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PubMedDate not supplied

Condition of toothbrushes in use: correlation with behavioral and socio-economic factors.

Toothbrushes and questionnaires from 94 adult dentate individuals were analyzed. More than 97% of respondents said they brushed their teeth at least once a day, while 48% used more than one toothbrush (such as one at home and another at work). Only 47% said they preferred a soft nylon bristle, while 41% preferred medium and 10% a hard nylon bristle. More than 73% of subjects said they used their brushes for 3 months or longer. Examination of collected brushes by both objective and subjective criteria revealed a wide variation in wear; however, the majority of brushes did not appear to be 'worn-out'. No significant correlation was found between objective wear-index and the educational level of the user, annual household income of the user, or reported time in use of the brush. A significant (p less than 0.01) correlation was found between brush wear-index and the ability of the user to judge toothbrush wear.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinical efficacy of a new manual toothbrush on gingivitis reduction and plaque removal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new manual toothbrush by comparing plaque removal and gingivitis reduction after 4 weeks of use. METHODS: This monadic clinical study included 46 subjects from the Northern New Jersey area who reported to the clinical facility for a baseline plaque and gingivitis examination after having refrained from all oral hygiene procedures and chewing gum for 8 hours, and from eating, drinking, or smoking for 4 hours. The population was comprised of healthy adult male and female subjects aged 27-68 years. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice a day with their assigned toothbrush and a commercially-available fluoride toothpaste (Colgate Cavity Protection Great Regular Flavor). After 4 weeks of use, subjects returned to the clinical facility for a final gingivitis and plaque examination. RESULTS: All 46 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the 4-week clinical study. The results of the study indicated that the new manual toothbrush was significantly effective in reducing gingivitis and removing plaque after 4 weeks of use. Specifically, the results indicated a 17-39% reduction in gingival sites. In addition, the results indicated plaque removal of up to 96.5% in some parts of the mouth.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A novel method for the evaluation of powered toothbrush oscillation characteristics.

PURPOSE: To assess the vibration characteristics of oscillating objects with the scanning laser vibrometer (SLV). A laser is scanned over the surface of a vibrating target and the reflected, Doppler frequency shifted beam is used to determine the displacement amplitude and frequency of the vibration. This communication reports on a preliminary investigation to assess unloaded powered toothbrush oscillations, using Scanning Laser Vibrometry. METHODS: Four powered toothbrushes were selected for this study including the Sonicare, Philips/Jordan Sensiflex HX2520, Braun 3D and Braun D8. Each toothbrush was clamped in position and 10 area scans of their heads were taken from the side orientation to determine the displacement amplitude and frequency of oscillation. RESULTS: The fundamental frequency of oscillation of each brush was determined: Sonicare: 262.5Hz; Philips: 62.5Hz; 3D: 75Hz and D8: 62.5Hz. The maximum displacement amplitude (half the peak-to-peak excursion) for each brush (at the tips of the longest bristles) was Sonicare; 2.51 +/- 0.32mm, Philips; 2.60 +/- 0.15mm, Braun 3D; 2.14 +/- 0.18mm and Braun D8; 2.14 +/- 0.21.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed2004

Brushing compliance with a novel integrated power toothbrush and toothpaste oral hygiene system.

Patient motivation can be an important factor in successful compliance with an oral hygiene program. However, it also can present the most difficulty with such compliance. For example, some conditions, such as gingivitis, may seem nonthreatening, making adherence to recommended regimens especially difficult to attain. A new power toothbrush technology with an integrated toothpaste system has been developed that increases a patient's ability and willingness to adopt recommended regimens. This article reviews this novel technology and reports on a study comparing it to a nonintegrated power toothbrush and regular toothpaste. The features of the novel toothbrush technology also are explained in the context of patient concordance vs patient compliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

In vitro evaluation of toothbrushing abrasion of differently bleached bovine enamel.

