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Results for “experience sampling methodology”

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PubMed1991

An improved dot-blot method for virus detection in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures.

A simplified dot-blot procedure is described for the detection of fowlpox virus (FPV) in infected monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) cultured in 96-well microtiter plates. The relative resistance of DNA to hot NaOH, which hydrolyzes other macromolecules including RNA and protein, was exploited to solubilize virus infected cells and denature intracellular DNA in a simple, quick manner. Moreover, there was no need to purify virus or isolate viral DNA from cellular DNA prior to dot blotting. After incubation of CEF with FPV, the extracellular fluid from infected cells was collected for storage in 96-well microtiter plates. The remaining cell monolayers in each well were then solubilized with hot NaOH. The solubilized and denatured DNA was transferred to a nylon membrane using a dot-blot vacuum filtration manifold. Hybridization was carried out with a 32P-labeled FPV DNA probe. With this methodology it was possible to detect specific viral DNA sequences following the infection of cell monolayers with as little as 1 infectious unit per well. The ability to detect specific viral DNA sequences in infected cells, without the need to isolate pure viral DNA, made it possible to analyze large numbers of samples in a single experiment. Moreover, sufficient fowlpox virus was present in the extracellular media from each well for further amplification and analysis of selected samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Flexible use of high-density oligonucleotide arrays for single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery and validation.

A method for identifying and validating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high-density oligonucleotide arrays without the need for locus-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR) is described in this report. Genomic DNAs were divided into subsets with complexity of ~10 Mb by restriction enzyme digestion and gel-based fragment size resolution, ligated to a common adaptor, and amplified with one primer in a single PCR reaction. As a demonstration of this approach, a total of 124 SNPs were located in 190 kb of genomic sequences distributed across the entire human genome by hybridizing to high-density variant detection arrays (VDA). A set of independent validation experiments was conducted for these SNPs employing bead-based affinity selection followed by hybridization of the affinity-selected SNP-containing fragments to the same VDA that was used to identify the SNPs. A total of 98.7% (74/75) of these SNPs were confirmed using both DNA dideoxynucleotide sequencing and the VDA methodologies. With flexible sample preparation, high-density oligonucleotide arrays can be tailored for even larger scale genome-wide SNP discovery as well as validation.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2003

Giving voice to persons living with dementia: the researcher's opportunities and challenges.

Few qualitative studies have examined the experiences of persons living with dementia and little has been written about the opportunities and challenges for the researchers. This article challenges the assumption of dwindling personhood among persons with dementia. Methodological challenges which may be encountered by qualitative researchers are outlined and specific strategies for addressing these challenges are described including: modifying consent/assent procedures, adjusting sample size, facilitating communication, and making the most of the data.

Dementia↗
PubMed2005

Cancer care from the perspectives of older women.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To understand how older age affects cancer care, from the perspectives of older women. RESEARCH APPROACH: Qualitative, participatory. SETTING: Urban southern region of Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sample (age groups and income) of 15 women diagnosed with cancer at age 70 or older; 10 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, 5 with gynecologic cancer. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: Two face-to-face interviews, with data analysis in collaboration with the project team based on constructivist grounded theory, including negative case analysis. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Age, experience of cancer care. FINDINGS: Age-related life and health circumstances intersect with professional practice and wider social contexts and are implicated in treatment decision making, including decisions against treatment, as well as in the day-to-day "getting around" that cancer care requires. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing history should be holistic in scope, attending to the supportive care domains to elicit older women's physical, social, practical, informational, psychological, and spiritual needs after a diagnosis of cancer. History taking should draw forward older women's life contexts and examine these contexts in relation to cancer care, including treatment decision making. INTERPRETATION: Individual-level care and systems advocacy are required to ensure that older women's worries about sustaining independence, including worries generated by inadequacies in home-based care, do not act as determinants of treatment choices.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Access for low-income children: is health insurance enough?

