESULTS: A positive impact of the intervention programme was found on several outcome variables (e.g. frequencies of bullies and victims, observed and experienced bullying, attitudes and efficacy beliefs, and to some extent, participant role behaviours). The intervention effects were found more often in Grade 4 than in Grade 5, and often only in schools with a high degree of implementation of the programme.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Driving aggression in forensic and non-forensic populations: relationships to self-reported levels of aggression, anger and impulsivity.

A series of four questionnaires - the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11), the Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and a Driving Violence Inventory (DVI) - were administered to a sample of 473 British drivers consisting of undergraduates (N=185), members of the public (N=106) and offenders (N=182) serving sentences in closed prisons in England (violent=82, non-violent=100). Offenders consistently rated acts of driving aggression as less severe compared with other drivers. Offender attributions of driving violence differed to other drivers in that they were equally likely to perceive obscene gesturing as high or low intensity responses; they also viewed assault as a high intensity response whereas members of the public rated it more severely. Trait levels of anger and aggression were the predictors of driving violence in all groups but previous aggressive behaviour was only a predictor for the offenders. Gender and age were found to be predictors of aggressive driving in non-offenders. Even with the effects of age controlled, offenders (and violent offenders in particular) scored higher on measures of driving anger and aggression. These data suggest that offenders differ in their perceptions of aggressive behaviours experienced in everyday driving and as a consequence are more likely to commit acts that other drivers perceive as violent. As offenders are known to display similar perceptual biases in other domains, identified as precursors to their aggressive behaviour, it seems likely that experience effects (as reflected in the trait measures) underpin differences in driving aggression between offenders and non-offenders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parental risk factors and social assimilation in alcohol dependence of Mexican Americans.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the reciprocal relationship of social assimilation and four parental behavioral risk factors in the intergenerational development of alcohol abuse or dependence (AAD) among adults of Mexican origin in the United States. Whereas many studies have shown U.S. nativity and English language use are markers for enhanced risk of AAD among Mexican Americans, such studies have not examined the extent to which predisposing biobehavioral factors are conditioned by social assimilation in the United States. METHOD: Language use patterns as a proxy of cultural assimilation and length of time in the U.S. as a proxy for social assimilation were used to compare the distribution of parental behavioral factors (alcohol, drug abuse, depression and anxiety) and the influence of these factors on AAD onset in adult children of Mexican immigrants. Data were obtained from an epidemiologic field survey in Central California of 3,012 Mexican origin adults. RESULTS: Complex effects structured by gender were found: parental behavioral risk factors predicted AAD onset; Mexican American adults born in the U.S. were much more likely than were immigrants to report parents with behavioral risk factors; women were more susceptible to the effects of parent risk factors in the context of social and cultural assimilation. Women required more total risk factor exposure, including parent risk factors, for AAD onset. CONCLUSIONS: Reciprocal influences of parent risk factors on assimilation were found, suggesting that parental behavioral factor effects on AAD in adult children of Mexican Americans are subordinate to social and cultural assimilation.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1982

Deference and dominance in old age: an exploration in social theory.

Nonverbal expressions of power and control in the daily lives of old people are examined from a life span perspective that combines social exchange theory, Goffman's classic work on deference and demeanor, and Henley's power theory of nonverbal communication and paralinguistics. Because of societal devaluation of the aged and the typical later life declines in power resources, old people are likely to experience a loss of status and social control during everyday nonverbal rituals of dominance nd deference. Supporting evidence is drawn from studies of the social impact of the physical setting and interactions between institutional old people and staff members. Discussion emphasizes the generally subtle nature of nonverbal expressions of dominance and deference, the impact of normal sensory declines in typical later life role transitions, and the potential for ageist interpretations of nonverbal cues.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chemical submission: a literature review].

The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about chemical submission. The number of scientific publications on this phenomenon has increased over the last 10 years. Perpetrators choose drugs which act rapidly, produce desinhibition, sedation, and anterograde amnesia during the abuse. Ethanol and benzodiazepines are the most frequently used. A few drugs, including flunitrazepam and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), have received widespread media coverage. Toxicological investigations on blood, urine or hair samples allow to detect the substance used. Every effort should be made to collect appropriate specimens as quickly as possible. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is at present the most appropriate analytical method to detect these drugs in a biological specimen.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed1987

[An experimental study on the power maintaining tendency of the powerholder under status change condition].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of status change on the powerholder's behavior and cognition (attribution) to their sub-leaders and subordinates. The experimental situations consisted of multistage power structures: one powerholder, four sub-leaders, and 16 subordinates. Instead of being delegated by the experimenter (as in experiment I), the subjects in experiment II were screened and elected as a powerholder. The results of experiment I and experiment II showed that; The powerholders under status change condition attempted more to influence the high performing group (experiment I, II), They highly evaluated their own contributions to the high performing group (experiment I, II), They exercised more coercive power to the high performing group (experiment II), and They gave more difficult tasks to the high performing group (experiment II) than the powerholders under non status change condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Agonistic behavior: model, experiment, perspectives].

Repeated experiences of social victories or defeats in daily agonistic confrontations led to different changes of the brain neurotransmitter activities in male mice with alternative types of social behaviour. Total activation of the brain dopamine metabolism was found in winners. Chronic defeats were accompanied by specific changes in serotonin and noradrenaline metabolism in limbic areas of the brain. Between losers and winners, significant differences were found in emotionality, exploratory activity, locomotion, level of anxiety, communicative behaviour, and alcohol consumption, as well as in immune responses and susceptibility to transplanted Krebs-2 tumour growth, gonadal function, and gastric mucosa damage. A sensory contact technique is proposed for studying the neurophysiological consequences of social conflicts.

Aggression↗