Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TME”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2026

Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Colorectal Cancer: Interdomain Communication Hubs in Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy.

The complex interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host mucosal immunity plays a defining role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and therapeutic outcomes. Recently, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)-nano-sized, lipid-bilayered extracellular particulates released by both commensal and pathogenic microorganisms-have emerged as critical long-range signaling vehicles within the gut. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the dual functionalities of OMVs in CRC pathogenesis and oncology. Mechanistically, pathogenic OMVs cross compromised mucosal barriers to drive horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of chimeric episomes, such as SPHINX DNAs and Bovine Meat and Milk Factors (BMMFs), thereby promoting genomic instability and neoplastic transformation. Conversely, there is a paradigm shift toward exploiting next-generation probiotic and engineered OMVs as highly tunable therapeutic platforms. By combining cutting-edge bioengineering strategies-such as biomimetic mineralization to neutralize local tissue acidity and chemotherapeutic packaging-these nanovectors effectively reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Specifically, optimized OMVs modulate macrophage polarization from an M2 to an M1 phenotype and stimulate CXCL10-mediated CD8+ T-cell infiltration, effectively turning immunologically "cold" tumors "hot." Finally, the great translational challenges regarding systemic endotoxicity, scalability, and target delivery, providing a strategic approach for the integration of OMV-based platforms into synergistic immune checkpoint inhibition regimens.

Colon cancer↗
PubMed2000

Concentrations of leucocyte-associated chemotaxin C5a correlate with the mobilisation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes during operations for rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of potential chemotaxins C5a, interleukin 8 and tumour-necrosis factor alpha, and the peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) response in five patients having uncomplicated operations for rectal cancer. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital, Norway. SUBJECTS: Five patients, four men and one woman, median age 66 years (range 48-77) who were operated on for rectal cancer. INTERVENTION: Four had low anterior resections and total mesorectal excision (TME) and one patient had a diverting end sigmoidostomy because of local perirectal spread of the cancer and liver metastases. Blood samples were taken at the start of the operation; peroperatively after 1, 2, and 3 hours; postoperatively at 5, 8, and 24 hours, for analysis of potential chemotaxins. RESULTS: The number of PBL tripled between the start and end of the operation and declined to a slightly lower plateau between 5 and 24 hours. Peroperatively, the association of C5a with PBL increased six-fold resulting in a doubled concentration of C5a/PBL, whereas the corresponding concentration of C5a in plasma remained relatively constant. Postoperatively, the concentration of C5a associated with the PBL and in plasma fluctuated with the maximums being at 8 and 24 hours, respectively. In contrast to C5a in plasma, the concentration of cell-associated C5a correlated with number of PBL or polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). The plasma concentration of IL-8 doubled during the operation, reached a six-fold maximum at 5 hours, and declined after 24 hours to twice the initial concentration. There were no correlations between plasma IL-8 and either number of PBL, plasma C5a, or PBL-associated C5a. No TNF alpha was detected in the plasma. CONCLUSION: Tissue trauma caused by uncomplicated excision of rectal cancer leads to leucocyte mobilisation peroperatively, probably partly by complement activation and subsequent generation and binding of the chemotaxin C5a to PBL. However, other chemotaxins may also play a role.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

In silico analysis of SH3BP2 genomic alterations and expression profiles in CRC.