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro, the effect of different external bleaching agents on the susceptibility of enamel against toothbrushing abrasion. METHODS: 96 bovine enamel specimens were embedded in acrylic resin, polished and covered with tape except for a 1.4 x 10 mm window. The samples were divided into eight groups (A-H), 12 specimens each (A-G) were treated with seven different home-bleaching (A: Whitestrips, B: Rapid White, C: Opalescence 10%, D: Opalescence PF 15%) and in-office-bleaching agents (E: Opalescence Extra, F: Opalescence Quick, G: Opalescence Extra Boost) according to manufacturers' instructions. Before and after each individual bleaching treatment the samples were brushed 40 times in an automatic brushing machine using a slurry containing artificial saliva and fluoridated toothpaste. The control group (Group H) was not bleached, but also brushed. After each cycle the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours. RESULTS: After 20 cycles loss of enamel was determined by profilometry, resulting in the following values (mean +/- standard deviation) which were statistically analyzed: Group A: (0.169 microm +/- 0.035), Group B (11.108 microm +/- 0.655), Group C (0.207 microm +/- 0.042), Group D (0.154 microm +/- 0.028), Group E (0.081 microm +/- 0.015), Group F (0.084 microm +/- 0.018), Group G (0.087 microm +/- 0.014), Group H (0.076 microm +/- 0.012). Group B differed significantly from the other groups (r = 0.001). Samples of Groups C, D and A showed a significant difference compared to the control H (r = 0.001). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between enamel loss of Groups E, F, G and the Control H. It could be proven that toothbrushing abrasion of bleached enamel may be increased depending on the bleaching agent and application form used. Nevertheless, with the exception of bleaching treatment with Rapid White, toothbrushing abrasion of bleached enamel seems to be clinically less relevant.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Driving toothbrush innovation through a cross-functional development team.

A cross-functional team was assembled to take on the project of developing a toothbrush that could deliver a "whole mouth clean." As such, this brush needed to not only demonstrate superior plaque removal from teeth, it also needed to provide a means for safe cleaning of soft oral tissues. During use, the brush needed to be comfortable both in hand and in mouth, and it required contemporary esthetics to help drive consumer acceptance. This article will take the reader through the full development cycle of the new toothbrush, identifying the proposed benefit of each brush feature along the way. Where appropriate, care was taken to identify the specific insights leading to the development of several new features not previously seen in commercial toothbrushes. This article also will attempt to demonstrate the value of forming new product development teams with representatives of multiple functional areas, including marketing, product development, advanced technology, clinical, engineering, and manufacturing.

Dental Deposits↗
PubMed2005

Toothbrush abrasions and noncarious cervical lesions: evolving concepts.

Toothbrush abrasion at the cervical areas of teeth is generally thought to be a result of frequent or forceful toothbrushing, faulty or vigorous technique, filament stiffness or design, dominant hand dexterity, or abrasive dentifrices. However, a review of the evidence-based literature cannot conclusively establish any one factor as the primary etiology of cervical abrasions because of inherent methodological limitations and conflicting results. Rather, a variety of factors related to toothbrushing may act in concert with dental erosion and, possibly, occlusal loading in the creation of noncarious cervical lesions. Individual variation also may make some individuals more susceptible to development and may modify the progression of those lesions. Individual variations may involve oral and dental anatomy, periodontal status or phenotype, and periodontal disease history and treatment. Further research is needed to clearly assess the interaction of all those factors in the development of cervical lesions. Therefore, awareness of a multifactorial etiology in noncarious cervical lesions may help the clinician to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for the patient.

Acids↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of toothbrush and generalized wear of luting materials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate (1) the wear rates of various types of luting materials by means of toothbrush and generalized wear tests, and (2) the relationship between interfacial gap and luting material wear. METHODS: NiCr inlays were cemented into cylindrical Class I cavities prepared on flattened extracted molars with various luting materials (composite, compomer, hybrid and conventional glass-ionomers, and zinc phosphate). They were stored in 37 degrees C water for 24 hours and then resurfaced with a 600 grit Si-C paper. Half the specimens were subjected to 100 minutes of toothbrushing with a 1.47 N load using an automated brushing device, and the rest of the specimens were subjected to three-body generalized wear test with a 75 N load and 1.2 Hertz for 133,333 cycles. Eight specimens were evaluated for each cement by both wear modes. Wear depths of the luting materials were measured with a profilometer. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA, and differences between wear modes and among luting materials were analyzed by a Bonferroni test (P< 0.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences between the luting materials (P< 0.0001) and wear mode (P= 0.015) for wear depth but no significant interaction between luting material and wear mode (P= 0.1059). The wear values of the resin-based composite (6.4 +/- 3.1 microm) and compomer (6.2 +/- 2.4 microm) were significantly lower than those of the hybrid glass-ionomer (11.3 +/- 2.8 microm), the conventional glass-ionomer (11.1 +/- 4.4 microm), and the zinc phosphate (12.1 micro 1.7 microm) in the toothbrush wear. The wear value of the resin-based composite (6.5 +/- 3.1 microm) was significantly lower (P< 0.0001) than those of zinc phosphate (15.0 +/- 2.7 microm) and hybrid glass-ionomer (13.5 +/- 1.5 microm), but not significantly different from conventional glass-ionomer (10.1 +/- 3.9 microm) and compomer (10.2 +/- 2.5 microm) in the generalized wear.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Noncarious cervical lesions among a non-toothbrushing population with Hansen's disease (leprosy): initial findings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to examine the presence of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) among a convenience sample of non-toothbrushing subjects with Hansen's disease (leprosy). METHOD AND MATERIALS: A cross-sectional sample of 102 non-toothbrushing subjects (20 to 77 years of age) was examined. The clinical parameter of interest for this study was the presence or absence of NCCLs and their probable etiology as it relates to the subjects' diet, occlusion, and use of medication. Subjects were examined clinically and interviewed according to study protocol. RESULTS: NCCLs were found in 48 subjects (47% of the studied sample). Widespread consumption of acidic foods and beverages acting as corrodents, signs of parafunction, and use of medication that causes xerostomia were also noted. Thus, all may be contributing factors in the etiology of NCCLs in this population. CONCLUSION: This preliminary report suggests that toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion was not a factor in the etiology of NCCLs in the population studied. The authors intend to expand their study among these non-toothbrushing

