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PubMed1990

The effects of an occlusal splint on the electromyographic activities of the temporal and masseter muscles during maximal clenching in patients with a habit of nocturnal bruxism and signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders.

The effects of a full arch maxillary plane occlusal splint on the level of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the anterior temporal and masseter muscles during maximal clenching were studied in 31 patients with a habit of nocturnal bruxism and signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders, before and after occlusal splint therapy. The results showed, before treatment, that the occlusal splint changed significantly (in 71% of patients) the level of EMG activity during maximal clenching. However, these changes were not consistent and differed between patients and even, in some patients, between muscles. After long-term occlusal splint therapy and improvement of the signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders, the number of patients who had an identical level of EMG activity during maximal clenching in the intercuspal position and on the occlusal splint tended to increase. Moreover, in these patients the level of symmetry of action in pairs of muscles during maximal clenching was strong, and the splint did not change this level of symmetry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Frequency analyses of EMG power spectra of anterior temporal and masseter muscles in children and adults.

To study the functional change of masticatory muscles during growth and development, frequency analyses of surface electromyogram (EMG) power spectra were carried out. The subjects were six children (five males and one female), aged 4.5 +/- 0.2 years, having full deciduous dentition (Hellman's dental age IIA) and six adults (four males and two females), aged 27.7 +/- 3.8 years, having full permanent dentition. EMG signals were recorded bilaterally by using bipolar silver-surface electrodes from the anterior temporal and masseter muscles while the subjects were chewing gum and while performing maximum clenching in the intercuspal position. A fast Fourier transform algorithm was used to obtain the power-spectral density function and the power spectra of the EMG signals. Since the total power value from 62.5 to 1000 Hz was 100 percent, the frequencies at 25, 50, 75, and 90 percent of the cumulative power were calculated. The results showed that the frequencies at every percent of the cumulative power were age-dependent and that the EMG power spectra patterns in adult muscles were shifted to significantly lower frequencies than those in child muscles. The shift was probably caused by differences in the proportion of fiber type and fiber size between muscles of children and adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): its short-term and long-term effects on the masticatory muscles.

In an electromyographic study on subjects with no functional disturbances of the masticatory muscles, the duration of the post-therapeutic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (= TENS) on the superficial masseter and anterior temporal muscle was analyzed. The myoelectric signals were registered from 20 healthy volunteers in 3 different mandibular positions. The recordings were performed before a 20-minute TENS application with the J-4 Myomonitor and continued with a sequence of follow-up registrations with increasing interval to the initial stimulation. The EMG signals underwent computer-aided analysis and were evaluated by determining the integrated values as a parameter of muscle activity, and after Fourier transformation by 7 describing parameters of the power spectrum (e.g. mean power frequency = MPF). A detailed analysis of variance of all data was used to investigate significant changes of the parameters during the observation period. Muscular response to TENS includes a decrease in muscular activity (= reduction in integrated EMG signals) and a shift in the power spectrum to higher frequencies (increase in MPF). These changes were statistically highly significant for both analyzed muscles and for all different mandibular exercises. As these reactions to TENS are contrary to muscle fatigue, the results can be interpreted as indicating that this type of therapy stimulates a change in the biochemical and physiological muscular conditions, which leads to muscle relaxation. Electromyographically, the post-therapeutic effect lasted for 2 hours in case of normal masticatory muscle activity but for more than 7 hours in case of low muscular loading. The alterations of the integrated EMG values were more persistent than those of the parameters of the power spectrum.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Transzygomatic approach to the tentorial incisura: surgical anatomy.

A simple transzygomatic approach to the middle fossa centered on the inferior retraction of the temporal muscle after transection of the zygomatic arch is described. This approach allows a very low basal exposure of the middle and temporal fossa, minimizing the amount of temporal lobe retraction needed to approach intradural and extradural lesion in this location. This approach is simple, easily performed, does not require extensive skull base removal, and still offers excellent visualization of the middle fossa and of the region of the tentorial incisura.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Hourglass deformity after botulinum toxin type A injection.