AIM: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread health issue that attains high mortality. The adaptor protein SH3BP2 amplification results in metabolic changes, oxidative stress, NK cell activity, and inflammation. The NK cells are capable of destroying tumor cells without prior activation, help prevent metastasis, and have prognostic value. Targeting SH3BP2 to regulate NK cell activity in the TME could enhance CRC-based immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cancer hallmark tool helps in understanding SH3BP2 hallmark annotation. Utilizing the STRING tool and the KEGG pathway, protein functional enrichment and PPI networking were analyzed. TIMER 2.0 was used for immune cell infiltration correlation analysis, and UALCAN was used for CPTAC-based protein expression profiling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The GEO (GSE9348) dataset showed SH3BP2 is upregulated in CRC (log2 fold change = 1.18). GEO, TCGA, and cBioPortal revealed SH3BP2 alterations in CRC cases, potentially aiding immune evasion. Mutations in SH3BP2 influence cancer growth, suppressing tumors or promoting them by activating NF-κB and affecting immune responses through WNT/β-catenin, PI3K, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways. Overall, SH3BP2 plays a key role in cancer growth and immune regulation, making it a promising target for CRC therapy. Further experimental validation is needed to demonstrate its diagnostic and therapeutic potency.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Integrating single-cell transcriptomics to construct an oncogene-driven prognostic model and elucidate metabolic-immune crosstalk in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, its progression and treatment heterogeneity are mainly influenced by driver gene and tumor micro-environment (TME) interactions. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of this process at the single-cell level remain unclear. This study integrated TCGA and multi-center single-cell transcriptome data to identify a 575 genes HCC-specific core set, developing a single-cell "oncogene scoring" system to quantify individual carcinogenic activity. This score is significantly elevated in malignant and proliferative T cells and is closely associated with metabolic reprogramming, aberrant cell‒cell communication, and immunosuppressive phenotypes. Based on these characteristics, we constructed a machine learning-based Random Survival Forest (RSF) prognostic model validated in multiple independent cohorts, which classifies patients into distinct risk subtypes. The high-risk group exhibits genomic instability, increased tumor stemness, and immune evasion, while the low-risk group was more sensitive to drugs such as sorafenib. This study highlights the potential pathways by which high oncogenic activity is associated with HCC progression, suggesting a profound link with single-cell metabolic‒immune crosstalk. The constructed RSF model offers a promising computational framework for risk stratification and provides hypothesis-generating insights that may inform future personalized treatment strategies for HCC patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma↗
PubMed1977

The role of fetal calf serum in the primary immune response in vitro.

The mode of action of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on the primary immune response in vitro was investigated. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was preincubated with 2-ME and lyophilized to remove free 2-ME. This 2-ME-treated FCS was able to substitute the function of adherent cells in the primary immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro; Fractionation of 2-tme-treated FCS on a Sephadex G-100 column showed that 2-ME acted on a high molecular serum component which after activation, could substitute for macrophages. In order to obtain a humoral immune response against SRBC in vitro, spleen cells require selected FCS. These "good" sera could be distinguished from "deficient" sera by their higher content of this 2-ME-activated factor. The height of the in vitro immune response to SRBC was dependent on the amount of activated factor added to the culture medium. FCS normally required in the culture medium could be completely replaced by the factor-containing fraction without deleterious effect on the culture medium. The factor should be added to the spleen cells during the first 24 h of culture and remain there for 72 h in order to obtain an optimal immune response. The factor could be partially absorbed by spleen cells but not by SRBC. The relationship between macrophage, 2-ME, and FCS in eliciting an in vitro primary immune response is discussed.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2006

Alternative clinical end points in rectal cancer--are we getting closer?

BACKGROUND: In rectal cancer a high risk of local recurrence has been reported for patients treated by surgery alone. It is also recognised that 20%-40% of rectal cancer patients continue to develop distant metastases and die, even when a very low risk of local recurrence has been achieved with the use of preoperative radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision (TME). Hence, the current design of randomised trials in rectal cancer continues to use the standard end points of local control and survival. This strategy is time-consuming. The recently published EORTC 22921 trial, which compared radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy and tested the role of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, has taken 14 years from planning to results. The aim of this review was to use the evidence from both phase II and phase III trials to provide a comprehensive survey of alternative clinical trial end points in rectal cancer, where preoperative chemoradiation has now become the standard treatment. We describe their strengths and weaknesses. Some are clearly defined, easy to assess and can be obtained early, because surgical resection usually takes place within 6-8 weeks of the completion of treatment. Some pathological response end points reflect biological activity, although their effect on survival has yet to be validated in randomised controlled trials. We will propose measurement and analytical techniques for minimising bias and intra- and inter-observer variability of the non-validated end points in the hope of basing these judgements on as firm a ground as possible. METHODS: A literature search identified both randomised and non-randomised trials of preoperative radiation therapy (RT) and chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in rectal cancer from 1993 to 2005. The aim was to find those studies that documented potential alternative end points. RESULTS: Pathological parameters have been used as early end points to compare studies of preoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiation. In the light of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 study, which demonstrated an improved therapeutic ratio for preoperative treatment, enthusiasm for preoperative chemoradiation in the management of rectal cancer is increasing. Current evidence cannot indicate whether the degree of response to chemoradiation (e.g. complete pathological response; downsizing the primary tumour; sterilizing the regional nodes; tumour regression grades or residual cell density) or the achievement of a curative resection (CRM/R0 resection) is the best early clinical end point. Problems with these end points include lack of structured measurement and analysis techniques to control for intra- and inter-observer variation and lack of validation as surrogates for long-term clinical end points such as local control and survival. However, retrospective studies in rectal cancer have confirmed a strong association between the presence of microscopic tumour cells within 1 mm of the CRM and increased risks of both local recurrence and distant metastases. Further end points of current clinical relevance for which adequate methodologies for assessment are lacking include sphincter sparing end points, and assessment of long-term toxicities, ano-rectal function and their specific impact on quality of life. Recommendations are made as to the most appropriate information, which should be documented in future trials. CONCLUSIONS: Pathological complete response following preoperative chemoradiation does not reliably predict late outcome. There are other events not mediated through this end point and there are also unintended effects (often an excess of non-cancer related deaths). Disease-free survival currently remains the best (because it is relatively quick) primary end point in designing randomised phase III studies of preoperative chemoradiation in rectal cancer, although it is necessary to control for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. However, the CRM status can substantially account for effects on disease-free and overall survival after chemoradiation, radiation or surgery alone. Hopefully, randomised controlled trials, which utilise these alternative clinical end points, will in future determine the precise percentages of the effect of different chemoradiation schedules on disease-free and overall survival.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2002

