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PubMed1993

Characterization and kinetic properties of a soya-bean cell-wall phosphatase.

A phosphatase from soya-bean cell walls was purified to homogeneity and characterized. It consists of two identical 70-kDa subunits linked by one or several disulphide bridges and, to our knowledge, it does not seem to require metal ions to be fully active. At high substrate concentrations, the enzyme was most efficient at slightly alkaline pH levels, which is at variance with the acid requirements of phosphatases previously established in other plant cell walls; whereas at low substrate concentrations it was more active at acid pH levels. The results of kinetic studies suggested that three ionizable groups of the protein might take part in the reaction. This enzyme is able to hydrolyse various phosphate esters, including PCho and nucleotides. Comparisons between the properties of the enzyme bound to the cell walls to those of the purified enzyme suggest that it is the most common, and perhaps the sole, phosphatase present in soya-bean cell walls.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Characteristics attributed to complementary foods by caregivers in four countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.

BACKGROUND: Attributes that caregivers assign to complementary foods have been primarily described in the context of illness, but attributes assigned to foods in everyday circumstances must be understood to effectively promote good complementary feeding. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to understand how mothers judge complementary foods to be appropriate by cross-cultural examination of food perceptions in four different Latin American and Caribbean countries. METHODS: We used semistructured interviews to assess attributes that mothers ascribed to a list of key foods, both home-made and manufactured, and reasons for feeding or not feeding them. We elicited attributes from 79 caregivers with children 6 to 24 months of age from two urban and perirban sites each in Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, and Panama. RESULTS: Textual analysis based on six home foods common to the four countries and manufactured foods resulted in six attribute categories, five of which could be positive or negative (Nutrient Content, Effects on Child, Child's Response, Availability and Accessibility, and Other Food Attributes); one (Food Quality and Safety) was only negative. Analysis of attributes of home foods (chicken, eggs, beans, carrots, bananas or plantains, and oranges) revealed many beliefs that were common within and across countries, whereas analysis of the attributes of manufactured foods revealed that these foods were less known. CONCLUSIONS: The consistency of the attribute categories across countries and across home and manufactured foods suggests their relevance to planning programs to improve complementary feeding in Latin America and the Caribbean and possibly other developing countries. These results can be used programmatically to assess the need for and the focus of food education programs, and to indicate which countries will be more receptive to certain foods as a means of improving complementary feeding.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Proteolysis and lectin histochemistry.

Lectin binding to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue can often be enhanced by pre-treatment of the sections with proteolytic enzymes. However, the pattern of staining may be profoundly influenced by the type of enzyme preparation which is used. Sites of binding of thirteen different lectins to murine ovary and thyroid gland were studied after exposure of tissue sections to crude trypsin, purified trypsin, purified alpha-chymotrypsin, pepsin, protease VII, papain, bromelain, thermolysin or elastase. With most lectins, the results obtained were similar regardless of which enzyme was used for proteolytic digestion. However, the pattern of binding of soy bean lectin to the ovary and of concanavalin A and common pea lectin to the thyroid gland was highly dependent upon the enzyme used to pre-treat the sections. In both tissues, the staining pattern seen in untreated frozen sections was similar to that found in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material digested with purified trypsin, but was different from that observed after exposure of processed sections to crude trypsin. The location of binding sites after treatment of paraffin sections with chymotrypsin was the same as that after digestion with crude trypsin. Results obtained after the use of other proteolytic enzymes varied according to the tissue being studied. These findings imply that the effect of treatment with crude trypsin is due to contaminating chymotrypsin, and demonstrate that the use of purified trypsin may have advantages over other proteolytic enzymes in lectin histochemistry. The observations may also apply to other related cytochemical techniques such as immunocytochemistry.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree.

