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PubMed2001

A scientific approach to wastewater recovery and reuse in the textile industry.

Wastewater recovery and reuse in industries requires all the basic steps of quality management. It should involve a comprehensive in plant survey of processes with wastewater generation, identification of recoverable streams, and treatment requirements for reuse. It should equally undertake evaluation of wastewater quality remaining after segregation of the recovered portion, with specific emphasis on technological implications of appropriate treatment and compliance with effluent limitations. In this study, all these factors were experimentally assessed and evaluated for a knit fabric processing textile plant.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pleural mesothelioma in women in the Veneto Region who used to work as rag sorters for textile recycling and paper production].

The paper reports 9 cases of mesothelioma diagnosed by means of histology or cytology that were observed among women resident in the Veneto Region, Northern Italy, whose only activity that could involve exposure to asbestos was as rag sorter. These cases are part of a group of about 260 subjects with mesothelioma whose entire working and residential history has been collected. The women worked as rag sorters between the 1940's and 1960's in textile recycling (8 cases) or (one case) at a paper mill where cotton was used for paper production. The work as rag sorter helps to explain the high proportion of mesotheliomas among women with an occupational exposure to asbestos.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Hearing loss in a textile factory.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence rate of hearing loss at different levels of noise in a textile factory and to find out the levels of hearing loss according to duration (years) of employment in the factory. METHODS: Seventy workers exposed to different levels of noise were matched with 70 persons in the community who were not exposed to occupational noise. Noise levels dB(A) were measured at different locations in the factory. Hearing was assessed in all participants. Few cases were excluded from the study because hearing loss was due to factors other than exposure to noise. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of hearing loss was higher among the exposed group ie. 30% in the exposed group and 8% in the non-exposed group. Hearing loss increased with increasing level of noise reaching 73% in the 95dB(A) area. Average hearing loss was highest amongst those who were employed for 25 years or more, reaching 39% dB(HL). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study highlighted the magnitude of the problem, the necessity of the application of preventive measures and the need for more studies in this field.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ozone treatment of textile wastewaters for reuse.

Treatment of textile wastewaters by means of an ozonation pilot plant are described. Wastewaters used were produced by a dyeing and finishing factory and were first treated in an active sludge plant and filtrated through sand. In the appropriate conditions very high colour removal (95-99%) was achieved and the effluent could be reused in production processes requiring water of high quality as dyeing yarns or light colorations. Even if the chemical oxygen demand of treated waters was still in a range (75-120 mg/l, a decrease of up to 60%) that was usually considered to be too high for recycling purposes, recycling experiments were successful. The economical viability of the techniques implementation was also demonstrated and the industrial plant is currently under realisation under an EU financed project. The paper considers also the possible improvement of ozone diffusion by means of membrane contactors realised in a second pilot plant, in order to further reduce operating costs of the technique. With respect to traditional systems, the gas/liquid contact surface is much higher being that of the membrane. Ozone at the interface is therefore immediately solubilized and potentially consumed with no additional resistance to the mass transfer.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2002

In-plant control applications and their effect on treatability of a textile mill wastewater.

Water minimization and exploration of the potential for wastewater recovery and reuse are priority issues of industrial wastewater management. They are extremely significant for the textile industry commonly characterized with a high water demand. The study presents a detailed in-plant control survey for a wool finishing plant. A comprehensive process profile and wastewater characterization indicate that process water consumption can be reduced by 34%, and 23% of the wastewater volume can be recovered for reuse. Treatability of reusable wastewater fraction and the effect of in-plant control applications on effluent treatability were also investigated.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2002

Photocatalytic degradation of actual textile industrial wastewater in aqueous suspensions of polycrystalline TiO2.

Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of contaminants present in wastewater produced by a textile industry was carried out. The samples were withdrawn from the plant before and after a traditional biological treatment. The effluents were named A and A' (before the biological treatment), B and B' (after the biological treatment). Polycrystalline TiO2 (Degussa P25) was used as the catalyst in a batch photoreactor with immersed lamp. An almost complete decolorization was observed after about 0.5 divided by 1 hours for both kinds of effluents, but the decrease of the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration occurred more slowly. The influence of some chemical oxidants, i.e. ozone, hydrogen peroxide and peroxydisulfate on the photo-oxidation rate was also investigated. After addition of H2O2 or S2O8(2-) TOC decreased more quickly only for B and B'. The runs performed by using O3 as bubbling gas showed a mineralization rate higher than that observed in the presence of O2.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2002

Electrocoagulation of textile wastewater bearing disperse dyes.

