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PubMed1996

[Cytogenetic patterns in synapsis of meiotic chromosomes in animals and plants].

Chromosome synapsis in meiosis is performed through the formation of a synaptonemal complex (SC). The SC aggregates homologues until the diplotene stage, when the function of physical binding is carried out by a chiasmata. SC formation is controlled by specific genes. Regularities of SC formation in animals and plants are being studied at the Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was shown that, in Drosophila melanogaster, the presence or absence of SC in meiosis is determined by balance between autosomes and sex chromosomes. i.e., SC is formed according to regularities in sex determination. The dose of the 8C-11A segment of X chromosome plays a key role in this process. Eight mutations in synaptic genes that affect SC formation were studied in rye Secale cereale. SC variants occurring in heteromorphic sex chromosomes were analyzed in the Ellobius genera and in B-chromosomes of Apodemus peninsulae. It was shown that, in addition to homologous synapsis, non-homologous synapsis of aberrant chromosomes occurs in rye and mouse heterozygotes at chromosome rearrangements. Twice as many heterozygous chromosome rearrangements were revealed, when the SC was studied at pachytene instead of diakinesis and metaphase I. Simple methods of SC investigations extended the capabilities of cytogenetic analysis of meiosis and provided new perspectives for studying the action of meiotic gen.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The Ty1-copia group of retrotransposons in plants: genomic organisation, evolution, and use as molecular markers.

The genomic organisation and diversity of the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons has been investigated in several crop plants and their relatives from both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous families, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), faba beans (Vicia faba), Vicia melanops, Vicia sativa, barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale), and onion (Allium cepa). Extreme heterogeneity in the sequence of the Ty1-copia retrotransposons from all these plants was revealed following sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase fragments. The estimated copy numbers of the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons for the genomes of S. tuberosum, L. esculentum, A. cepa, S. cereale, and V. faba is highly variable, ranging from a few hundred to approximately a million copies per genome. In situ hybridisation data from metaphase and prophase chromosomes of V. faba, S. cereale, and H. vulgare suggest that retrotransposon sequences are dispersed throughout the euchromatic regions of the genome but are almost undetectable in most heterochromatic regions. In contrast, similar data from metaphase chromosomes of A. cepa suggests that although retrotransposon sequences are dispersed throughout the euchromatic regions of the genome, they are predominantly concentrated in the terminal heterochromatin. These results are discussed in the context of the role played by the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in the evolution of the plant genome. Lastly, the application of retrotransposon sequences as genetic markers for mapping genomes and for studying genetic biodiversity in plants is presented.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1998

Inhibitory effects of soy and rye diets on the development of Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in rats.

METHODS: Dunning R3327 PAP prostate tumors were transplanted in 125 rats, the rats were divided into five groups, and tumor development was examined for 24 weeks during treatment with diets containing 33% of soy flour (SD), rye bran (RB), heat-treated rye bran (HRB), or rye endosperm (RE). RESULTS: In the SD, RB, and HRB groups, significantly fewer palpable tumors and lower tumor volume were detected 14 and 16 weeks after transplantation when compared with the control, fiber-free dietary (FF) group. The body weight was lower 16 weeks after tumor transplantation in the RB and HRB groups when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Rats in the RB and the HRB groups had a significant lower energy intake than the FF group during the first metabolic observation period, 3-6 weeks after tumor transplantation (P < 0.05), whereas the energy intake was the same in all groups during the second metabolic observation period, 13-16 weeks after tumor transplantation. However, when the tumor volume was adjusted for the body weight of the animals, there were still significant lower tumor volumes in the SD, RB, and HRB groups compared with the FF group (P < 0.05). A significant increase in daily urinary excretion of the isoflavonoids, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and Genistein, was observed in the rats fed SD, and of the ligands enterolactone and enterodiol in the rats fed RB and HRB during both metabolic periods. There were no differences in testosterone levels between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that SD inhibits implanted prostate cancer growth. Although RB and HRB had a protective effect, further studies are needed to exclude the possibility that a low energy intake played a role in this respect. The results suggest that phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids and ligands), may be responsible for the delayed prostate tumor growth.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Review of recent placebo-controlled trials utilizing phytotherapeutic agents for treatment of BPH.

