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PubMedDate not supplied

The world of nursing on prime time television, 1950 to 1980.

This study reported the results of a content analysis of prime-time television portrayals of nurses and nursing over the past three decades with attention to scope of nursing practice, career orientation of nurses, nursing actions, and nurses' impact on patient welfare. The sample was 320 episodes from 28 series. The findings showed that nurses were depicted as working in acute care settings, entering nursing for altruistic reasons, predominantly acting as a resource to other health professionals, not using problem-solving and evaluation skills, deficient in administrative abilities, and remiss in providing physical comforting, engaging in expanded role activities, patient education and scholarly endeavors. Since the 1960s the trend in the quality of nurse portrayals has been downward. This has created a current crisis in communicating the world of nursing to the public via the most powerful form of mass communication, television.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods and equipment for processing x-ray films by x-ray television].

A review of television methods used for processing the X-ray films shows that in the future the technique that combines television and roentgen will allow more precise diagnose in accordance to X-ray patterns on the basis of such processes as harmonization, subtraction, artificial colour painting to emphasize the details of the organs under study, and with application of automatic measurement of geometric parameters of the organ image.

Technology, Radiologic↗
PubMed1982

Television public service announcements as outreach for potential clients.

Public service announcements (PSAs) aired by local radio or television stations may be useful to human service agencies as a mechanism to reach potential clients during periods of low service demand. To examine the usefulness of PSAs for this purpose, a series of PSAs were videotaped for three aging-service agencies and aired by a television station during a 6-week period. The three agencies recorded the incoming demand for services received each day before and during the intervention period. The data were tested by a multiple-group interrupted time-series analysis. The results of the analysis indicated that for all three agencies the PSAs were effective for increasing the number of service inquiries received from nonclients over the telephone numbers publicized in the PSAs. At one of the agencies, the number of new clients increased significantly when the PSAs were broadcasted.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development of children's eating habits: the role of television commercials.

There is growing evidence that the long-term consumption of the typical high-sugar, high-calorie American diet may lead to a variety of health problems. Since the majority of food ads on television are for high-sugar, high-calorie types of foods, researchers have begun investigating the effects of these commercials. A number of self-report, survey, and correlational studies have found that children watch on the average 28 hours of TV a week, see over 11,000 low-nutrition "junk" food ads a year on TV, believe (at the younger ages) that commercials tell the truth, recall the ads, and often request in stores foods that are highly advertised. A series of behavioral/experimental studies conducted at the University of Montana are reported in some detail. The initial stage of the research focused upon the development of a methodology for assessing the impact of commercials upon the actual amounts of foods consumed. Next, a series of studies investigating the effects of low-nutrition, pro-nutrition, and nonfood commercials upon the eating behaviors of children was begun. The results, to date, suggest low-nutrition ads are most effective in increasing total caloric consumption. Additionally, low-nutrition ads seem to affect boys more than girls and are not mediated by cognitive development. Finally, pro-nutrition ads have so far proven ineffective in increasing consumption of pro-nutrition foods. Some of the implications of applying the growing body of empirical literature on children's television to social policy issues are also discussed.

Advertising↗
PubMed1981

Effects of adult commentary on children's comprehension and inferences about a televised aggressive portrayal.

Comprehension of explicitly portrayed events and implicit information in television dramatic narratives has been found to be poor for children as old as second and third graders. In the present experiment the effectiveness of an intervention to facilitate comprehension for young viewers was tested. Adult coviewers stated implicit relations between important explicitly portrayed events during viewing for some second-grade children, while others heard neutral comments at the same points in the plot. Children who heard facilitating commentary scored significantly better on understanding of implicit program content related to the adults' statements, although their scores on other program information were not affected. Adult coviewers may facilitate inferences about important program content for young viewers, who are unlikely to infer such relations spontaneously. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for previously reported relationships between children's understanding and their evaluative and behavioral responses to televised models.

Aggression↗
PubMed1981

Gender constancy and the effects of sex-typed televised toy commercials.

The present study represented a cognitive-developmental analysis of the effects of televised, sex-stereotypic information on children's behavior and attitudes toward toy play. The subjects were 50 male and 50 female 4-6-year-olds divided into high and low gender-constancy levels. As the children watched a cartoon, they either saw a commercial of a gender-neutral toy that showed 2 boys or 2 girls playing with the toy, or they saw no commercial (control). As predicted, only the high gender-constant children were differentially affected by the sex-role information in the different commercial conditions. Children at this stage who saw opposite-sex children playing with the toy avoided spending time with the toy and stated verbally that the toy was more appropriate for an opposite-sex sibling, relative to children in the 2 other conditions. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of sex-role development and in terms of the role that television may play in maintaining sex stereotypes and sex-typed behavior.

