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PubMed1999

Plant products used as mosquito repellents in Guinea Bissau, West Africa.

By standardized interviews of people in 23 rural villages, in the Oio region of Guinea Bissau, we collected data on which plant species and plant derived products or methods people use to reduce mosquito biting activity. The following plants were used to reduce numbers of mosquitoes indoors at night: fresh or smouldering Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (Lamiaceae), smoke of the bark of Daniellia oliveri Rolfe (Caesalpiniaceae), smoke of the infructescence of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae), smoke of the seed capsules of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. (Mimosaceae), smoke of the leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae) and Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), fresh Ocimum canum Sims (Lamiaceae), and fresh Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Caesalpiniaceae). In two field experiments we estimated the 'repellent activity' of certain of these plants and compared their efficacies with those of two commercially available mosquito repellents, i.e. 'positive' controls. In the first experiment we tested: smouldering H. suaveolens (85.4% repellency); fresh H. suaveolens (73.2%); burning of the bark of D. oliveri (74.7%); and smoke of the leaves of Eucalyptus (72.2%). In the second experiment we tested: smouldering H. suaveolens (83.6% repellency); fresh H. suaveolens (66.5%); burning of the bark of D. oliveri (77.9%); smoke of the leaves of A. indica (76.0%); smoke of the infructescence of E. guineensis (69.0%); fresh O. canum (63.6%); and fresh S. occidentalis; (29.4%). All the products tested, except S. occidentalis were significantly more effective than the negative control.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Local nasal immunotherapy for Dermatophagoides-induced rhinitis: efficacy of a powder extract.

BACKGROUND: Local nasal immunotherapy by means of an extract in "macronized" powder from was studied in allergic rhinitis to Dermatophagoides species. METHODS: Twenty-four Dermatophagoides-sensitive patients were studied for 12 months in a double-blind controlled trial. Subjects were selected on the basis of a positive history, skin test, radioallergosorbent test, and intranasal challenge to Dermatophagoides antigen. Two 12-patient groups were selected at random; the first group was given active treatment, and the second received placebo. RESULTS: After 6 months, the mean weekly symptom and medication scores were significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group. The treated group had a significant increase of specific nasal threshold to Dermatophagoides antigen after treatment. Adverse reactions to local nasal immunotherapy, which were limited to the upper respiratory tract, occurred very rarely and did not interfere with dose schedule. CONCLUSION: Local nasal immunotherapy in powder form may be a suitable alternative to the traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy in terms of clinical efficacy and safety.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to Parietaria. A double-blind controlled study.

Preseasonal local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) by means of an extract in macronized powder form has been studied in allergic rhinitis to parietaria. Twenty-four Parietaria-sensitive patients have been studied for 18 weeks in a double-blind controlled trial. Subjects were selected on the basis of a positive skin test, RAST and intranasal challenge to Parietaria antigen. Three eight-patient groups were randomly planned: the first group was given native Parietaria product, the second modified Parietaria product, and the third placebo. During the pollen season no difference was observed in mean weekly symptom score between the three groups, while the mean weekly medication score was significantly lower in the treated groups than the control group. Only the treated groups showed a significant increase in specific nasal threshold to Parietaria after treatment. Adverse reactions to LNIT, limited to the upper respiratory tract, occurred rarely and did not interfere with the dose schedule. This study indicates that LNIT in powder form may be a suitable alternative to the traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy in terms of clinical efficacy and safety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Local nasal immunotherapy with extract in powder form is effective and safe in grass pollen rhinitis: a double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Local nasal immunotherapy has been studied, by means of an extract in powder form, in patients with allergic rhinitis caused by grass pollen. METHODS: Thirty-two patients allergic to grass were studied for 37 weeks in a double-blind controlled trial. Subjects were selected on the basis of a positive history, skin test result, RAST finding, and result of intranasal challenge to grass pollen. Two 16-patient groups were randomly assigned to active or placebo treatment. The treatment lasted 26 weeks (14 for the build-up phase, 12 for the maintenance period). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in nasal symptoms during the treatment. During the pollen season the mean weekly symptom and medication scores were significantly lower in the treated group, compared with the control group, even considering each allergic symptom separately. Moreover, only in the treated group was a significant increase of specific nasal threshold to grass pollen observed after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that local nasal immunotherapy with allergen in powder form can be a suitable alternative to the traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy in terms of clinical efficacy and safety in grass-allergic rhinitis.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2002

A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment.

More than 2,100 chemically defined organic chemicals are listed in the Research Institute of Fragrance Materials/Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (RIFM/FEMA) Database that are used as ingredients of fragrances for consumer products. An approach was developed for prioritizing these fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment by first estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of these fragrance materials in the aquatic environment based upon their physicochemical properties and annual volume of use. Subsequently, an effect level was predicted with a general quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for aquatic toxicity, and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated from this effect level by using an assessment factor (AF) that accounts for uncertainty in the toxicity QSAR prediction. A conservative AF of 10(6) was applied to the endpoint predicted by the QSAR to provide an adequate margin of safety in the calculation of the PNEC. The PEC was compared to the PNEC to characterize the risk to freshwater aquatic organisms (e.g., Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). If the ratio of PEC to PNEC was below one, the material was considered to have negligible environmental risk and to be acceptable for the aquatic environment at current use levels. If this ratio exceeded one, the PNEC was refined by using more specific QSAR models (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships [ECOSAR]). If the ratio continued to exceed one, the material became a candidate for further aquatic risk assessment procedures, which involve iterative steps to refine the PEC, the PNEC, or both by using measured ecotoxicological endpoints. Prioritization for this latter process can be based upon the magnitudes of the estimated PEC:PNEC ratios. When using the first tier of this approach, only 568 of 2,141 fragrance materials (26.5%) in the RIFM/FEMA Database had PEC:PNEC ratios greater than one. This percentage decreased to only 164 materials (7.7%) when PNECs were derived with ECOSAR. Comparison of predicted PECs and PNECs with those based upon measured data confirmed the conservatism and low risk for type I errors associated with the framework. These combined exercises demonstrated the ability of this highly precautionary risk-based screening approach to quickly prioritize a large number of materials without benefit of experimental ecotoxicological or fate data.

Animals↗