The paper describes a study on the removal of colour from textile wastewater bearing a mixture of three disperse dyes. The experiments were carried out in a reactor equipped with an Al sacrificial anode (100 cm2) and a stainless steel cathode of the same dimensions. Decolorisation occurred as a result of destabilisation of colloids due to an effect of an electric field generated between the electrodes (polarisation coagulation) and the reactions with coagulating compounds, formed in situ during anode oxidation (volumetric coagulation), followed by a subsequent flotation of agglomerates of the particles. During the study the following parameters were varied: initial pH of the solution, current density (between 100 and 300 A m-2) and an initial concentration of the dyes. The best results of elimination of colour, equal to 99%, were obtained during 5 minutes of treatment under the conditions of pH of 9 and the G factor equal to 41.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1999

[Determination of pentachlorophenol residues in textiles and leather and leather products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry].

A method for determination of pentachlorophenol residues in textiles and leather and leather products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was developed. The pentachlorophenol residues in samples was acidified with sulphuric acid solution (6 mol/L) and extracted with n-hexane. After the n-hexane layer was washed with sodium sulphate solution (20 g/L)until it was clear, determination was made by means of a gas chromatograph equipped with MSD, using external standard method. A DB-17 fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d.; 0.25 micron film thickness) was employed in the analysis, The column temperature program included a 2 min isothermal period at 50 degrees C, temperature increased at a rate of 30 degrees C/min to 220 degrees C, and hold for 1 min; temperature increased of at a rate 6 degrees C/min to 260 degrees C, and hold for 1 min. Mass spectra were obtained by electron impact at 70 eV and the determination was made by means of SIM mode, selected monitoring ion (m/z) was 264 amu. The detection limit was 0.02 mg/kg. The average recovery was from 86.7% to 93.1% and CV (n = 10) is from 4.1% to 5.9%. This method was already used to determine the mass concentration of pentachlorophenol residues in raw cotton, towel, shirt, leather gloves, leather watchguard. The method is simple, rapid and accurate.

Environmental Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

Anaerobic treatment of textile dyeing wastewater.

Aerobic treatment commonly applied to textile wastewater results in good or even excellent removal of organic load. This is not, however, accompanied by an equally good removal of colour. Traditional or advanced chemical methods of decolourisation are costly and not always reliable in justifying an interest in microbial decolourisation. Among several processes anaerobic methods seem most promising. In this paper, the results of a study conducted in two pilot-scale plants comprising anaerobic fixed bed biofilters of 15 L and 5 m3 operating as continuous reactors are presented, along with evaluation of the microbial kinetics. As is shown the process proved efficient in a long-term study with no stability problems of the biofilters. The six-month performance of the pilot plant confirmed also that the pre-treated wastewater could be applied in the operation of dyeing. For the majority of the colours applied in the factory no problems were encountered when the dyeing baths were prepared by substituting 90% of fresh water to the effluent treated by a sequence of activated sludge processes: anaerobic-aerobic.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular risk factors in textile workers: prevalence and intervention.

This study included 1,390 textile workers from a southern state who received a screening for risk factors for heart disease. Occupational health nurses then provided an education/counseling intervention and one or more American Heart Association pamphlets using the results of the screening. Over half of the workers had at least one modifiable risk factor for heart disease. The most common modifiable risk factor was smoking. Most of the participants (60.8%) had a cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL, but 27.4% were in the borderline high range of 200-239 mg/dL, and 11.8% had a cholesterol of 240 mg/dL or higher. Almost 26% of the participants had a blood pressure of 140/90 or higher. Findings on a subset of 544 workers re-screened at 6 months were: workers with hypertension were able to lower their blood pressure significantly; cholesterol levels increased slightly in all participants except white males; and although some smokers stopped smoking, others began smoking, so the total number of smokers at the second test was actually slightly higher than at the first screening.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Atypical and unusual clinical manifestations of contact dermatitis to clothing (textile contact dermatitis): case presentation and review of the literature.