OBJECTIVE: The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 authorizes $20 billion for states to expand health insurance coverage among uninsured low-income children. This study identifies lessons learned from the Medicaid Extension Demonstration, which was authorized by Congress to experiment with innovative approaches to providing health care coverage for low-income children. The three programs compare and contrast a variety of features that may enhance or detract from access, including a traditional Medicaid expansion, a private indemnity model, and a comprehensive managed care delivery system. METHODOLOGY: Two waves of telephone surveys were conducted with a sample of parents of children participating in the Medicaid Extension Demonstration, and a comparison group of parents of children who were eligible but not participating. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the impact of the demonstration on access to care. RESULTS: Compared with those who were uninsured, children in the managed care program were more likely to have a medical home and a physician visit and were less likely to have an emergency room visit, and had lower levels of unmet need. Outcomes across the other two demonstration programs were less favorable. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that simply providing a Medicaid card or private indemnity insurance card is not enough to ensure access to care. Future initiatives also need to consider the structure of the delivery system, especially the availability of a medical home (with adequate after-hours care), as well as the impact of discontinuous insurance coverage on access to and continuity of care.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protective effect of IGF-1 on experimental liver cirrhosis-induced common bile duct ligation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The causes of malnutrition in liver cirrhosis are multifactorial. Levels of IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1) that is a crucial regulator of intermediary metabolism decreases. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of IGF-1 supplementation during liver cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation. METHODOLOGY: Rats were divided into five different groups: One sham and four experimental groups. Rats in three of four groups were treated with 2 micrograms/day IGF-1 with a different time of experiment in each group. Blood biochemical parameters, tissue malondialdehyde, glutathione levels and the activity of tissue antioxidant enzymes and conventional and immunohistochemical analysis of liver samples were studied for each group. RESULTS: Serum albumin, total protein, fibrinogen levels decreased and prothrombin time was prolonged in the bile duct ligated and transected experimental group but not in the IGF-I treated rats compared with the rats in sham group. Liver malondialdehyde levels significantly increased in control group but not in IGF-1 treated groups. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were decreased compared with the other groups. Histopathology findings of liver biopsy demonstrated intense degree fibrosis and overexpression of fibroblast growth factor and desmin in the control group but a lesser degree of those in the IGF-1 treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: IGF-1 treatment improves liver function and decreases oxidative liver damage and histopathological findings. Further studies are required to delineate the mechanisms of protective effects of IGF-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dentists' perceptions of HIV/AIDS as an occupational hazard: a qualitative investigation.

The aim of this study was to explore in depth a sample of dentists' perceptions of HIV/AIDS in the context of an investigation into their feelings towards occupational hazards. To fulfil this aim a qualitative research method, the Repertory Grid Technique, was employed. Twenty-three dentists were involved in the study. The main findings of the research were that a complex array of views were expressed by the sample, but that issues relating to concern and control were seen as being of greatest relevance and importance. The methodological technique used enabled a two-dimensional diagrammatic image to be created representing the samples' view of HIV/AIDS. Most of the dentists perceived HIV/AIDS as being of low to moderate concern and under moderate to high control. The older male dentists expressed higher levels of concern and lower levels of control. Those dentists with the greatest experience of dealing with people affected by HIV/AIDS expressed lower concern and higher control. When compared with other occupational hazards, the sample viewed HIV/AIDS in a very similar way to eye injury, mercury, radiation and herpes, in terms of concern and control. It was evident, however, that occupational stress was the hazard that provoked the highest degree of concern for the sample, and not HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

The hormonal basis of breast cancer.

Both animal experiments and certain well-established breast cancer risk factors suggest that risk to the disease is fundamentally determined by the hormones of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Although international comparisons of urinary estrogens have given support to this ypothesis, case-control studies and international comparisons of plasma estrogens and prolactin have not. Methodological problems and sampling biases probably account for the inconsistency of these investigations. Taking advantage of the known familial increased risk to breast cancer, we conducted comparative studies of teenage daughters of patients with breast cancer, including a group of girls whose mothers had bilateral breast cancer when they were less than 50 years old. The results of these studies revealed that these high-risk girls appear to have elevated levels of estrogens, prolactin, and progesterone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

In vitro release of betamethasone dipropionate from petrolatum-based ointments.

The purpose of this research was to develop new in vitro methodology for measuring release from petrolatum-based semisolids and to determine whether two ointments, both of which contained betamethasone dipropionate, 0.05%, but with different formulations, could be distinguished by release measurements. Several receptor media were explored to optimize the procedure utilizing Franz-type cells. Analysis was by HPLC. The release slope was 1.5 to 6 times greater from the ointment than the "augmented" ointment (which had greater clinical potency). Release was highest with a receptor consisting of a 5% solution of hexane in acetonitrile. Even so, it was necessary to subject samples of receptor from the augmented ointment to evaporation followed by reconstitution with a smaller volume of mobile phase to bring corticosteroid concentrations up to quantifiable levels. In another series of experiments, the HPLC mobile phase was used as the receptor and a relatively large volume (100 microliters) was injected onto the column. With the second approach, measured concentrations were lower but more reproducible. Quantifiable levels of betamethasone dipropionate were obtained for both formulations beginning from the first data point (at 1 hr), with satisfactory linearity of plots of amount released per unit area of membrane versus the square root of time. Using this methodology, it was possible to distinguish the effect of formulation differences in two ointments containing the same drug in the same concentration.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Siblings of pediatric cancer patients: the quantitative and qualitative nature of quality of life.