A 20-year experience with the treatment of 74 patients (83.8% children) for foreign body aspiration is reviewed. The object of this review is to show the clinical manifestations, the radiological findings, the nature and distribution in the bronchial tree, and complications due to longstanding (months or years) foreign bodies in the bronchial tree. The most common foreign bodies found were peanuts (13.5%), corn (13.5%), and beans (13.5%). The most frequent clinical manifestation was choking (67.5%), and the most frequent radiological finding was atelectasis (41.8%). The most serious complication was bronchiectasis needing resection in six patients who had the foreign body retained for years in the bronchial tree. In conclusion, in spite of an obvious foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree many cases are not diagnosed, and a longstanding foreign body in the airway may be responsible for irreversible complications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Tissue staining properties of lectins from the seeds of the jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) and the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus).

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine binding lectins from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) were isolated, purified and conjugated with horse radish peroxidase and their tissue staining properties studied. Despite having an apparently common inhibiting sugar, the lectins showed differences in their staining properties. The lectin from the winged bean stained none of the mouse and human tissues tried even after neuraminidase treatment whereas the jack fruit lectin stained most of the untreated cells. The staining was found to be improved by the prior treatment of the cells with neuraminidase and inhibited completely by the inhibiting sugar. The differences in the staining properties of the lectins are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Involvement of jasmonate- and salicylate-related signaling pathways for the production of specific herbivore-induced volatiles in plants.

We compared volatiles from lima bean leaves (Phaseolus lunatus) infested by either beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), common armyworm [Mythimna (Pseudaletia) separata], or two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). We also analyzed volatiles from the leaves treated with jasmonic acid (JA) and/or methyl salicylate (MeSA). The volatiles induced by aqueous JA treatment were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those induced by S. exigua or M. separata damage. Furthermore, both S. exigua and aqueous JA treatment induced the expression of the same basic PR genes. In contrast, gaseous MeSA treatment, and aqueous JA treatment followed by gaseous MeSA treatment, induced volatiles that was qualitatively and quantitatively more similar to the T. urticae-induced volatiles than those induced by aqueous JA treatment. In addition, T. urticae damage resulted in the expression of the acidic and basic PR genes that were induced by gaseous MeSA treatment and by aqueous JA treatment, respectively. Based on these data, we suggest that in lima bean leaves, the JA-related signaling pathway is involved in the production of caterpillar-induced volatiles, while both the SA-related signaling pathway and the JA-related signaling pathway are involved in the production of T. urticae-induced volatiles.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The cytological spectrum of the monocytoid B-cell reaction: recognition of its large cell type.

To analyse the cytological features of benign monocytoid B-cells, we investigated, histologically and immunohistochemically, 78 reactive lymphadenopathies expressing monocytoid B-cell reactions. Within a broad cytological spectrum of reactive monocytoid B-cells, two cytological types can be recognized: 1 the common type composed of medium-sized cells with irregular or bean-shaped nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli, and 2 the large cell type composed of cells considered to represent large transformed monocytoid B-cells, with less pleomorphic round nuclei with vesicular chromatin and moderately basophilic, prominent nucleoli. In between these variants transitional forms showing evolution to large transformed monocytoid B-cells occurred. While monocytoid B-cell reactions in 70.5% of all cases were composed predominantly of the common type of monocytoid B-cells, in 29.5% of cases the large transformed cells prevailed. The two distinctive cytological types of reactive monocytoid B-cells seem to have their neoplastic counterparts in monocytoid B-cell lymphoma, including its large cell variant.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte↗

PubMed1980

Exceptionally low blood glucose response to dried beans: comparison with other carbohydrate foods.

Normal volunteers took 50-g carbohydrate portions of eight varieties of dried legumes and 24 common foods drawn from grains, cereals and pasta, breakfast cereals, biscuits, and tuberous vegetables. Both the mean peak rise in blood glucose concentrations and mean area under the glucose curve of the subjects who ate beans were at least 45% lower than those of subjects who ate the other foods. These results suggest a potentially valuable role for dried leguminous seeds in carbohydrate exchanges for individuals with impaired carbohydrate tolerance.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1992

Effects of the colour additive caramel colour III on the immune system: a study with human volunteers.