Advertising↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of slow scan television and direct viewing of radiographs.

Slow scan television equipment (SSTV) can transmit images of radiographs using an inexpensive camera, TV monitor and ordinary telephone lines, and has potential for use in communities without radiologists. We compared the accuracy with which nine experienced radiologists could perceive abnormal findings in each of two viewing conditions: (1) SSTV viewing of an image on a television monitor and (2) direct viewing on a light box. Each finding was categorized as readily, moderately or barely visible. The nine radiologists had scores using SSTV that were significantly worse (p less than .005) than the standard, whereas the scores using direct viewing were not significantly different from the standard. The present generation of SSTV equipment is not yet adequate for routine reading of radiographs, although the concept of SSTV still has considerable potential.

Radiography↗
PubMed1981

Systematic use of closed-circuit television in a general practice teaching unit.

We describe use of closed-circuit television in teaching general practice consulting skills in a new central teaching unit of a department of general practice.We explain how the system works, present a simple analysis of student performance in communicating with real and simulated patients and discuss the value of teaching from the consultation with closed-circuit television and video.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Television analyzer for measuring the speed of movement of biological objects].

During recent years notable success was achieved in the creation of television sets for analysis and recognition of the images of objects (cells), and automates to control their motion rate. But, all these devices are to be computer-aided which is expensive and, in most cases, not justified economically. The author recommends a television analyser that needs no computer and provides simultaneous recording of mean rate of several objects, taking into account the effect of various disturbances.

Movement↗
PubMed1995

Misplacing memory: the effect of television format on Holocaust remembrance.

The Simon Wiesenthal Center's Beit Hashoah Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles provides a case study of how museum designers use television formats to communicate and educate. A dramatic spectacle is created that shapes how visitors are to feel and think. This spectacle turns the museum into an emotions factory and functions as a 'format of control'. It exerts a 'creeping surrealism' upon the visitor that misplaces memory and history by degrees. The implications of being unable to transcend television formats in a post-Gutenberg-galaxy world are discussed.

Concentration Camps↗
PubMed1995

A review of national television PSA campaigns for preventing alcohol-impaired driving, 1987-1992.

We present a content analysis of 137 public service announcements (PSAs) focused on alcohol-impaired driving that aired nationally on U.S. television between 1987 and 1992. Our findings include the following: 1) Most PSAs were intended to reach an undifferentiated general audience, not necessarily those who are at greatest risk for driving after drinking. 2) Most PSAs were designed to create awareness of the problem of alcohol-impaired driving or to promote individual behavior change. 3) More PSAs were developed on the use of designated drivers than on any other subject. 4) About two-thirds of the PSAs included one or more celebrities who speak directly to the audience. Past media campaigns have tended to ignore the fact that people's behavior is profoundly shaped by their environment, which in turn is shaped by public policy. We recommend that future mass media campaigns against alcohol-impaired driving focus on building support for changes in institutional structures, public policy or law that will motivate, support, and sustain the efforts of individuals to alter their behavior. Television PSAs can play an important but somewhat limited role in support of this effort. Greater emphasis will need to be given instead to media advocacy strategies, including paid radio advertising. We further recommend that the principal organizations concerned about alcohol-impaired driving share their plans and develop a common communications strategy that will advance the public policy agenda proposed by the Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Survival of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer through a television-advertised screening program.

OBJECTIVES: Although controversial, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is advocated to reduce mortality due to colorectal cancer. Our aim was to determine whether a television-advertised screening program for colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood tests improved survival of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the stage and survival of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in our 1986 and 1987 screening programs was conducted. The 5-yr survival rate of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer was determined in our screened population and compared with national survival data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results (SEER) program. RESULTS: In our screening programs, 75,633 FOBT were distributed and returned for analysis. Test slides were positive in 3.3%. Follow-up was available in 121 of 131 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. In our screened population, significantly more colorectal cancers were identified in a localized stage compared with the national average (76 vs 37%). Consequently, the percentage of our patients with regional and distant disease was decreased compared with SEER data. The overall 5-yr survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer who participated in our screening program was significantly higher than the national survival rate (75 vs 59%). Survival of patients older than 75 yr of age with colorectal cancer in our screening program was not improved. CONCLUSIONS: Television-advertised screening for colorectal cancer using FOBT was effective in recruiting a large number of participants. Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in our program tended to have early stage disease with improved 5-yr survival. The results of this study support FOBT as an effective means to reduce the mortality of colorectal cancer.

Advertising↗
PubMed1996

Children's and adults' memory for television stories: the role of causal factors, story-grammar categories, and hierarchical level.

