Tibial torque generation in a flexed weight-bearing stance.
Internal and external torque generated about the long axis of the lower extremity was measured in 18 male subjects who were instructed to twist with maximal effort against a fixed footplate containing an instrumented torque cell. Mean torque values ranged from 30 to 71 newton meters (Nm) depending upon the test conditions. Torques recorded during the flexed single-leg stance were 19% to 49% higher than those measured while seated. Values at 45 degrees of knee flexion were 11% to 16% greater than those at 20 degrees. Torques generated while wearing a ski boot were 8% to 11% greater than those recorded in an athletic shoe. When movement of the pelvis and upper torso was allowed, torque values were 17% to 49% higher than those recorded when the hips and shoulders were restrained which allowed only lower leg musculature to act in an isolated fashion. There were no differences between internal versus external generated torques when the hips and torso were restrained. When the hips and shoulders were unrestrained, internal torque was 12% greater than external torque. There were no strong correlations between generated torque and body weight or height. These generated torque values suggest that if ski bindings are set to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for twist-release torque, then upper torso and pelvic movement in conjunction with tensed knee musculature (i.e., a "locked knee") may be necessary to accomplish binding release. Use of the lower leg musculature alone (i.e., ankle twist) may not generate sufficient torque for release.