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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Systematic development of a self-help and motivational enhancement intervention to promote sexual health in HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

The objective of this study was to describe the application of a systematic process-Intervention Mapping-to developing a theory- and evidence-based intervention to promote sexual health in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Intervention Mapping provides a framework that gives program planners a systematic method for decision-making in each phase of intervention development. In Step 1, we focused on the improvement of two health-promoting behaviors: satisfactory sexual functioning and safer sexual behavior. These behaviors were then linked with selected personal and external determinants, such as attitudes and social support, to produce a set of proximal program objectives. In Step 2, theoretical methods were identified to influence the proximal program objectives and were translated into practical strategies. Although theoretical methods were derived from various theories, self-regulation theory and a cognitive model of behavior change provided the main framework for selecting the intervention methods. The main strategies chosen were bibliotherapy (i.e., the use of written material to help people solve problems or change behavior) and motivational interviewing. In Step 3, the theoretical methods and practical strategies were applied in a program that comprised a self-help guide, a motivational interviewing session and a motivational interviewing telephone call, both delivered by specialist nurses in HIV treatment centers. In Step 4, implementation was anticipated by developing a linkage group to ensure involvement of program users in the planning process and conducting additional research to understand how to implement our program better. In Step 5, program evaluation was anticipated based on the planning process from the previous Intervention Mapping steps.

Condoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of the extralogical form of thinking in cognitive activity].

The aim of the study was an attempt to record neurophysiological processes connected with the mechanism of subconscious brain activity. Created in the laboratory method of construction of a topographical map of electrical processes interactions in 24 recorded points was applied. The obtained data testify that identification of evident and latent images in "double image pictures" is accompanied by similar relief of topomaps of interactions. Effect of "sudden vision" of latent image in a manner of "insight" is gradually prepared neurophysiologically, but is not realized by the subject and only at the last stage reaches the consciousness and is verbalized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Representation of DNA sequences with virtual potentials and their processing by (SEQREP) Kohonen self-organizing maps.

MOTIVATION: We propose representing individual positions in DNA sequences by virtual potentials generated by other bases of the same sequence. This is a compact representation of the neighbourhood of a base. The distribution of the virtual potentials over the whole sequence can be used as a representation of the entire sequence (SEQREP code). It is a flexible code, with a length independent of the sequence size, does not require previous alignment, and is convenient for processing by neural networks or statistical techniques. RESULTS: To evaluate its biological significance, the SEQREP code was used for training Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) in two applications: (a) detection of Alu sequences, and (b) classification of sequences encoding for HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (env) into subtypes A-G. It was demonstrated that SOMs clustered sequences belonging to different classes into distinct regions. For independent test sets, very high rates of correct predictions were obtained (97% in the first application, 91% in the second). Possible areas of application of SEQREP codes include functional genomics, phylogenetic analysis, detection of repetitions, database retrieval, and automatic alignment. AVAILABILITY: Software for representing sequences by SEQREP code, and for training Kohonen SOMs is made freely available from http://www.dq.fct.unl.pt/qoa/jas/seqrep. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary material is available at http://www.dq.fct.unl.pt/qoa/jas/seqrep/bioinf2002

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Gene for integrin-associated protein (IAP, CD47): physical mapping, genomic structure, and expression studies in skeletal muscle.

Integrin-associated protein (IAP) is a widely expressed membrane protein with multiple functions in immunological and neuronal processes. Having physically mapped the IAP gene into a BAC/PAC contig covering approximately 1 Mb on human chromosome 3ql3.1-q13.2, we determined the genomic organization of the gene, established its expression in skeletal muscle, and identified a novel splice variant. Our expression studies demonstrate expression of integrin-associated protein in the t-tubular system and the euchromatin of skeletal muscle cells where its function thus far is not known.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2003

Processing of semantic categorical and associative relations: an ERP mapping study.

Brain imaging studies have repeatedly shown a dominant involvement of the left hemisphere (LH) in the processing of semantic information. However, some behavioural studies have suggested that the right hemisphere (RH) also processes lexico-semantic information although in a qualitatively different way. More specifically, it has been proposed that the LH shows a greater sensitivity to categorical (CR, or intraconceptual) relationships, while the RH appears more sensitive to associative (AR, or interconceptual) ones. Using semantically unrelated and related word pairs comprised of CR and AR, our aim in this study was to verify the involvement of the RH in the processing of associative relationships. Strength-independent topographical analysis of ERP map series using temporal segmentation procedures showed the same sequence of eight stable map segments in CR and AR conditions. Statistical analysis revealed no difference between conditions either in terms of duration or in terms of time of occurrence of the segmentation maps. However, field strength comparisons between the two conditions using the global field power measure at each time point revealed higher field strength in CR than in AR condition between 300 and 330 ms. Distributed source localisation showed a similar pattern of activation during this time period, involving predominantly left frontal regions. Nevertheless, the strength of the source found in the left medial frontal gyrus differed between CR than AR conditions, thus explaining the differences observed in field strength. Our data suggest that the processing of CR and AR words depend on the same neural network in the LH.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Self-Organizing Map (SOM) unveils and visualizes hidden sequence characteristics of a wide range of eukaryote genomes.