Surgery for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer remains the second commonest cause of cancer death in North America and Western Europe. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. The aim of surgery should be to achieve cure and to avoid locoregional recurrence. The fixity of the primary tumour determines resectability, and the extent of spread determines ultimate survival. Patients with rectal cancer present a particular problem. There is good evidence that lower local recurrence rates may be achieved both by improvements in surgical technique and the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. The importance of adequate treatment of the circumferential tumour margin cannot be over-emphasised; meticulous attention is required to ensure an adequate circumferential excision. The lowest incidences of locoregional recurrence are reported by surgeons who perform total mesorectal excision. Anorectal function, sexual and urinary dysfunction may occur after rectal excision. Both postoperative and pre-operative radiotherapy can reduce the incidence of local recurrence. However, in view of the low recurrence rates obtained with TME alone, the role of adjuvant radiotherapy requires further evaluation. Several aspects of the surgical management of colorectal cancer, for example, the role of transanal local excision of selected rectal cancers and laparoscopic surgery, the management of obstructed cases and the role of follow-up remain to be defined clearly.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Two imprinted gene mutations: three phenotypes.

Genetic modifications of imprinted genes have been generated in the mouse to investigate the regulation of their expression. They show classical imprinted gene inheritances. Here we describe two imprinted gene mutations deriving from mutagenesis experiments. One is expressed only when transmitted through males. It causes a prenatal growth retardation which resembles that of the Igf2 knockout and maps close to the locus on chromosome 7. Differences from the knockout, which include an abnormal head phenotype, homozygous lethality, and an inability to rescue a TME: (Igf2r-deficient) lethality, suggest that Igf2 itself may not be directly affected. The second mutation maps close to the GNAS: cluster of imprinted genes on distal chromosome 2. It gives two distinct phenotypes according to parental origin, a gross neonatal oedema with microcardia and a postnatal growth retardation. The oedema phenotype is effectively lethal and resembles that of mice with paternal partial disomy for distal chromosome 2, as well as that of mice having a maternally derived GNAS: exon 2 knockout. However, the second growth retardation phenotype differs from that of the maternal partial disomy and the paternal knockout. A hypothesis to explain the phenotypes associated with the three genotypes based on the NESP:/NESPAS: sense/antisense and GNASXL: transcripts in the GNAS: cluster is offered.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1997

Apparent and true metabolizable energy values of feedstuffs for ducks.