Although the exact incidence of textile contact dermatitis is unknown, recent studies demonstrate that contact dermatitis produced by allergic or irritant reactions to clothing not only is more frequent than previously thought but also increasing. The clinical features of contact dermatitis (CD) caused by clothing may resemble common allergic contact dermatitis or may have atypical presentations. We report on several cases of clothing-induced contact dermatitis with atypical clinical presentations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Decolourisation of textile and dye amended soils by fungi.

Four fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor mucedo isolated from textile and dye contaminated soils were tried for their efficiency in colour removal. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics were analysed and related to the process of decolourisation. The role of extracellular enzymes, alpha-amylase, protease, catalase and glucose oxidase was studied during 7, 14, and 21 days of incubation period. A. niger and M. mucedo were resistant in the soils and also efficient (92 percent) in decolourisation and in the enzyme production. C. lunata and F. oxysporum though occurred abundantly were not so successful in the process of colour removal or in enzyme secretions.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed2003

Certain haematological responses in Swiss albino mice following exposure to textile dye wastewater.

Adults Swiss mice were administered 5% solution of textile industry wastewater orally for 25 days and haematological parameters like RBC, WBC, Hb, and PCV were studied. Red cell indices like MCV, MCH and MCHC were calculated. Results indicate significant reduction in RBC, Hb and PCV levels. It is inferred that toxic effluents cause metabolic alteration in erythrocytes and reduce their Hb carrying capacity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

[Allergic eczema due to textile pigment-supports].

A worker employed in a textile printing-shop showing a rebellious eczema on hands and forearms, was submitted to three series of patch-tests which disclosed a polysensitization to chromium, to formaldehyde, to the urea-formaldehyde resin and to some pigments (Helizarine BASF, Fluolac FMC). The chemical analysis of some of these pigments shows an interesting relation between allergenicity for a certain pigment and the presence of formaldehyde. Thus, it is an allergy to the pigment-support and not to the pigment itself.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2003

A new method for the fast determination of kinetic parameters in anaerobic digestion processes and application to textile wet processing wastewater.

A new method for the fast and efficient determination of the anaerobic degradability and for the calculation of kinetic parameters is proposed. It is based on the idea that monitoring of the acidification step in the anaerobic degradation cascade is sufficient, as the subsequent steps (acetogenesis, methanogenesis) are well known processes dependent on the intermediate concentrations and not on the original substrate used. The investigation of the acidification is subdivided into two steps. In the first step, biomass is adapted to the new substrate in a continuously operated bioreactor. The second step, the only step monitored, is the acidification of the substrate (or wastewater) in a batch experiment. Three different methods to monitor the acidification were tested: gas chromatography (offline), on-line titration and monitoring of the base consumption (direct titration). The results of these methods were compared to "traditional" batch tests. It is shown that the simplest method (direct titration) revealed the most important information. The investigated substrates were selected pollutants of textile wet processing wastewater.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypertension among cotton textile workers.

The present cross sectional study on prevalence of hypertension was carried out among 514 cotton textile workers of Shri Bapurao Deshmukh Sut Gimi, Wardha. Using standard guidelines for measuring blood pressure and standard criteria for diagnosis of hypertension, 20.2% of the subjects were found to have raised systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher among persons aged 35 years or more, in the present occupation for 10 years or more and those working in more noisy department.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of ozone, chlorine and hydrogen peroxide on the elimination of colour in treated textile wastewater by MBR.

In treating textile wastewater, the application of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology showed high efficiency in COD and BOD5 removal. However, insufficient colour removal was achieved for possible reuse. The aim of the work presented in this paper was to test the performance of chemical advanced oxidation on the elimination of the colour downstream of an MBR. To improve the quality of the membrane bioreactor effluent three different oxidation treatments were tested at lab-scale: ozonation, chlorination and hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Colour, COD and BOD5 were controlled in order to assess the effectiveness of each process. For chlorination, even with 250 mg/L (active chlorine) only 80% colour removal (SACin = 14; SACout = 2.8) was achieved which is considered unsatisfactory. For hydrogen peroxide, the colour removal was even poorer; it was just 10% at a concentration of 250 mg/L. In contrast, good results were obtained by ozonation. By using only 38 mg/L within 20 minutes, it was possible to achieve the reuse recommendation with a satisfactory colour removal of 93% (SACin = 14; SACout = 0.98). The results showed that ozonation was the most promising method.

Bioreactors↗