Administration of the colour additive Caramel Colour III to rats has been associated with decreased numbers of lymphocytes and several other changes in the immune system, as well as in immune function parameters, specifically in animals fed a diet with a relatively low vitamin B6 content. The effects are caused by the imidazole derivative 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI). Caramel Colour III is commonly used in food products such as bakery products, soya-bean sauces, brown sauces, gravies, soup aromas, brown (dehydrated) soups, brown malt caramel blend for various applications, vinegars and beers, and effects in humans on dietary intake cannot be excluded. Elderly male volunteers with a marginal deficit in vitamin B6 were considered a relevant and potentially sensitive group to study possible effects of Caramel Colour III on blood lymphocyte numbers (total and within subsets) or on proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. In addition, several other haematological parameters, as well as serum immunoglobulin levels and immunoglobulin production in vitro by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mononuclear blood cells were studied. The results of this double-blind intervention study demonstrated that in a selected test group of apparently healthy elderly male volunteers with a biochemically marginally deficient vitamin B6 status, Caramel Colour III containing 23 (commercial sample) or 143 (research sample) ppm THI and administered at the level of the current acceptable daily intake of 200 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days did not affect any of the factors investigated.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Rigid tracheobronchoscopy in the management of airway foreign bodies: 10 years experience in Kosovo.

OBJECTIVES: To review the incidence of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in the population of Kosovo and to evaluate the clinical features and management of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration during a 10-year period. SETTING: Tertiary medical institution, ENT/Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, University Clinical Center, Prishtina, Kosovo. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration who underwent rigid tracheobronchoscopy between January 1994 and December 2003. RESULTS: During a 10-year period, 244 rigid tracheobronchoscopy procedures were performed when foreign body aspiration was suspected. In 182 patients (75%), a foreign body was found and extirpated. Of these, 107 (59%) were male and 75 (41%) were female; 124 patients (68%) were aged 0-3 years and 36 (20%) were aged 4-7 years. The most commonly extirpated foreign bodies were peanuts (30% of cases) followed by beans (22.5%) and corn kernels (9%). Of 176 plain chest radiographs, 65% showed no signs of foreign bodies. Two patients (1.1%) died as result of complications related to foreign body aspiration. CONCLUSION: Rigid bronchoscopy represents a safe and effective tool in the management of foreign body aspiration. However, the high percentage of false-negative results on chest radiography in our series warrants further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Metabolic and hormonal effects of five common African diets eaten as mixed meals: the Cameroon Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glycaemic and insulinaemic index and in vitro digestibility of the five most common Cameroonian mixed meals consisting of rice+tomato soup (diet A), bean stew+plantains (B), foofoo corn+ndolé (C), yams+groundnut soup (D), and koki beans+cassava (E). SUBJECTS: Ten healthy non-obese volunteers, aged 19-31 y, with no family history of diabetes or hypertension. INTERVENTIONS: A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test followed by the eating of the test diets with carbohydrate content standardized to 75 g every 4 days with blood samples taken at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. In vitro digestion of each diet according to Brand's protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin and C-peptide, with calculation of glycaemic and insulinaemic index defined as the area under the glucose and insulin response curve after consumption of a test food divided by the area under the curve after consumption of a control food containing the same amount of carbohydrate, and digestibility index. RESULTS: Glycaemic index (GI) varied from 34.1 (diet C) to 52.0% (diet E) with no statistical difference between the diets, and insulinaemic index varied significantly from 40.2% (C) to 70.9% (A) (P=0.03). The digestibility index varied from 18.9 (C) to 60.8% (A) (P<0.0001), and did not correlate with glycaemic or insulinaemic indices. However, carbohydrate content correlated with GI (r=0.83; P=0.04), digestibility index (r=-0.70; P<0.01), and insulinaemic index (r=0.91; P<0.01). Plasma C-peptide and plasma lipids showed little difference over 180 min following the ingestion of each meal. CONCLUSIONS: Glycaemic index of these African mixed meals are relatively low and might not be predicted by in vitro digestibility index.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies in children: retrospective analysis of 822 cases.