Two experiments were conducted, each with 24 White Pekin ducks, to determine the AME and TME content of five feedstuffs for ducks. In each experiment, fasting losses were obtained from six ducks and six ducks were used for each feedstuff. Each experiment lasted 102 h with an initial 48-h period and a 54-h excreta collection period. During the first 48-h period, all birds were tube-fed dextrose (30 g/100 mL of water) at 8 and 32 h after feed was withdrawn. Thirty grams of each feedstuff were tube-fed (30 g/100 mL of water) at 48 and 54 h after feed was withdrawn. The birds from which fasting losses were obtained were intubated with 30 g dextrose (30 g/100 mL of water) at 48 and 54 h after feed was withdrawn. Excreta were collected during the last 54 h into bags screwed onto lids sutured around the vent of each bird. In the first experiment, the feedstuffs evaluated were corn, dehulled oats, and wheat. The fasting energy and nitrogen losses per bird in the 54-h collection period were 12.1 kcal and 0.29 g, respectively. The AMEn values for the birds fed corn, dehulled oats, and wheat were 3.10, 3.48, and 3.14 kcal/g, respectively. The TMEn values for the respective feedstuffs were 3.27, 3.64, and 3.30 kcal/g. In the second experiment, the feedstuffs evaluated were corn, parboiled rice, and rye. The fasting energy and nitrogen losses per bird in the 54-h collection period were 18.9 kcal and 1.09 g, respectively. The AMEn values for the birds fed corn, parboiled rice, and rye were 3.24, 3.45, and 2.69 kcal/g, respectively. The TMEn values for the respective feedstuffs were 3.40, 3.61, and 2.85 kcal/g. The data provide new information on AMEn and TMEn values of corn, wheat, parboiled rice, dehulled oats, and rye for ducks.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Determination of metabolizable energy contents of feed ingredients for ducks.

The objective of the present experiments was to determine the AMEn and TMEn of various feed ingredients used in duck diets. In each of two experiments, 48 mature, male, White Pekin ducks were assigned in pairs to 24 cages based on initial weight. In each experiment, 12 ducks were assigned to each of three test ingredients and 12 ducks received dextrose for determination of endogenous losses of nitrogen and energy. The test ingredients were tube-fed in wet form and consisted of corn, barley, and pearl millet in Experiment 1, and corn, sorghum, and triticale in Experiment 2. Feed was withdrawn 48 h prior to feeding the test ingredients and ducks were tube-fed 30 g of dextrose in 100 mL of water at 8 and 32 h after feed withdrawal. Ducks were tube-fed 30 g of their assigned test ingredient in 100 mL of water at 48 and 54 h after feed withdrawal. Ducks used in estimating endogenous nitrogen and energy losses were tube-fed 30 g of dextrose in 100 mL of water at 48 and 54 h after feed withdrawal. The method of excreta collection utilized was surgical fixation of a collection apparatus to the vent area of ducks to facilitate total collection of excreta. Collection of excreta was initiated at the first feeding of test ingredients and was continued for a total of 54 h. In Experiment 1, the AMEn and TMEn of corn, barley, and pearl millet on an as-fed basis were determined to be 3.208 and 3.339, 2.730 and 2.863, and 3.350 and 3.484 kcal/g, respectively. In Experiment 2, the AMEn and TMEn of corn, sorghum, and triticale on an as-fed basis were determined to be 3.151 and 3.459, 3.260 and 3.567, and 2.757 and 3.065 kcal/g, respectively. In conclusion, the use of the modified TME assay, in addition to total collection of excreta from individual ducks, provides a means of accurately estimating the ME content of feed ingredients used to formulate diets for ducks.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Nutrient digestibility in food waste ingredients for Pekin and Muscovy ducks.