BACKGROUND: Complications, such as eyelid ptosis, have been attributed to botulinum toxin type A. An "hourglass" deformity, which is the consequence of temporalis muscle atrophy, has not been reported previously. OBJECTIVE: To report a transient muscle deformity of the temporalis muscle caused by botulinum toxin type A. METHODS: Patients who underwent injection of 25 units of botulinum toxin type A into the temporal muscle, in a fan-shaped fashion, during an ongoing study for treatment of migraine were noted to develop temporary depression of the temples. Preinjection and postinjection photographs were taken. Patients were also sent questionnaires to verify the observed information. RESULTS: Only 26 of 92 patients who underwent injection of botulinum toxin type A into the temporalis muscle subsequently reported depression of the muscle. When examined, all 92 patients exhibited this deformity ranging from minimal to significant. Patients who seemed to have less deformity were those who had excessive soft tissue overlying the muscle due to excess weight. CONCLUSION: A newly recognized deformity is reported subsequent to the injection of botulinum toxin type A into the temporalis muscle. Informing patients of this transient deformity may minimize concern following treatment.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗
PubMed1999

[Evaluation of the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles in patients depending on the period since implantation].

The results of electromyographic control used for evaluating the efficacy of orthodontic treatment are analyzed. Analysis of electromyographic parameters after orthodontic treatment of dentition defects with implants showed essential changes in the function of the masticatory muscles at different terms after implantation. Asymmetrical activity typical of unilateral chewing was observed, as well as high bioelectrical activity of the temporal muscles.

Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported↗
PubMed1988

Relation between muscle response onset and body segmental movements during postural perturbations in humans.

This study has examined the individual movements of the body segments of a group of 10 standing adults during anterior and posterior platform displacements (3 and 6 cm amplitudes), and compared body movements to neck and ankle muscle response onset times. Differences in the kinematics of movement were observed for anterior vs. posterior platform displacements: hip, shoulder, and head began to move much earlier for posterior compared to anterior platform movements. This could explain differences in postural muscle temporal response organization for the two directions of body movement. Though anterior/posterior neck and head displacements were late in comparison to neck flexor muscle response onset, small vertical movements of the shoulder and head occurred early (40 and 67 ms after platform movement onset). These movements were consistently directed upward for anterior platform displacements and downward for posterior platform displacements. In order to determine whether neck proprioceptors were responsible for response activation in the neck we repeated the experiment using a neck stabilization device, on one of our subjects. In this condition, we found normal neck muscle response latencies. This suggests that neck proprioceptors are not the primary contributors to the early neck muscle responses seen during horizontal support surface displacements. In studying the effect of repeated exposure to horizontal platform displacements we found a diminution in the amplitude and an increase in onset latencies in neck and antagonist ankle muscle responses over the sequence of 16 trials, in many of the subjects tested. This corresponded to smaller head accelerations, and smaller displacements of the head and shoulder in later trials in the experimental sequence. The result implies that these subjects changed their postural "set" during the course of the experiment, possibly by relaxing the muscles of the body to allow the viscoelastic properties of the lower body segments to absorb more of the impact of platform displacement.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of arthrographic findings of the temporomandibular joint with palpation of the muscles of mastication.

Two hundred five patients were examined for temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction and specifically for tenderness to muscle palpation. Arthrograms were performed on 222 joints (188 unilateral and 17 bilateral). Significant findings were ascertained for the middle portion of the temporal muscle in "normal" patients versus "with and without meniscus reduction" patients. The superficial masseter muscle was more tender in "normal" patients and in "reducing meniscus" patients than in "without meniscus reduction" patients. The medial pterygoid muscle was more tender in "normal" patients and in "without meniscus reduction" patients than in "reducing meniscus" patients. Though there are some significant findings with respect to muscle palpation, by itself muscle palpation is not a specific indicator of temporomandibular joint internal derangement.

Arthrography↗
PubMed1989

[The history of Horton's disease or ... 10 centuries of a fascinating adventure].