Novel tools are needed for comprehensive comparisons of interspecies characteristics of massive amounts of genomic sequences currently available. An unsupervised neural network algorithm, Self-Organizing Map (SOM), is an effective tool for clustering and visualizing high-dimensional complex data on a single map. We modified the conventional SOM, on the basis of batch-learning SOM, for genome informatics making the learning process and resulting map independent of the order of data input. We generated the SOMs for tri- and tetranucleotide frequencies in 10- and 100-kb sequence fragments from 38 eukaryotes for which almost complete genome sequences are available. SOM recognized species-specific characteristics (key combinations of oligonucleotide frequencies) in the genomic sequences, permitting species-specific classification of the sequences without any information regarding the species. We also generated the SOM for tetranucleotide frequencies in 1-kb sequence fragments from the human genome and found sequences for four functional categories (5' and 3' UTRs, CDSs and introns) were classified primarily according to the categories. Because the classification and visualization power is very high, SOM is an efficient and powerful tool for extracting a wide range of genome information.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concept mapping: promoting science learning in BN learners in Australia.

BACKGROUND: We reviewed the process of using concept mapping as a methodology to teach science to RNs in a bachelor degree of nursing program in Australia. METHOD: The technique was used for two classes of students in the science unit during 1995 with work packages and independent student learning being the focus of the unit. RESULTS: Both instructors and students found the experience mainly positive. It helped the students become more independent learners, have a greater confidence in their knowledge of science, and allowed their understanding of science in their practice to become more meaningful and personalized. For the instructors it allowed them to concentrate on students with learning difficulties because they had less face-to-face teaching hours. Major issues arising from the process related to how to balance science content and the techniques of concept mapping and how to more effectively assess the learning outcomes of the students. CONCLUSION: Concept mapping is a useful technique to link science and nursing practice. Not only can it be used in academic programs to teach the science underlying practice, it can be used in the clinical area to teach patients. As a technique it works well in staff development and continuing education where the focus is on elucidating the rationale for inuring practice and providing evidence for the value of this practice.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

Unravelling the dilemmas within everyday nursing practice.

Each day, nurse practitioners are faced with clinical situations and dilemmas that have no obvious right answers. This article sets out the process of ethical mapping as a reflective device to enable practitioners to reflect on dilemmas of practice in order to learn through the experience and inform future practice. Ethical mapping is illustrated around a single experience that an intensive care practitioner shared in an ongoing guided reflection relationship. Within this process the practitioner draws on ethical principles to inform the particular situation, notably autonomy, doing harm, truth telling and advocacy. Through reflection, ethical principles are transcended and assimilated into knowing in practice, enabling the practitioner to become more ethically sensitive in responding to future situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cytoskeletal architecture of the matrix cell and neuroblast in the neural tube of the chick embryo.

Cytoskeletal architecture of the matrix cell and neuroblast in the wall of midbrain of 4-6 day-old chick embryos was examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The matrix cell, the undifferentiated stem cell later producing neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system, is characterized ultrastructurally by abundant free ribosomes and a poorly developed cytomembrane system. A few microtubules running in random directions are observed in the matrix cell body. In the cell processes, microtubules are oriented longitudinally, and linked with each other by cross-bridges, presumably composed of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The cell processes contain abundant cytoplasmic filaments including a large amount of actin filaments which adhere to the plasma membrane of junctional complexes located immediately below the inner surface of the neural tube. In the neuroblast which has been differentiated from the matrix cell, the cytomembranous organelles, especially rough endoplasmic reticulum are markedly better developed than in the matrix cell; microtubules are more numerous in the cell body. The cell process contains many microtubules with cross-bridges and a few intermediate filaments, which are relatively characteristic of the cytoskeleton of the neuroblast. Phalloidin-staining and immunohistochemistry showed that the neuroblast was richer in F-actin, beta-tubulin, MAP1, MAP2, tau, calspectin, and synapsin I than the matrix cell. As the matrix cell differentiates into the neuroblast, both the cytoskeletal and cytomembranous systems proved to develop features, characteristic of a neuron.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vivo and in vitro studies on the role of HMW-MAPs in taxol-induced microtubule bundling.

