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PubMed1997

Sex differences and the development of social behavior in a marsupial, the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica).

The effects of sex and age on social behavior were examined in gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica), small didelphid marsupials. Each animal received five behavior test batteries spanning prepubertal to postpubertal ages. Each test battery consisted of two tests with animals of the same age, one with a male and one with a female. Precopulatory behavior toward females, intermale fighting requiring test interruptions as well as scent marking behavior were seen at higher levels in males than in females and were seen more frequently around and after puberty than before puberty. Females showed more threat behavior than males in mixed-sex and in same-sex interactions. This sex difference was apparent after puberty in tests with male partners and prior to as well as around puberty in tests with female partners. Because climbing over and boxing with another animal were seen more frequently prior to than after puberty, these behaviors may be elements of play fighting (i.e. attack and defense without submission and threat). These findings are discussed with respect to the role of gonadal hormones in the organization and activation of behavior and with reference to their comparative significance in mammals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The effects of cross-fostering on the development of social preferences in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus).

To determine the role of the parental environment in the formation of species attachments in the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), young of this species were fostered to either meadow vole parents (in-fostered young) or to prairie vole parents (M. ochrogaster; cross-fostered young). At 50 to 60 days of age, subjects were tested for social preference in an environment that simulated the conditions of a runway system. The testing design assessed the reaction of fostered animals to a novel species (M. pinetorum) as well as to the parental and biological species. The proportion of total test time spent near stimulus animals did not vary as a function of rearing condition. However, when compared to in-fostered controls, cross-fostered meadow voles displayed increased preference for prairie voles. Novelty did not appear to be a significant factor in test animal choice. These results suggest that in meadow voles, preference for the species of social partner is dependent on postnatal experience with parents.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The amygdala and development of social cognition: theoretical comment on Bauman, Toscano, Mason, Lavenex, and Amaral (2006).

Nonhuman primate studies, using selective amygdala lesions that spare cortical areas and fibers of passage, have helped to clarify the amygdala's specific contribution to social and emotional behavior. M. D. Bauman, J. E. Toscano, W. A. Mason, P. Lavenex, and D. G. Amaral (2006) reported that macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with neonatal neurotoxic amygdala lesions displayed lower rank in social dominance status, reduced aggressive gestures, and enhanced fearful reactions to social cues compared with normal controls and those with neonatal hippocampal lesions when tested as juveniles in a group of peers. These results are discussed in light of a recent study (C. J. Machado & J. Bachevalier, 2006) showing that the same selective amygdala damage in adolescent monkeys did not alter presurgical social dominance status. This variability in behavioral changes after selective amygdala lesions underscores the significant interplay between timing of the lesion, genetic traits, and environmental factors and suggests that the amygdala is not the generator of specific emotional responses, but acts as a modulator to ensure that emotional responses are appropriate to the external stimuli and social context.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2003

Development of social problem solving in early childhood: stability, change, and associations with social competence.

Kindergarten and 1st-grade boys were administered social cognitive interviews in 2 consecutive years to investigate the response-generation step of N. R. Crick and K. A. Dodge's (1994) social information processing model. Boys generated responses to 4 types of hypothetical social dilemmas. Responses to these situations were primarily prosocial, with a large minority of avoidant and antisocial solutions. In general, older boys provided more effective solutions than did their younger peers, and stabilities were modest but significant for subcategories of both prosocial and antisocial responses. Boys who were accepted by their peers provided more prosocial and effective solutions than did boys of lower peer status, but no status differences emerged for antisocial responses. The data also suggest that young children view aggression as an acceptable means to solving peer conflict.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Developing a social work research agenda on ethics in health care.

This article advocates greater empirical research on ethics in health care by social work researchers. Although an extensive theoretical literature exists, scant empirical research has been conducted on ethical issues by social work researchers since 1980, compared with physicians and other health care researchers. A theoretical framework is presented as a heuristic device to stimulate research on a range of topics, including the content and nature of ethical deliberations, contextual factors, and ethical outcomes. By demonstrating empirically that their interventions improve ethical outcomes, social work researchers can provide ammunition to support social work's role in ethical deliberations in health care settings.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2002

Can we talk? Developing a social support nursing intervention for couples.

Social support is an important influence on success during lifestyle modification attempts. According to the theory of expressed emotion, support that is perceived by the recipient as critical or overprotective is unhelpful and perhaps harmful. This article describes an intervention for couples and preliminary assessment of its feasibility and acceptability by the nurses who trialed it. Four staff nurses and 2 advanced practice nurses administered the intervention to 15 couples and reported on the benefits and limitations of the intervention. One individual in each couple had a chronic or an acute cardiac illness. The nurses perceived the intervention as valuable; even a single session stimulated discussion between the couple about important issues. Complexity, logistic barriers, and time constraints limited the technique. The authors conclude that this intervention may be most useful to clinical nurse specialists who have additional education, training in communication, and teaching and consulting skills.

Communication↗