In 1932, Horton, Magath and Brown reported two cases of a "new form of arteritis affecting the temporal vessels ... which probably represents a new clinical syndrome". In reality, several publications, devoted to the same pathology already preceded this article. The most ancient is that of an ophthalmologist from Baghdad, Ali Ibn Isa (940 to 1010). In his memories, translated and published in english in 1936, the author states that "he undertook excision and cauterisation of arteries to treat patients who were suffering from heat and inflammation of their temporal muscles and which sometimes ended in loss of vision ...". In 1890, J. Hutchinson, an English surgeon, reported a case "... of inflammed and swollen temporal arteries ...". This article was only brought to light in 1946. In 1930, M. Schmidt, published a probable case of temporal arteritis, subsequently reported in 1947. In 1934 and 1936, Horton published new cases of temporal arteritis and defined the clinical characteristics of the disease and its histology. In 1938, Jennings made a particular contribution in reporting the first case of blindness. From this time on, cases of temporal arteritis became increasingly common in the literature. The first French case was described by J. Paviot et al. in 1934, but remained largely unrecognized until 1942. In 1936, J. Chavany was the first to describe the pillow sign, but more particularly in 1948, he prescribed the first treatment with steroids, with spectacular results. It was only in 1950 that R.M. Shick et al. published the effects of steroid therapy in temporal arteritis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population.

Tenderness and pain thresholds in pericranial muscles were studied in a general population. A random sample of 1000 adults aged 25-64 years was drawn as part of the Glostrup Population Studies, and 740 adults were examined. This study was part of a multifacetted, epidemiological study of different headache disorders according to the new headache classification. Manual palpation and pressure pain threshold with an electronic pressure algometer were performed by observers blinded to other information such as the person's history of headache, previous illness and mental state. The muscles most commonly tender to manual palpation were the lateral pterygoid (55%), the trapezius (52%), and the sternocleido-mastoid muscles (51%). Females were more tender than men in all the muscles examined by manual palpation. In total, the young age group was more tender than the old age group (P = 0.03). Pressure pain thresholds on temporal muscles showed lower thresholds in women than in men (P less than 10(-3)), and in the total population thresholds increased with age (P less than 0.05). No side-to-side difference in tenderness by manual palpation was found, while the right side showed increased pain thresholds in right-handed individuals (P less than 10(-4)). No side-to-side difference was found in left-handed persons. This study provides data about the normal population and forms the necessary basis for evaluating the importance of muscle tenderness in headache subjects and other selected groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

"Smile" reconstruction in facial paralysis.

Reanimation of the face following facial nerve paralysis, especially the socially important smile, presents a complex surgical challenge requiring an individualized approach. Both neural and non-neural operative procedures have been used in an attempt to achieve the goal of a symmetrical synchronous smiling expression. A retrospective review of the results of both neural and nonneural methods was made to determine the relative efficacy of various methods. Of the neural techniques, early direct nerve repair primarily consistently achieved the best functional recovery. Double nerve grafts were found to be superior to a single nerve graft in nerve severance with a nerve gap at the facial nerve trunk bifurcation in delayed cases. In long-standing cases, ipsilateral or cross-face nerve grafting followed by functioning muscle transfer gives the most acceptable synchronous smile. Although cross-face nerve graft only, hypoglossal facial transfer, or non-neural techniques such as temporal muscle transfer achieved restoration of the smile, their inconsistent results and asynchronous action still limited the patient's confidence in social interactions.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed1997

Capillary red blood cell flow and activation of white blood cells in chronic muscle ischemia in the rat.