At the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of Hacettepe University, a total number of 822 pediatric bronchoscopies were performed from 1984 through 1990 for suspected foreign body aspiration. Of the children 65.3% were boys and 34.7% were girls ranging in age from one month to 14 years. Definitive statement of foreign-body aspiration was obtained from 394 patients. Unilateral hyperaeration, atelectasis, and unilateral parenchymal infiltration were the most common radiological findings. In all endoscopic procedures, a pediatric rigid bronchoscope was used under general anesthesia and controlled ventilation. Foreign bodies were found in 77.7% of the 822 patients. In the rest of the children inflammatory disorders were confirmed. The foreign bodies most commonly found in 639 patients were sun-flower seeds (21.1%), beans (10.4%), water-melon seeds (10%), and hazelnuts (9.8%). In our presented series, the incidence of non-fatal complication was 1.8%, apart from these patients 5 of them (0.6%) died after the bronchoscopic procedures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Quantitation of indoleacetic Acid conjugates in bean seeds by direct tissue hydrolysis.

Gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectral analysis using [(13)C(6)]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as an internal standard provides an effective means for quantitation of IAA liberated during direct strong basic hydrolysis of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed powder, provided that extra precautions are undertaken to exclude oxygen from the reaction vial. Direct seed powder hydrolysis revealed that the major portion of amide IAA conjugates in bean seeds are not extractable by aqueous acetone, the solvent used commonly for IAA conjugate extraction from seeds and other plant tissues. Strong basic hydrolysis of plant tissue can be used to provide new information on IAA content.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Genetic characterization of Rhizobium sp. strain TAL1145 that nodulates tree legumes.

Rhizobium sp. strain TAL1145 nodulates Leucaena leucocephala and Phaseolus vulgaris, in addition to a wide range of tropical tree legumes. Six overlapping clones that complemented nodulation defects in leucaena and bean rhizobia were isolated and a 40-kb map of the symbiosis region was constructed. The common nod and nifA genes were situated approximately 17 kb apart, with the nodIJ genes in between. These clones enabled a derivative of TAL1145 carrying a partially deleted pSym to form ineffective nodules on both leucaena and bean, and a similar derivative of Rhizobium etli TAL182 to form ineffective nodules on bean. When two representative clones, pUHR9 and pUHR114, were each transferred to wild-type rhizobial strains, they allowed ineffective nodulation by Rhizobium meliloti on both leucaena and bean and by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. vicia on bean. Transconjugants of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii formed effective nodules on leucaena and ineffective nodules on bean. Tn5 mutagenesis of the symbiosis region resulted in a variety of nodulation and fixation phenotypes on leucaena and bean. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequences, TAL1145 was found to be distinct from both R. tropici and NGR234, the two groups of leucaena symbionts that were previously described.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Clinico-haematological profile of isolated PF3 availability defect: therapeutic potential of soya bean--a pilot study.

Isolated platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability defect has been observed to be a common platelet functional disorder (PFD) in the Department of Haematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. One hundred and thirty-two patients were diagnosed to have this defect based on the presence of reduced PF3 availability, normal platelet aggregation with ADP, collagen, adrenaline, ristocetin, and arachidonic acid and normal PF3 content. PF3 availability was evaluated by measurement of Russel viper venom time (RVVT) on the patient's platelet-rich plasma (PRP) after incubation with ADP for 20 min. An RVVT value >19.0 s was considered diagnostic of reduced PF3 availability in patients with normal prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. Isolated PF3 availability defect occurred in patients with ages between 2 and 65 yr and had a female preponderance (M:F=1:2). One fifth of the patients had a positive family history of similar mild bleeding diathesis, indicating an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. All patients presented with mild bleeding manifestations, the commonest symptom being appearance of recurrent ecchymotic spots. In females, menorrhagia was the commonest symptom. A pilot study was conducted on 45 patients to evaluate the therapeutic role of oral soya bean (50 g/d). The clinical response was evaluated after 3 months. Soya therapy resulted in disappearance of bleeding problems in 5 patients and reduction in frequency and severity of bleeding in 26 patients. A repeat PF3 availability test after 3 months of therapy showed complete correction in 4 and partial correction in 12 patients. It is evident from McNemer's test that both the clinical and the laboratory parameters (PF3 availability) showed a similar response to soya therapy (p>0.05). Pre-soya therapy mean PF3 availability values differ significantly from those after soya therapy (p<0.01). Thus, soya bean appears to have a therapeutic potential in isolated PF3 availability defect.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2004