This study used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to assess the pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in siblings (n = 77) of cancer patients attending summer camp. On quantitative measures (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) parent and child versions), siblings reported statistically significant improvements in HRQOL from pre-to post camp. The parent sample, as a whole, did not report a statistically significant improvement in the siblings' HRQOL; however, statistically significant improvements were found when the analysis controlled for the responses of bereaved parents. On the qualitative measures (Sibling Qualitative Interview and Camp Okizu Satisfaction Surveys), both children and parents described the positive impact of camp. Using grounded theory, we identified the major themes and found that the positive emotional and social experiences captured by the quotes were paralleled in the quantitative findings of improved HRQOL in psychosocial domains on the PedsQL. These findings suggest the beneficial effects of camp as a psychological intervention and illustrate the value of integrating quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches in research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Doing occupational therapy: dimensions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

OBJECTIVES: A phenomenological study was conducted to gain understanding of the nature of the lived experience of doing occupational therapy. METHOD: One hundred and forty-eight occupational therapists nationwide were asked to describe especially satisfying and dissatisfying experiences of practice. The resulting narrative data were analyzed with dimensional analysis techniques. RESULTS: With the metaphor of therapy as story, three overarching dimensions of practice were derived from the narrative data: Change, Community, and Craft. The dimension of Change is strongly related to the ending or outcome of the story, Community encompasses the harmony or disharmony of the interrelationships in the shared story, and Craft includes both the skills of therapy and the broader core experience of doing therapy. CONCLUSION: These findings are complementary to the three-track mind discussed in the clinical reasoning study and contribute further to our understanding of the experience of doing occupational therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Addressing analytical uncertainties in the determination of trichloroacetic acid in soil.

Soil is an important compartment in the environmental cycling of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), but soil TCA concentration is a methodologically defined quantity; analytical methods either quantify TCA in an aqueous extract of the soil, or thermally decarboxylate TCA to chloroform in the whole soil sample. The former may underestimate the total soil TCA, whereas the latter may overestimate TCA if other soil components (e.g. humic material) liberate chloroform under the decarboxylation conditions. The aim of this work was to show that extraction and decarboxylation methods yield different TCA concentrations because the decarboxylation method can also determine "bound" TCA. Experiments with commercial humic acid solutions showed there was no additional chloroform formation under decarboxylation conditions, and that all TCA in a TCA-humic acid mixture could be quantitatively determined (108 +/- 13%). Anion exchange resin was used as a provider of solid-phase TCA binding; only 5 +/- 1% of a TCA solution mixed with the resin was present in the aqueous extract subsequently separated from the resin, yet the decarboxylation method yielded mass balance (123 +/- 22%) with TCA remaining in the resin. In aqueous extraction of a range of soil samples (with or without added TCA spike), the decarboxylation method was able to satisfactorily account for TCA in the extractant + residue post-extraction, compared with whole-soil TCA (+ spike) pre-extraction: e.g. mass balances for unspiked soil from Sikta spruce and larch forest were 99 +/- 8% and 93 +/- 6%, respectively, and for TCA-spiked forest and agricultural soils were 114 +/- 13% and 102 +/- 2%. In each case recovery of TCA in the extractant was substantially less than 100%(<20% for unspiked soils, <55% for spiked soils). Extraction efficiencies were generally lower in more organic soils. The results suggest that analytical methods which utilise aqueous extraction may underestimate whole-soil TCA concentrations. Application of both methodologies together may enhance insight into TCA behaviour in soil.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed2002

Urine flowing: a phenomenological study of living with a urinary catheter.