Increased activity of ischemic skeletal muscles in which functional hyperemia is impaired has been linked with capillary endothelial swelling postcapillary white blood cell (WBC) adherence. The perfusion pattern of capillaries under these conditions and time course of WBC activation is not known. Capillary microcirculation was studied by videomicroscopy at rest and after muscle contractions (1 Hz, 10 min) in extensor digi-torum longus muscles of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rat during the early stages of chronic ischemia (unilateral ligation of the common iliac artery for 3 days) and in ischemic muscles subjected to increased activity (7 days of ischemia or 3 days of ischemia plus indirect electrical stimulation via planted electrodes, 10 Hz, 7 x 10 min on-90 min off/day) to investigate how perfusion was affected. All ischemic muscles had more intermittently flowing capillaries than did unoperated control) muscles. Temporal heterogeneity of perfusion at rest, assessed by velocity, time spent stationary, and stop/start frequency of red blood cells, was similar to control values in ischemic muscles but greater in ischemic muscles subjected to additional activity. Hyperemic responses to contractions were severely blunted in all ischemic groups. The portion of morphologically nonspherical WBCs, taken to indicate activation, was 24 +/- 3% in venous blood after 3 days of ischemia vs. 14 +/- 1% in control muscles and increased further by 7 days (42 +/- 2%) when activated cells were also found in arterial blood. Thus increased muscular activity may exacerbate the adverse effects of ischemia on capillary perfusion, and WBC activation, evident before endothelial swelling is apparent, provides the potential as a circulating signal for capillary swelling in the ischemic and other muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Alterations in muscle activation patterns during robotic-assisted walking.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare the muscle activation patterns in various major leg muscles during treadmill ambulation with those exhibited during robotic-assisted walking. BACKGROUND: Robotic devices are now being integrated into neurorehabilitation programs with promising results. The influence of these devices on altering naturally occurring muscle activation patterns utilized during walking have not been quantified. METHODS: Muscle activity measured during 60 s of walking was broken up into individual stride cycles, averaged, and normalized. The stride cycle was then broken up into seven distinct phases and the integrated muscle activity during each phase was compared between treadmill and robotic-assisted walking using a multi-factor ANOVA. RESULTS: Significant differences in the spatial and temporal muscle activation patterns were observed across various portions of the gait cycle between treadmill and robotic-assisted walking. Activity in the quadriceps and hamstrings was significantly higher during the swing phase of Lokomat walking than treadmill walking, while activity in the ankle flexor and extensor muscles was reduced throughout most of the gait cycle in the Lokomat. CONCLUSIONS: Walking within a robotic orthosis that limits the degrees of freedom of leg and pelvis movement leads to changes in naturally occurring muscle activation patterns. RELEVANCE: An understanding of how robotic-assisted walking alters muscle activation patterns is necessary clinically in order to establish baseline patterns against which subject's with neurological disorders can be compared. Furthermore, this information will guide further developments in robotic devices targeting gait training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Increased adipogenicity of cells from regenerating skeletal muscle.

Adipose tissue development is observed in some muscle pathologies, however, mechanisms that induce accumulation of this tissue as well as its cellular origin are unknown. The adipogenicity of cells from bupivacaine hydrochloride (BPVC)-treated and untreated muscle was compared in vitro. Culturing cells from both BPVC-treated and untreated muscles in adipogenic differentiation medium (ADM) for 10 days resulted in the appearance of mature adipocytes, but their number was 3.5-fold higher in cells from BPVC-treated muscle. Temporal expressions of PPARgamma and the presence of lipid droplets during adipogenic differentiation were examined. On day 2 of culture in ADM, only cells from BPVC-treated muscle were positive both for PPARgamma and lipid droplets. Pref-1 was expressed in cells from untreated muscle, whereas its expression was absent in cells from BPVC-treated muscle. In ADM, the presence of insulin, which negates an inhibitory effect of Pref-1 on adipogenic differentiation, was required for PPARgamma2 expression in cells from untreated muscle, but not for cells from BPVC-treated muscle. These results indicate that BPVC-induced degenerative/regenerative changes in muscle lead to increased adipogenicity of cells, and suggest that this increased adipogenicity not only involves an increase in the number of cells having adipogenic potential, but also contributes to the progression of these cells toward adipogenic differentiation.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1986

A comparative electromyographic and kinesiographic study of deliberate and habitual mastication in man.