Food wastes are valuable resources to be recycled into new added-value products through animal production. The determination of energy and digestibility values of these wastes is essential for feed formulation. Corn, soybean meal (SBM), and a total of nine industrial food waste ingredients were tested in a comparative metabolic study in Pekin and Muscovy ducklings at two different ages during growth. The "precision-feeding" technique was employed to establish DM, fat, and fiber digestibility as well as retention of N and energy (AME, AMEn in Pekins; and AME, AMEn, TME, TMEn in Muscovies) for the 11 ingredients. For Pekin at 3 wk of age, the AMEn of peanuts, tofu, pogo, granola, waste diet, bread, corn, SBM, okara, and brewers grains were 5,141, 4,019, 3,971, 3,908, 3,141, 2,279, 1,572, and 1,442 kcal/kg, respectively. For Pekin at 6 wk of age, the AMEn of peanuts, pogo, tofu, granola, waste diet, bread, corn, SBM, and okara were 5,340, 4,327, 4,254, 4,079, 3,567, 3,302, 3,201, 2,416, and 1,562 kcal/kg, respectively. For Muscovy at 7 wk of age, the TMEn of peanuts, pogo, granola, waste diet, corn, tofu, bread, SBM, okara, and peanut skin were 5,207, 4,321, 4,057, 3,733, 3,233, 3,180, 3,084, 2,236, 1,575, and 904 kcal/kg, respectively. For Muscovy at 11 wk of age, the TMEn of peanuts, pogo, granola, tofu, waste diet, corn, bread, SBM, okara, and brewers grains were 5,077, 4,137, 4,025, 3,921, 3,586, 3,254, 3,123, 2,245, 2,007, and 1,392 kcal/kg, respectively. Nitrogen retention was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for SBM, tofu, okara, pogo, peanuts, and the food waste diet and lower for bread, corn, granola, brewers grains, and peanut skin. Dry matter digestibility was high for granola, pogo, corn, bread, and the food waste diet. Fat digestibility was generally the same for all the ingredients and was consistently over 97%. Bread neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly (P < 0.05) the most digestible (88.92% NDF digestibility), as it consisted of 96.29% hemicellulose, whereas okara NDF was significantly (P < 0.05) the least digestible (26.94% NDF digestibility) and contained only 14.38% hemicellulose. Peanut skins and SBM with 30% hemicellulose showed only slightly higher digestibilities of NDF. The results of this study establish reliable data for formulation of duck diets using the tested industrial food waste ingredients as well as corn and SBM in both Pekin and Muscovy ducklings at two different ages during growth to market weight.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Dietary formulation with rendered spent hen meals on a total amino acid versus a digestible amino acid basis.

Previous results indicated that performance of chicks fed a high level (15%) of rendered spent hen meal (SHM) was lower than performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet. The latter difference was hypothesized to be due to variation in digestible amino acid (AA) levels among the diets. This study evaluated diets containing SHM formulated on an equivalent total AA basis vs an equivalent digestible AA basis compared to a corn-SBM diet. Three SHM (A, B, and C), produced in commercial rendering plants, were evaluated. Mean true digestibility coefficients (percentages) for 17 AA in SHM A, B, and C were 73.1, 63.4, and 75.5, respectively. In two chick trials, 1-wk-old New Hampshire x Columbian male chicks were fed from 8 to 20 d of age a corn-SBM diet or diets containing 15% SHM formulated to be equal in total or digestible AA to the corn-SBM diet. All diets contained 21.5% CP and 3,200 kcal TME(n)/kg. Chicks fed 15% SHM (A, B, or C) diets formulated on a total AA basis had significantly lower (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency than chicks consuming the corn-SBM diet. Formulating diets containing SHM B or SHM C on a digestible AA basis yielded growth performance equivalent to chicks fed the corn-SBM diet. Growth performance of chicks fed the SHM A diet formulated on a digestible AA basis was greater (P < 0.05) than that obtained from the SHM A diet formulated on a total AA basis but was still lower than performance of chicks consuming the corn-SBM diet. Additional AA and energy supplementation of the SHM A diet formulated on a digestible AA basis only partially alleviated the latter performance difference. The results of this study indicated that formulation of diets containing SHM on a digestible AA basis is superior to formulation on a total AA basis and that 15% inclusion of two of the three SHM in chick diets had no detrimental effects on performance if the diets were formulated to contain adequate levels of digestible AA.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

The influence of cecectomy on metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of select feedstuffs for white Pekin ducks.

Twenty-four cecectomized and 24 intact White Pekin ducks were used in two experiments to assess the influence of cecectomy on ME and amino acid digestibility of several feed ingredients for ducks. Corn and soybean meal (SBM) were evaluated in Experiment 1, and bakery meal (BM), red dog (RD), and wheat middlings (WM) were evaluated in Experiment 2. Nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of the ingredients were assayed concurrently. In Experiment 1, TME of corn was higher (P < or = 0.05) in cecectomized ducks, and intact ducks demonstrated greater (P < or = 0.05) ability to utilize the energy in SBM. Intact ducks exhibited higher (P < or = 0.05) true digestibilities of lysine and methionine. True digestibility of tryptophan was higher (P < or = 0.05) for cecectomized ducks. True digestibility of indispensable amino acids in SBM did not differ (P > or = 0.05) between cecectomized and intact ducks. In Experiment 2, cecectomized ducks exhibited greater (P < or = 0.05) ability to utilize the energy in RD. Intact ducks exhibited greater (P < or = 0.05) ability to utilize the energy in WM. True digestibility of indispensable amino acids in BM, RD, and WM was variable. Results of the present study suggest that the effect of cecectomy on nutrient digestibility in ducks is dependent on the feedstuff assayed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Nutritive and economic values of high oil corn in layer diet.