Even with a green card, you can be put out to pasture and still have to work: non-native intuitions of the transparency of common English idioms.

Native speakers of English use idioms such as put your foot down and spill the beans to label events that are not described literally by the words that compose the idioms. For many such expressions, the idiomatic meanings are transparent; that is, the connection between the literal expression and its figurative meaning makes sense to native speakers. We tested Keysar and Bly's (1995) hypothesis that this sense of transparency for the meaning of everyday idioms does not necessarily obtain because the idiomatic meanings are derived from motivating literal meanings or conceptual metaphors, but rather (at least in part) because language users construct explanations after the fact for whatever meaning is conventionally assigned to the expression. Non-native speakers of English were exposed to common English idioms and taught either the conventional idiomatic meaning or an alternative meaning. In agreement with Keysar and Bly's suggestion, their subsequent sense of transparency was greater for the meaning that the speakers had learned and used, regardless of which one it was.

Cognition↗

PubMed1992

Anti-Sm autoantibodies of systemic lupus erythematosus cross react with dietary plant proteins.

Cross reactivity of patient lupus autoantibodies to the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of many different types of animals is well documented. The aim of our research was to determine if any level of cross reactivity existed between proteins of common dietary plants and anti-Sm autoantibodies of lupus patient's sera, as has been found for scleroderma patient sera (Agris et al., Exptl. Cell Res. 189, 276-279, 1990). Protein extracts from soy bean, corn, spinach, and carrot were analyzed. At least one protein (molecular weight approximately 28,000 daltons) common to all the above protein extracts was recognized by most of the anti-Sm sera tested. Affinity purified antibody eluted from the 28 kilodalton plant protein specifically recognized the Sm proteins of a HeLa cell protein extract. Recognition of the 28 kilodalton dietary plant protein was found to be unique to anti-Sm lupus sera.

Autoantibodies↗

PubMed1997

cDNA cloning, expression, and rapid purification of a Kunitz-type winged bean chymotrypsin inhibitor.

A 183-residue Kunitz-type winged bean chymotrypsin inhibitor (WbCI), inhibits its cognate protease at a molar ratio of 1:2, instead of the usual ratio of 1:1 common to other members of the family. From the cDNA pool obtained by reverse transcription of the poly(A)+ RNA of the developing winged bean seeds, the structural gene of WbCI has been amplified by PCR using primers designed to delete the 24-residue signal peptide and introduce EcoRI and SalI sites at the ends of the amplified DNA. The latter is cloned in pBluescript and the insert has been sequenced to confirm its authenticity. Subcloning it in pTrc99A, a high-expression vector for Escherichia coli has generated a chimeric plasmid, pTrc-WbCI, which has a reading frame for a recombinant protein (rWbCI), having an additional tripeptide (M-E-F) fused to the N-terminus of WbCI. The expression of rWbCI has been ascertained by immunoblot analysis using rabbit anti-WbCI immune sera and quantitated by ELISA. The optimal conditions for the induction of the protein by IPTG, avoiding complications of protein-body formation, have also been standardized. rWbCI has been purified by a simple and rapid procedure of immunoaffinity chromatography, with an overall yield of 1.3 mg/g wet cell. SDS-PAGE analysis shows the presence of a single protein band, attesting to the homogeneity of the preparation; functionally, it is indistinguishable from WbCI since they inhibit alpha-chymotrypsin in an identical manner.

Animals↗