The involvement of high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins (HMW-MAPs) in the process of taxol-induced microtubule bundling has been studied using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that HMW-MAPs are released from microtubules in granulosa cells which have been extracted in a Triton X-100 microtubule-stabilizing buffer (T-MTSB), unless the cells are pretreated with taxol. 1.0 microM taxol treatment for 48 h results in microtubule bundle formation and the retention of HMW-MAPs in these cells upon extraction with T-MTSB. Electron microscopy demonstrates that microtubules in control cytoskeletons are devoid of surface structures whereas the microtubules in taxol-treated cytoskeletons are decorated by globular particles of a mean diameter of 19.5 nm. The assembly of 3 X cycled whole microtubule protein (tubulin plus associated proteins) in vitro in the presence of 1.0 microM taxol, results in the formation of closely packed microtubules decorated with irregularly spaced globular particles, similar in size to those observed in cytoskeletons of taxol-treated granulosa cells. Microtubules assembled in vitro in the absence of taxol display prominent filamentous extensions from the microtubule surface and center-to-center spacings greater than that observed for microtubules assembled in the presence of taxol. Brain microtubule protein was purified into 6 s and HMW-MAP-enriched fractions, and the effects of taxol on the assembly and morphology of these fractions, separately or in combination, were examined. Microtubules assembled from 6 s tubulin alone or 6 s tubulin plus taxol (without HMW-MAPs) were short, free structures whereas those formed in the presence of taxol from 6 s tubulin and a HMW-MAP-enriched fraction were extensively crosslinked into aggregates. These data suggest that taxol induces microtubule bundling by stabilizing the association of HMW-MAPs with the microtubule surface which promotes lateral aggregation.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2001

High-throughput yeast two-hybrid assays for large-scale protein interaction mapping.

Protein-protein interactions play fundamental roles in many biological processes. Hence, protein interaction mapping is becoming a well-established functional genomics approach to generate functional annotations for predicted proteins that so far have remained uncharacterized. The yeast two-hybrid system is currently one of the most standardized protein interaction mapping techniques. Here, we describe the protocols for a semiautomated, high-throughput, Gal4-based yeast two-hybrid system.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2005

Testing and mapping non-stationarity in animal behavioral processes: a case study on an individual female bean weevil.

Statistical analysis based on two characteristics of a small-world network, and on Lempel-Ziv's measure of Kolmogorov-Chaitin's algorithmic complexity are first proposed to scan through an individual behavioral sequence for possible existence of non-stationarity. Due to fixed window width, these tests have drawbacks in mapping out regions of non-stationarity. A non-parametric approach based on sparse coding schemes is employed to segment the whole behavioral sequence into unequal length segments, thus resultant avoiding further efforts for grouping. Then attempts are made to entangle the resultant segmentation with other non-local behavioral patterns onto such sequence to ascertain that the non-stationarity corresponds to a sequence of different categories of underlying driving force. It is of potential importance that this segmentation, represented by a hierarchy of code sequences, provides a natural platform for detecting intrinsically coherent behavioral patterns based on continuously recorded data. Illustrations throughout the developments are made exclusively on data encoded from a nearly 4-h video-recording of a female bean weevil's behavior.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Mapping of the human Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel isoforms 1 and 2 reconsidered.

Eukaryotic porins or VDACs (Voltage-Dependent Anion-selective Channels) are integral membrane proteins forming large hydrophilic pores. Three functioning genes for VDAC isoforms have been detected in mouse and the corresponding cDNAs are known also in humans. Tissue-specific VDAC isoform 1 (HVDAC1) deficiency in human skeletal muscle is responsible of a rare mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, fatal in childhood. Since coding sequences are not affected in the patient, we focused our interest in the gene structure. HVDAC1 and 2 have been previously mapped at chromosomes Xq13-21 and 21, respectively. Screening of an human chromosome X cosmid library resulted only in the isolation of processed pseudogenes, finely mapped at Xq22 and Xp11.2. Here, we report the mapping of HVDAC1 to chromosome 5q31 and HVDAC2 to chromosome 10q22 by FISH. Exon/intron probes, designed on the basis of the mouse gene structures, were obtained by long extension PCR amplification using the whole genomic DNA as a template. The sequence of the probe extremities clearly pointed to a genuine VDAC genomic sequence. Human and mouse regions where VDAC 1 and 2 genes were mapped are known to be synthetic, thus reinforcing the mapping of the human homologues.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1991

Microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases, ERK1 and ERK2, undergo autophosphorylation on both tyrosine and threonine residues: implications for their mechanism of activation.

Microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase (MAP kinase), which exists in several forms, is a protein serine/threonine kinase that participates in a growth factor-activated protein kinase cascade in which it activates a ribosomal protein S6 kinase (pp90rsk) while being regulated itself by a cytoplasmic factor (MAP kinase activator). Experiments with recombinant MAP kinase, ERK2, purified from Escherichia coli in a nonactivated form revealed a self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation into both tyrosine and threonine residues. Another MAP kinase, ERK1, purified from insulin-stimulated cells also autophosphorylated on tyrosine and threonine residues. Autophosphorylation of ERK2 correlated with its autoactivation, although both autophosphorylation and autoactivation were slow compared to that occurring in the presence of MAP kinase activator. Therefore, we propose that autophosphorylation is probably involved in the MAP kinase activation process in vitro, but it may not be sufficient for full activation. The specificity toward tyrosine and threonine residues indicates that the MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are members of a group of kinases with specificity for tyrosine as well as serine and threonine residues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Whole-genome shotgun optical mapping of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Rhodospirillum rubrum is a phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacterium known for its unique and well-studied nitrogen fixation and carbon monoxide oxidation systems and as a source of hydrogen and biodegradable plastic production. To better understand this organism and to facilitate assembly of its sequence, three whole-genome restriction endonuclease maps (XbaI, NheI, and HindIII) of R. rubrum strain ATCC 11170 were created by optical mapping. Optical mapping is a system for creating whole-genome ordered restriction endonuclease maps from randomly sheared genomic DNA molecules extracted from cells. During the sequence finishing process, all three optical maps confirmed a putative error in sequence assembly, while the HindIII map acted as a scaffold for high-resolution alignment with sequence contigs spanning the whole genome. In addition to highlighting optical mapping's role in the assembly and confirmation of genome sequence, this work underscores the unique niche in resolution occupied by the optical mapping system. With a resolution ranging from 6.5 kb (previously published) to 45 kb (reported here), optical mapping advances a "molecular cytogenetics" approach to solving problems in genomic analysis.

Contig Mapping↗
PubMed2003

Mapping cortical areas associated with Chinese word processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the cortical areas engaged during Chinese word processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and to examine the reliability and reproducibility of fMRI for localization of functional areas in the human brain. METHODS: FMRI data were collected on 8 young, right-handed, native Chinese speakers during performance of Chinese synonym and homophone judgment tasks on two different clinical MRI systems (1.5 T GE Signa Horizon and 1.5 T Siemens Vision). A cross correlation analysis was used to statistically generate the activation map. RESULTS: Broca's area, Wernicke's area, bilateral extrastriate, and ventral temporal cortex were significantly activated during both the synonym and homophone activities. There was essentially no difference between results acquired on two different MRI systems. CONCLUSIONS: FMRI can be used for localizing cortical areas critical to Chinese language processing in the human brain. The results are reliable and well reproducible across different clinical MRI systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Competitive inhibition of colchicine binding to tubulin by microtubule-associated proteins.

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) promote tubulin polymerization, whereas colchicine inhibits this process. In this paper, MAPs have been shown to inhibit colchicine binding to tubulin in a competitive manner. Attempts were made to identify which of the MAPs fraction(s) was responsible; both tau protein (a thermostable molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000) and a high molecular weight fraction (HMW) were able to compete with colchicine. In contrast, Mg2+, which also induces microtubule assembly in vitro, had no effect on colchicine binding to tubulin.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Geometry and orientation of neuronal processes in cat primary auditory cortex (AI) related to characteristic-frequency maps.

Microelectrode mapping and horseradish peroxidase oxidase histochemistry were combined to study the relationship between the characteristic-frequency representation and the intrinsic connectivity of the primary auditory cortex in the cat. Small extracellular iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase within the characteristic-frequency map resulted in labeling of neuronal processes that, in the tangential plane, radiated out asymmetrically from the injection site over distances of several millimeters. The heaviest concentration of labeled fibers was along an axis parallel with the orientation of the isofrequency line within which the injection had been made. Thus, primary field neurons that have the same or a similar characteristic frequency have the potential of being preferentially interconnected.

Animals↗