The experience of living with a long-term urinary catheter was investigated with a community-dwelling sample of 14 adults ranging in age from 35 to 95 who had worn a catheter for 6 months to 18 years. Data were obtained by audiotaped face-to-face interviews. Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology and van Manen's methodology guided the study. Living with a urinary catheter was found to be like living with the forces of flowing water. People were keenly aware of the flow of urine through their catheters, and they noticed when their bags needed emptying or when urine drainage seemed sluggish or obstructed. The metaphor of urine flowing like water may provide a teaching heuristic for assisting clients in adjusting to living with a catheter. Implications for further research focus on understanding the relationship between sensitivity to the dynamics of urine flow and urinary tract infection.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes and beliefs for effective pediatric nurse practitioner and physician collaboration.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes and beliefs of pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) and pediatricians concerning collaborative practice relationships and to explore the themes that emerged to establish a definition of collaborative practice between PNPs and pediatricians as it applies to current practice trends. METHODS: Twenty-four PNP and pediatrician dyads were identified through a random sampling technique from a list of names of certified PNPs obtained from the National Certification Board of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners and Nurses. Questionnaires were mailed to certified PNPs and the collaborating pediatrician. Data were collected and analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methodology. RESULTS: All PNPs and pediatricians were board certified and most had 6 or more years experience in a collaborative practice. The qualitative data revealed that open communication and a relationship built on mutual trust and respect, sharing of knowledge, and clinical expertise are essential components of a collaborative practice relationship if the shared goal of excellent patient care is to be achieved. Attitudes of importance in a collaborative practice relationship rated significantly higher by the PNPs included "respect for you as a professional" and "advocate for child health issues." CONCLUSION: The data revealed that the words "supervision" and "independence" should be changed to "consultation" when describing a contemporary collaborative practice relationship between a nurse practitioner and physician.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Determination of the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and its main metabolite, 4-chloro-2-methylphenol in water and soil by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid and sensitive LC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the quantitation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol in both water and soil samples. Soil samples were extracted in alkaline media and cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges before LC-MS analysis. The selectivity and sensitivity offered by the triple quadrupole allowed the direct injection of the water samples rendering a sample throughput of around 100 samples per day, without any sample pretreatment, rendering for MCPA a limit of detection of 40 ng/l. In order to increase the method sensitivity, mainly for metabolite, a previous solid-phase extraction step was also performed. The method was validated by means of recovery experiments using fortified water and soil samples, obtaining satisfactory recoveries for both compounds in water and for MCPA in soil. The validated procedures can be used for the specific monitoring of residues of MCPA and its main metabolite in environmental samples, as ground and surface waters and soils, providing more selectivity and sensitivity than the current UV-based methodology. Besides, sample manipulation is greatly reduced in comparison to other GC-MS based methods which require a previous derivatization.

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Statistics of the Comet assay: a key to discriminate between genotoxic effects.

The alkaline Comet assay is a widely used single cell gel electrophoresis technique for the quantification of DNA strand breaks, crosslinks and alkali-labile sites induced by a series of physical and chemical agents. DNA migration in an electric field, supposed proportional to strand breakage, is a proposed estimation of genotoxicity. Breaks are quantified from geometric and fluorescence measurements by image analysis of comet-shaped DNA, often reported parameters being tail DNA and tail moment. Although a variety of statistical approaches have been used in the literature, most of these do not take into account the distribution patterns of comet data. In order to investigate a methodology for statistically demonstrating a comet effect, two different experiments, a reproducibility study and a trend analysis, were undertaken on a murine lymphoma cell line (P388D1) photodynamically stressed after induction of porphyrins with delta-aminolaevulinic acid. This treatment results in significant heterogeneity of DNA damage, producing values ranging from 0 to 100% tail DNA in the same sample. The comparison of distribution curves for stressed and non-stressed samples shows that none of the application conditions are verified, either for parametric tests (which require normal distributions), or non-parametric tests (which assume essentially similar distributions). Meaningful statistics (median and 75th percentile) were consequently extracted from repeated experiments and found suitable for comparing stress conditions in an ANOVA and in a trend analysis; the 75th percentile is theoretically more sensitive but tends to more rapidly saturate at extensive stress levels. We conclude that a trend analysis of median comet metrics from repeated experiments at different stress levels is certainly an efficient way to statistically demonstrate a genotoxic effect. Whether the considered comet parameter is tail DNA or tail moment had no influence on the conclusions of our experiments, which were carried up to stress levels leading to a median 70% tail DNA.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Pharmacotherapeutic treatment of nightmares and insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: an overview of the literature.

Sleep disturbances are hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Where the subjective experience of nightmares and insomnia in PTSD patients is very real indeed and demands treatment, objective research findings on disordered sleep architecture in PTSD are inconclusive and inconsistent. After reviewing the literature an insufficient number of controlled studies are published to formulate evidence-based guidelines. Several studies have methodological limitations, such as small group sizes and heterogenic samples. Large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) need to be conducted in order to further develop adequate therapeutic interventions. Objective parameters for insomnia and nightmares need to be identified for understanding underlying mechanisms of disturbed sleep in PTSD, and for evaluating therapy.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