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PubMed1984

Use of differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior to decrease repetitive speech in an autistic adolescent.

A differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) schedule was successful in reducing repetitive speech in an autistic adolescent. Over a period of 18 months, the rate of repetitions was gradually reduced from a mean of 4.7 to less than 0.3 repetitions per min. Tokens were awarded for maintaining rates of repetitive speech below each of nine successive criterion levels. A reversal phase in which the token economy was no longer in effect resulted in a return to baseline repetition rates. Subsequent reintroduction of the contingencies saw a return to previous low levels of responding which were maintained at a 6-month and 14-month follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: do experimenter-presented interlopers have any effect?

When a person is in a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state, they will sometimes recall a word that is similar in sound to the word they are attempting to retrieve. Woodworth (1929) argued that these interloper words both cause and sustain TOT states, whereas Brown and McNeill (1966) suggested that they are part of the process that leads to TOT resolution. Jones and Langford (1987) and Jones (1989) explicitly presented interloper words along with definitions of words that subjects were asked to recall. They reported that interlopers that were phonologically related to the target word increased the incidence of TOTs and concluded that this supported Woodworth's position. In three experiments, we adopted the interloper paradigm, but also included a control group who heard the definitions without interloper words. In Experiment 1, the definitions that Jones used with phonological interlopers created more TOTs even when no interlopers were presented. In Experiments 2a and 2b, we matched definitions for the number of TOTs they produced in the absence of interlopers. Under these circumstances we found no effect of interloper words at all. We conclude that there is no evidence from this paradigm to support the idea that interloper words are involved in either the causation or resolution of TOTs.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Canonical linking rules: forward versus reverse linking in normally developing and specifically language-impaired children.

Canonical linking rules for mapping thematic roles with syntactic functions were studied. Three experiments were undertaken to investigate the nature of productive forward linking (from semantics to syntax) and productive reverse linking (from syntax to semantics). I proposed that reverse linking, in contrast to forward linking, requires more detailed specification of the syntactic structure; that is, a syntactic representation which specifies each particular syntactic frame and all the argument positions within that frame. Six specifically language-impaired children (aged 6;1 to 9;6) were matched on language abilities to 17 younger, normally developing children (language age 3;1 to 6;6). In Experiment 1--forward linking--the children were shown the meaning of a novel verb and had to describe the event using the novel verb. Experiment 2--a comprehension task--required acting out sentences containing the newly learned verbs. In Experiment 3--reverse linking--the children were told a sentence with a novel verb and had to act out its meaning, assigning thematic roles on the basis of the syntactic frame. Group and individual analysis generally revealed no significant differences between the specifically language-impaired children and the language age control children in Experiments 1 and 2, but a significant difference was found for Experiment 3. The normally developing children showed a good use of productive forward and reverse linking. The specifically language-impaired children demonstrated good productive forward linking but were significantly worse at reverse linking. An interpretation of the data, showing differences in the syntactic representation required for forward versus reverse linking, can account for the findings. I propose that a deficit in the area of "government" or "locality" which underlies c-selection and specifies the syntactic relationship between constituents can account for the data from this study and the data from previous investigations of specifically language-impaired children.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Evidence for a distinct kind of noun.

According to traditional accounts of the count/mass distinction, singular count nouns require a determiner. These accounts do not explain why certain count nouns (e.g., "camp" and "church") do not obey that rule. In this paper it is argued that these kinds of nouns are distinct from count nouns and, in fact, are lexical noun phrases. Thus, they are labelled "NP-type nouns". The spontaneous speech of four children and their parents was examined for the use of determiners with NP-type nouns and count nouns. It was shown that the parents made a clear distinction between the two kinds of nouns. That is, they omitted determiners with the NP-type nouns, but not with the count nouns. Each of the children made the same distinction by 4 years of age, and in two cases much earlier. Additionally, the children's use of adjectives was examined and it was found that they modified NP-type nouns as if they were noun phrases. It was concluded that NP-type nouns are represented as noun phrases and that children acquire the category as, or before, they acquire the count/mass distinction. The implications for theories of the count/mass distinction were discussed and additional questions concerning learnability and historical change were raised.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Speech-prompt catatonia: a case report and review of the literature.

The clinical picture of speech-prompt catatonia, one of the six catatonic subtypes in Leonhard's classification, is demonstrated by a case report. The Leonhardian catatonic subtypes offer a radically different way of approaching the problem of catatonia. The need for a reevaluation of Leonhard's intricate, clinically oriented system, rich in psychopathological details, is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Influence of certain clinical variables on black preschoolers' nonstandard phonological and grammatical performance.

The influence of socioeconomic background, sex, and clinicians' race on the frequency of implementation of nonstandard phonological and grammatical structures was examined in 72 black preschoolers. In order to generalize findings to typical clinical settings, language samples were elicited by 3 black and 3 white clinicians using spontaneous, paragraph completion, and sentence repetition procedures. Results showed that socioeconomic status and sex had a strong effect on black children's usage of nonstandard phonological and grammatical forms. More striking, data suggested that the beginnings of a bidialectal capability were identifiable in the clinical setting in four- and five-year-old black children. Discriminant analysis detailed those nonstandard phonological and grammatical forms which contributed to dialect differences between lower and middle-socioeconomic black children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1976

Relationship of clinician feedback to child initiated verbalization during language training.

A systematic observational procedure was used to obtain frequency counts of client and clinician initiated interchanges and clinician feedback during these interchanges. Repeated recordings were made of eight different speech pathologists interacting with two groups of four preschool children. Child responses to clinician initiated interchanges received significantly more positive feedback than child initiated verbalizations to the clinician. However, considerable variation among clinicians was found both in the frequency of spontaneous verbalizations by their clients and their reaction to this verbalization. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the type and amount of clinician feedback for client initiated verbalizations was significantly related to the frequency of these utterances to the clinician, but not to other children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1984

Normativity in 18th century discourse on speech.

Eighteenth century phoneticians, such as Dodart, Ferrein, and Hellwag, extended the taxonomy of visible articulatory processes into the realm of the invisible, notably with the exploration of the voicing mechanism. Remedial initiatives were not simply confined to consideration of the outward manifestations of speech and its disorders: The work of Haller, Kuestner, and Morgagni shows an acute awareness of the nervous organization underlying verbal behavior. There was a characteristic preoccupation with mechanical models of speech, which led to the attempts of Kempelen and other investigators to construct actual "speaking machines." Eighteenth century scholars regarded language as not only an innate capacity peculiar to human nature, but also as a bodily habit learned by experience. The function of the orthoepist was to teach the right speech habits, and the upward mobility of the bourgeoisie created a demand for his services.

Europe↗
PubMed1994

Classifying communicative acts in children's interactions.

Describing speakers' repertoires of communicative intents and rules for expressing those intents is crucial to any complete description of the language capacity. Many different systems for classifying speakers' communicative intents have been developed and used in research analyzing both the acquisition of speech acts and the nature of the communicative deficits shown by various language-impaired populations. We argue, though, that these systems have typically been limited in scope, in applicability across the full developmental range, or in their theoretical foundations. The criteria for an adequate system for analyzing communicative intents are discussed, and a system proposed which meets those criteria.

Child↗