Two layer feeding trials were conducted to demonstrate the nutritive and economic values of recently developed high oil corn (HOC) in Korea. A corn-soybean meal-based commercial layer diet was chosen as the control diet. The yellow dent corn in the control diet was replaced with HOC to give an isocaloric diet, or replaced with HOC on a 1:1 basis to give a high energy diet. In Trial 1, 510 23-wk-old ISA Brown layers were allotted to three dietary treatments with five replicates per treatment. In Trial 2, 600 38-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were allotted to three dietary treatments, again with five replicates per treatment. Both trials were conducted for 15 wk. To measure the ME values of typical corn and HOC, two metabolism trials were performed with layers and adult roosters. The HOC used in this trial contained approximately 94% higher crude fat (6.60% as-fed basis) compared with typical corns. The gross energy, AMEn, and TME values of HOC, are 5.7 to 7.7% higher than those of typical corns, indicating that the energy use of each corn were similar. Oil from the HOC contains 6.5 to 8.3% more oleic acid and 6 to 7% less linoleic acid than oil from typical corns. HOC feeding, on an isocaloric basis or on 1:1 replacement with typical corn, did not exert any effect on various laying performances, including the physical quality of egg. This result reflects the quality of the commercial diet chosen as the control diet, which was already fairly good, such that the performance was already maximal. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content in yolk from hens fed HOC was higher than that from hens fed typical corns, reflecting higher linoleic acid content in the HOC. HOC feeding decreased the saturated fatty acid content in the yolk, due primarily to decreased palmitic acid. If used alone replacing typical corn completely in a layer diet, the acceptance price of HOC was estimated to be 154 won/kg when the price of typical corn was 131 won/kg (118:100). When both corns were allowed to be used, the acceptance price of HOC increased to 184 won/kg (140:100), indicating that a lot cheaper layer diet can be formulated when both HOC and typical corn are used in laying hen diet formulation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Nutritional evaluation of sunflower products for poultry as affected by the oil extraction process.

The nutritional value of sunflower seed (SFS) products was determined in two experiments using 180 adult Leghorn-type roosters (Hy-Line). In Experiment 1, press and solvent SFS oils were included in a basal diet at four graded levels (from 1.3 to 20%). Each diet was force-fed (30 g) to 10 roosters to determine their TMEn and true fat digestibility. Dietary TMEn and true digestible fat increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with oil inclusion. There were no differences in nutritional value between oils; their digestibility was 90%, which led to 8,385 +/- 39 kcal TME/kg DM. In Experiment 2, the effect of oil extraction on TMEn, true fat, and amino acid digestibility (TAAD) of SFS products was studied. Several products were derived from the oil extraction process: SFS, press extracted SFS (PESFS), and SFS meal (SFSM), as well as recombined products (mix of meal and oil) of SFS and PESFS, and were force-fed directly to 10 roosters each. Oil extraction produced a decrease (P < 0.0001) in true fat digestibility, TAAD, and TMEn (4,555, 2,591, and 1,754 +/- 59 kcal/kg DM for SFS, PESFS, and SFSM, respectively). Digestible fat content explained the difference between TME, of SFS and PESFS, whereas the difference between the TMEn of PESFS and SFSM was lower than expected. Recombined and original products had similar (P > 0.05) TMEn, despite solvent oil showing higher digestibility when released. Recombined SFS showed lower (P < 0.005) TAAD than original SFS (84.2 and 90.4%, respectively), indicating protein damage caused by heat and mechanical pressure. However, there were no differences, except for lysine, in TAAD between original and recombined PESFS (86.3 and 86.6%, respectively); both feeds showed higher (P < 0.05) TAAD than SFSM (83.9%), which indicates a positive effect of fat addition at this step.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Metabolic studies on lean and fat Pekin ducks selected for breast muscle thickness measured by ultrasound scanning.