Twelve healthy, fully-dentate subjects participated in experiments which included the continuous recording of surface electromyography and jaw movement during habitual and deliberate right-sided or left-sided chewing of a coherent bolus. Analogue data streams were converted to digital values. Root-mean-square (r.m.s.) muscle-activity traces were computed from raw electromyographic data. The working side was defined as the side from which the mandible approached the position of occlusal stoppage when in the most cranially directed part of the chewing cycle. In any given muscle, greater mean peak r.m.s. activities were found with ipsilateral than contralateral bolus replacement (p less than 0.01, s); such differences were more pronounced for the masseter than the anterior temporal muscles. During habitual chewing, mean peak r.m.s. activities exceeded the value established by deliberate mastication with ipsilateral bolus placement in 27 of 48 muscles; this may be because of more vigorous chewing during habitual performance. No subject was strictly unilateral in their preference for bolus placement and in 6 of the 12 subjects, there was a timed side-switching of the bolus within the masticatory sequence. The results also indicated that any averaging of data based upon time-amplitude alone would be inappropriate for habitual chewing because of the call for different working sides within a particular masticatory sequence. Thus a new data format based upon numerical representation of the electromyographic activity against time was introduced.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Frequency analysis of the EMG power spectrum of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles in children and adults].

For the investigation of the functional change of the masticatory muscles along with growth and development, the frequency analysis of the EMG power spectrum was carried out. The subjects were 6 children (5 males and 1 female) with full deciduous dentition (Hellman's dental age IIA) aged 4.5 +/- 0.2 years and 6 adults (4 males and 2 females) with full permanent dentition aged 27.7 +/- 3.8 years. EMG signals were recorded bilaterally by means of bipolar silver surface electrodes from the anterior temporal and masseter muscles when the subjects were chewing chewing gum or performing maximum clenches in the intercuspal position. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm was used to obtain the power spectrum of the EMG signal. As the total power value from 62.5 to 1000 Hz was 100 per cent, the mean frequencies at 25, 50, 75 and 90 per cent of the cumulative power were calculated. The results were as follows: 1. The mean frequencies at each ratio of the cumulative power were age-dependent and EMG power spectrum patterns significantly shifted to lower frequencies in the muscles of the adults. 2. No statistically significant differences between the chewing and clenching, the anterior temporal and masseter muscle and the left and right side were observed in each group.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Gait recovery is not associated with changes in the temporal patterning of muscle activity during treadmill walking in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether functional recovery of gait in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis coincides with changes in the temporal patterning of lower extremity muscle activity and coactivity during treadmill walking. METHODS: Electromyographic (EMG) data from both legs, maximum walking speed, the amount of swing phase asymmetry and clinical measures were obtained from a group of post-acute patients with hemiparesis, as early as possible after admission in a rehabilitation centre (mean time post-stroke 35 days) and 1, 3, 6, and 10 weeks later, while all patients participated in a regular rehabilitation program. EMG data from the first assessment were compared to those obtained from a group of healthy controls to identify abnormalities in the temporal patterning of muscle activity. Within subject comparisons of patient data were made over time to investigate whether functional gait recovery was accompanied by changes in the temporal patterns muscle (co-)activity. RESULTS: EMG patterns during the first assessment showed a number of abnormalities on the paretic side, namely abnormally long durations of activity in biceps femoris (BF) during the single support (SS) phase and in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) during the first double support phase (DS1). Furthermore, in both legs a prolongation of the activity was seen in the rectus femoris (RF) during the SS phase. In addition, the duration of BF-RF coactivation was longer on the paretic side than it was in controls. Over time, the level of ambulatory independence, body mobility, and maximum walking speed increased significantly, indicating that substantial improvements in gait ability occurred. Despite these improvements, durations of muscle (co-) activity and the level of swing phase asymmetry did not change during rehabilitation. More specifically, timing abnormalities in muscle (co-)activity that were found during the first assessment did not change significantly, indicating that these aberrations were not an impediment for functional gait improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Normalization of the temporal patterning of gait related muscle activity in the lower extremities is not a prerequisite for functional recovery of gait in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. Apparently, physiological processes other than improved temporal muscular coordination must be important determinants of the restoration of ambulatory capacity after stroke. SIGNIFICANCE: Recovery of walking ability in post-stroke hemiparesis is not necessarily associated with, or dependent on, reorganization in the temporal control of gait related muscle activity. Normalization of the temporal coordination of muscle activity during gait may not be an important clinical goal during post-acute rehabilitation.

Adult↗