What events from televised stories do preschool children and adults remember? In this study, we examined the extent to which 4-year-old and 6-year-old children's and adults' free recall of events from "Sesame Street" stories is determined by the role the events play in the story structure. Events varied with respect to 4 structural properties: number of causal connections, status on or off the story's causal chain, story-grammar category, and position in the story's hierarchical structure. There were systematic developmental differences in the effects of these properties on recall. First, memory at all ages was strongly influenced by the 2 causal factors, but effects of these factors increased with age. Second, children emphasized actions in their recall, whereas adults most frequently recalled protagonists' goals and events that initiated these goals. Third, children's recall increased as the hierarchical level of events increased, whereas adults most frequently recalled (causally more important) events at intermediate levels. These findings demonstrate that preschool children are already sensitive to structural features of televised narratives but that utilization of the causal-motivational structure of narratives increases systematically with age.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation of televised anticipatory guidance to primiparae.

In a controlled study, programs offering televised anticipatory guidance to primiparae during the immediate postpartum period were shown to have a beneficial effect on a mother's perceptions of her infant as measured by the Neonatal Perception Inventory (NPI). Among mothers viewing the programs, a significant increase occurred (P less than .01) in the number having a positive perception of their infants at age 1 month. Since the Neonatal Perception Inventory has proved a reliable indicator of a child's emotional well-being at age 4 1/2, televised guidance is recommended as an effective, economical measure with a potential for reducing the incidence of emotional disorder in children.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rote learning after exposure to a direct-to-consumer television advertisement for a prescription drug.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to: (1) test the rote learning response; and (2) investigate the effects of selected consumer demographic/psychographic, information-access, and health-related knowledge/experience variables on rote learning after exposure to a televised direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisement that was developed and broadcast under new US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. A judgment (nonprobability) sample of 202 individuals waiting for their appointments at a university-based general medicine clinic was selected to view a televised advertisement and complete a questionnaire. One participant returned an unusable form; 24 others held positions in health care occupations and were omitted from the analysis. Results based on responses from the 177 eligible participants showed that the presentation of both promotional and risk-related product information in the same broadcast advertisement may lead to viewer problems with rote learning of each type of information.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Differences of X-ray exposure between roentgen examen with a conventional roentgen-screen-system and with an image intensifer-television-unit (author's transl)].

During roentgen examens of patients in the II. Medizinische Poliklinik the X-ray exposure was determined. It corresponded to the datas described in literature. Two groupes were compared: 518 patients examined with a conventional roentgen-screen-system and 642 patients examined with an image-intensifer-television-system. The results demonstrated that with exception of thoracical X-ray examination the replacing of the old system by the television system brought a remarkable increase of the X-ray exposure. The doses depended of the patients constitution to a high degree.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effect of television advertising of alcohol on alcohol consumption and intentions to drive.

The alcohol consumption of 120 male and female college students was measured as they viewed a 90-min videotape of popular prime-time television programmes. Independent measures were the sex of the student, their drinker classification (light or moderate-heavy) and the number of alcohol advertisements (0, 6, 12) shown during the screening of the television programmes. Dependent measures were the number of drinks consumed, and the intentions of students to drive a motor vehicle after viewing the videotaped programmes. As predicted, males consumed more alcohol than females, and moderate-heavy drinkers consumed more than light drinkers. Male and female students who viewed six alcohol advertisements consumed more alcohol than students shown no alcohol advertisements or 12 alcohol advertisements. Analysis of intentions to drive after viewing the programmes revealed that the number of drinks consumed was not a significant covariate of driving intentions. Rather light drinkers of both sexes were less likely to intend to drive than moderate-heavy drinkers. Males exposed to alcohol advertisements were less likely to intend to drive than males who did not view alcohol advertisements. Different levels of exposure to alcohol advertisements did not influence the driving intentions of college females.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Training for surgeons using digital satellite television and videoconferencing.

The TETRASUR project (TELematics TRAining for SURgeons) has investigated the effectiveness of distance-learning technologies in the delivery of training for doctors who are studying for membership of the Royal College of Surgeons. Digital satellite television receivers and ISDN videoconferencing equipment have been installed in hospitals to deliver the course modules, including a series of live television programmes transmitted by satellite. ISDN videoconferencing was integrated, live, into the satellite broadcasts to bring in guest lecturers and for interactive discussions with the trainee doctors. Videoconferencing was also used for seminars and discussion groups. These methods proved to be effective and popular with the doctors, although there was some dissatisfaction with the visual quality of the ISDN videoconferencing at 128 kbit/s. Efforts are now being made to improve the quality of the video feed from remote sites using ISDN at 384 kbit/s.

Education, Distance↗