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of low O2-gas transmission rate barrier films on knoop hardness and toothbrush abrasion of resin cements.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of utilizing films with different oxygen transmission rates (O2-GTR) on Knoop hardness and toothbrush abrasion of resin cements for luting. METHODS: Four dual-activated, composite-type resin cements, and a chemically activated PMMA-type resin cement, were used. Three different types of barrier films (Techbarrier HI, Harden Film N130, and Lix-2) were used. Resin cement was mixed and inserted into a cylindrical mold (4 mm in diameter, 3 mm in height), then chemically activated. The specimens were stored in the dark at 37 +/- 1 degrees C, 90 +/- 5%RH conditions for 1 hour. Knoop hardness on the top surface of the resin cement was measured with a microhardness tester. The top surface of specimens (8 mm in diameter, 3 mm in height) polymerized under the same conditions were used for toothbrush abrasion testing. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test (P< 0.05) were done. RESULTS: When the cement surface was covered by low O2-GTR film, a significant increase in Knoop hardness and resistance to toothbrush abrasion was observed for the dual activated, composite-type resin cements, but not for the chemically activated PMMA type resin cement. From the results of this study, the use of low O2-GTR matrix barrier films for the dual activated, composite-type resin cements could be effective in eliminating the oxygen inhibited layer on the cement surface.

Hardness↗
PubMed1991

A comparative study of plaque removing efficiency using rotary electric and manual toothbrushes.

Plaque removing efficiency was compared between rotary electric and manual toothbrushes. The first part of the study included 19 dental hygiene students randomly assigned to a "rotary" or a "manual" brushing group. The subjects were instructed to brush their teeth three minutes twice a day for three weeks either with rotary electric or with manual brushes. Then for another period of three weeks brushing techniques were reversed. The results showed that the median plaque index for all sites and for buccal and lingual sites was significantly lower in the rotary brushing group (28% vs 39% and 3% vs 6%, p less than 0.05). During the second part of the study 10 of the students refrained from all oral hygiene procedures for four weeks in the anterior mandibular region, i.e. from 33 to 43. They were then randomly assigned to a "rotary" or a "manual" brushing group. Registrations of accumulated plaque were made from photographs at baseline and after 15, 30 and 60 seconds of brushing. ANOVA analysis of the plaque scores showed a significant difference in reduction of plaque in favour of the rotary electric brush (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that the rotary electric toothbrush removes plaque more efficiently than the conventional manual toothbrush.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of toothbrushing on approximal dental surfaces].

Altogether 52 teeth (20 anteriors, 13 premolars and 19 molars) scheduled for extraction were used for study. Before extraction the teeth were brushed with a medium textured toothbrush applying the modified Bass method with five strokes of proximal cleaning. The lack of professional and proximal cleaning aids makes planimetrically. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The usual five strokes with a toothbrush are not able to remove old plaque, therefore professional tooth cleaning is necessary. 2. After toothbrushing twice as much plaque remains on the proximal than on the buccal and lingual surfaces. This implies the necessity of proximal cleaning. The lack of professional and proximal cleaning aids makes the establishment of good oral hygiene illusorical.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1991

[Denta-Solar--comparison with a traditional toothbrush].