Female Pekin ducks selected for high (lean) or low (fat) breast muscle:total breast thickness ratio (MT:TOT), measured with ultrasound scanning, were used in metabolic studies to determine the metabolic differences and assess the effects of feed withdrawal and refeeding on plasma parameters. Lean and fat ducks had similar body weight changes throughout the studies. Lean ducks had significantly lower fat and higher CP and ash carcass contents. They also had higher (P < 0.05) plasma glucose after feed withdrawal but less (P < 0.05) plasma glucose after feeding. Fat ducks had similar plasma triglycerides (TG) after feed withdrawal but higher (P < 0.05) TG concentration after feeding and higher (P < 0.05) plasma uric acid than the lean females after feeding. Feed deprivation resulted in higher (P < 0.05) plasma cholesterol than did feeding. Lean ducks fed the test diet retained more (P < 0.05) N than the fat birds. Lean and fat Pekin ducks had similar (P > 0.05) AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn. Lean ducks lost less (P < 0.05) N than fat birds. Plasma cholesterol was not significantly correlated (P = 0.06) with nitrogen retention (NR); NR was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with plasma TG, and TG was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with total energy excreted. There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between MT:TOT and NR. The MT:TOT correlated (P < 0.05) negatively with carcass fat, and positively with carcass CP and plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration. The results we obtained demonstrate the usefulness of ultrasound scanning in live bird selection for leanness and greater breast muscle thickness and are related to metabolic differences between lean and fat female Pekin ducks selected for high or low MT:TOT ratios.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Metabolizable energy values and amino acid availability of vetch (Vicia sativa) and ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds soaked in water and acetic acid.

In two experiments we evaluated the effect of water and acetic acid soaking on ME, apparent amino acid (AA) availability, and true AA availability of vetch (V) and ervil (E) seeds. In Experiment 1, the feedstuffs were untreated (U) V or coarsely ground V soaked in water (1:10, wt/vol) at 40 C for 72 h with a water change every 12 h (40WV), vetch soaked in 1% acetic acid for 24 h at 40 C (40AAV) or at room temperature (RTAAV), or dehulled soybean meal (SBM). In Experiment 2, E seeds were subjected to the same soaking methods, and the ingredients were UE, 40WE, 40AAE, RTAAE, and SBM. Each feedstuff was precision-fed to five individually caged mature ISA Brown roosters. A group of five roosters was used to correct for metabolic and endogenous energy and amino acid losses. The AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn of UV and UE (in parentheses) were 2,558 (2,663), 2,840 (3,098), 3,026 (3,154), and 2,934 (3,176) kcal/kg DM, respectively, and were, in general, higher than those of SBM. The TMEn of V increased as a result of soaking in water or acetic acid, whereas that of E decreased in 40WE and RTAAE by 492 and 920 kcal/kg DM, respectively (P < 0.05). The apparent availability of most essential amino acids in UV and UE was lower (P < 0.05) than that of SBM. Acetic acid soaking of V, irrespective of temperature, and E at 40 C resulted in apparent AA availability similar to that of SBM except for Met. The true AA availability of V treated or not, and that of E soaked at 40 C, were similar to that of SBM. Results indicated that UV and UE are energy rich ingredients but detrimental to amino acid availability. Soaking the seeds in acetic acid at room temperature and at 40 C improved the nutritional value of V and E, respectively.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2002

The effect of enzyme treatment of soybean meal on oligosaccharide disappearance and chick growth performance.

Research was conducted to determine the effects of enzymatically hydrolyzing raffinose and stachyose from soybean meal (SBM) on fecal oligosaccharide concentration and growth performance of chicks fed a corn-SBM diet. The alpha-galactosidase treatment was optimized for oligosaccharide degradation. Enzyme treatment degraded raffinose and stachyose in SBM by 69 and 54%, respectively, compared to untreated soybean meal (USBM). Diets containing enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) resulted in excreta raffinose and stachyose concentrations reduced to below measurable levels (<0.1 mg/ g feces). Enzyme treatment increased (P < 0.05) TME from 2,974 to 3,328 kcal/kg. Three chick growth studies were conducted to determine the effect of feeding ESBM on growth performance. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) in growth performance among treatments. Chicks fed the ESBM diet had an increased (P < 0.05) fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in one of two studies. A fourth experiment was conducted to determine if heating, used to enhance enzyme treatment, would decrease lysine availability. Heating significantly (P < 0.05) reduced lysine availability compared to USBM. These experiments demonstrated that feces could be made void of raffinose and stachyose, but chick growth performance was not significantly (P > 0.05) improved by enzyme treatment.

Animal Feed↗