This paper reports on the clinical efficacy of a toothbrush (Denta-Solar) with an integrated TiO2 semiconductor element as compared to a conventional toothbrush. A significant reduction in the papilla bleeding index and the plaque indices was recorded in subjects using the Denta-Solar brush; the tartar situation near the gingivae was seen to deteriorate in those using conventional toothbrushes. This supports the assumption that the plaque reduction is due to the special construction features of the Denta-Solar.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Learning efficiency of a toothbrush for mastering scrubbing method.

Toothbrushing with long horizontal strokes often causes traumatization of sound enamel and gingival tissues. Also, dental plaque on cervical and adjacent surfaces of teeth can hardly be removed because toothbrush tips cannot reach these regions adequately. A toothbrushing device which indicates overstroke was tested to determine the efficacy with which it makes subjects master brushing with short horizontal strokes following an initial period of instruction. The degree of learning measured in the testing group was superior to that of the control group immediately after the first instruction. Moreover after one week and 12 weeks, its efficacy persisted. The plaque elimination ratio, however, showed no significant difference between the testing group and the control.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of toothbrushes on human dental enamel and dentin wear].

The authors compare the effects of natural (porcine) and synthetic (Toinex, USA, and Eschalon, France) bristle and rough toothbrushes on the tooth enamel and dentin in the course of toothbrushing. No abrasive effects were detected when brushing normal teeth in clear water. The rate of enamel and dentin abrasion in tooth powder or tooth paste suspension depended on the shape of bristle cut and particularly on the toothbrush roughness.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Bristle end rounding and anchoring in children's toothbrushes].

This scanning electron microscopic study of eight toothbrushes for children has shown differences in quality and quantity of the rounding of bristle ends. While four products which were examined for the first time were partially deficient, the preparation of the other toothbrushes had clearly improved in comparison to previous products. Quotas of acceptable end rounding of the bristles varied considerably between 14.3% and 90.2%. Welding of bristle bundles at their base into the head of the toothbrush offers hygienic advantages.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Gingival response by the effect of brushing method and hardness of the toothbrush bristle].

The effect of toothbrushing is plaque removal and gingival massage. However, intensive oral hygiene frequently results in gingival damage. The object of this study was to determine the damage to oral soft tissues resulting from three methods of brushing (roll, scrub, and bass method) and the use of toothbrushing with two different hardness (Hard: 10.2 kg/head, Soft: 3.2 kg/head). Six monkeys were used for this study. The mouth of each was divided into four sections: upper right for a control, upper left for the scrub method, lower right for the roll method, and lower left for the bass method. The roll method was run at 10 strokes per 10 seconds with a load of 800 grams, and the scrub and bass methods were run at 30 back and forth strokes per 10 seconds, with a load of 400 grams for each method. During the experimental period of five months, brushing by each of the three methods were done once a day. The gingival index, the gingival bleeding index, pocket depth, width of attached gingiva, and gingival recession were measured regularly. Analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The scrub method resulted in greater gingival recession and, at the same time, loss of attached gingiva than the roll and bass methods. The use of the hard brush resulted in greater gingival recession and loss of attached gingiva than the use of the soft brush. With the three methods of brushing, a significantly greater distance of gingival recession and loss of attached gingiva were recorded after brushing by the scrub method than by the roll and bass methods. The study also showed that the modest gingival recession and reduction width of attached gingiva seen with the scrub method and increased stiffness of toothbrush bristles were accompanied by increased damage to the soft gingival tissues.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Individually modified toothbrushes and improvement of oral hygiene and gingival health in cerebral palsy children.

Twenty-eight cerebral palsy patients were evaluated for effectiveness of toothbrushing using conventional vs individually modified toothbrushes (IMT). The patients were first monitored in the dental clinic, using the conventional or the IMT on alternate visits for a total of four visits. Plaque scores recorded at all four visits showed significant (P less than 0.001) reduction of plaque measured in percentage of surfaces cleaned when the IMT was used. In the second part of the study, the patients were given the IMT to use at home. The plaque index scored 7, 21 and 35 days later, decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) with time. The same was true for the gingival index. Furthermore, during each of the last three visits, patients were also evaluated for the ability to perform oral hygiene with the IMT in the dental office. This ability was significantly improved (P less than 0.05) at all visits. The Individually Modified Toothbrush appears to be an effective mean to improve the oral hygiene and gingival health of cerebral palsy patients.

Adolescent↗