BACKGROUND: In order to assess the efficacy of phytotherapeutic agents for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a review of recently published double-blind placebo-controlled trials was undertaken. METHODS: Only those studies reviewed by the Other Medical Therapies Committee of the Fourth International Consultation on BPH were included. RESULTS: These studies suggest a possible benefit for the use of phytotherapeutic preparations in the treatment of BPH. CONCLUSIONS: These studies need to be confirmed in larger long-term placebo-controlled studies in order to ascertain the true efficacy of these agents.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Rye bran and soy protein delay growth and increase apoptosis of human LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma in nude mice.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated whether dietary intervention could inhibit tumor growth of an androgen-sensitive human prostatic cancer. METHODS: LNCaP cells were transplanted subcutaneously in nude-mice. The animals were then put on different diets and tumor take, tumor growth and prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion were studied during 9 weeks. RESULTS: Palpable tumors developed in 75% of the tumor-cell injected sites in animals fed a control diet (corn starch, sucrose, etc.) whereas, for animals given rye bran (RB), ethyl acetate extraction from rye bran supplemented cellulose based diets (CCEE), palpable tumors were seen in only 30% and for soy protein based diets (SCC) 50% of the transplantation sites, respectively. The tumors that grew to palpable size in the rye (RB) and soy (SCC) groups were smaller and secreted less PSA than those in the control group. In the rye and soy groups tumor cell apoptosis was increased, but cell proliferation was unaffected. Addition of fat to the rye diet reduced its effect on prostate cancer growth. CONCLUSIONS: Factors in rye bran and soy protein may inhibit prostate cancer growth. The effect is more apparent for rye than for soy. Further studies are needed to identify the effective substances and to explore the mechanism of action.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemiluminescence of cereal products II. Chemiluminescence spectra.

Spectra of ultraweak chemiluminescence (CL) accompanying auto-oxidation and hydration of cereal products have been measured using single photon counting and cut-off filters. The spectra cover the 380-880 nm spectral range with maxima centred around 600 nm. Analytically pure air-dried carbohydrates like agar, cellulose and nitrocellulose give emission too weak for spectral measurements. The emission from water pure carbohydrates is on average 4-12 times higher and emission spectra are similar to those from cereal products. The effect of free radical scavengers, SOD and O2* (1 delta g)-quenchers on CL spectra indicates a contribution of radical reactions with the participation of excited carbonyls, O2- and excited molecular oxygen dimoles. Moreover, possible mechanisms of chemi-excitation due to a cooperative H-bond formation during the hydration of carbohydrates and/or recombination of trapped radicals and electron-holes are discussed. It is also postulated that the excitation energy transfer to natural sensitizers occurring in cereal products may account for non-specific broad spectra and differences in the intensity of CL.

Bread↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemiluminescence of cereal products III. Two-dimensional photocount imaging of chemiluminescence.

Two-dimensional (2-D) spatial distributions of ultra-weak chemiluminescence (photon imaging) from auto-oxidizing and water-hydrated cereal food products were measured by means of a high-sensitivity 2-D photon counting system--an intensified charge coupled device (CCD) camera. The 2-D images obtained reveal the dynamics and emission patterns of very slow auto-oxidation reactions and much faster processes of water penetration into cereal products. The enhancement of chemiluminescence by the addition of water appears to involve complex processes with an inhomogenous spatial and energy distribution within cereal products. The effect of antioxidants, free radical promoters and scavengers suggests that oxidative radical reactions contribute significantly to the observed chemiluminescence. The possible involvement of hydrophilic interactions, H2O-biopolymers and recombination of trapped radicals is also discussed.

Biopolymers↗
PubMed2005

Baker's asthma with a predominant clinical response to rye flour.

BACKGROUND: Relatively little attention has been paid to rye flour as opposed to wheat flour in clinical and epidemiological research into Baker's asthma. METHODS: This report describes the investigation of a baker with asthma who reported a workplace response to rye flour and none to wheat flour, despite co-reactivity to both wheat and rye antigen. RESULTS: Skin prick tests, RASTs and basophil stimulation tests were positive for both wheat and rye antigen, but quantitatively greater for rye than wheat. Bronchial challenge elicited a much greater response to the rye-wheat flour mix used in the bakery than to 100% wheat flour. CONCLUSIONS: The greater clinical response to rye than to wheat may be immunologically mediated, but could also be due to physical characteristics of rye flour such as greater dose of inhaled airborne particles or an irritative effect. This information may be useful for medical management and occupational hygiene control, and should stimulate further research into rye flour in Baker's asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Flow cytometric DNA analysis of wheat-rye addition lines.

The nuclear DNA content of the 7 wheat-rye chromosome addition lines were determined by flow cytometry. The nuclear DNA content of each line was compared to the original wheat parental line. From this information, the amount of DNA per rye chromosome was calculated. The DNA per chromosome ranged from 0.8 picograms (pg) in chromosome 3R to 1.4 pg in chromosome 7R. Flow cytometry was proven to be a rapid and reliable technique for the evaluation of aneuploid plant populations. Flow cytometry has the potential to allow for more rapid screening of aneuploid and euploid cytological stocks than conventional cytogenetic techniques.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of sensitivity of flow cytometry in detecting aneuploidy in wheat using disomic and ditelosomic wheat-rye addition lines.

Flow cytometric DNA analysis was used to study changes in nuclear DNA content induced by the addition of complete or telosomic rye chromosomes into the genome of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The DNA content of each addition line was determined by comparison with an internal reference value and was expressed as a difference with respect to the original wheat parental line. A 1.84% difference in the DNA content could be detected. Nuclei were flow sorted and the presence of rye chromatin in the nuclei with the higher DNA content was demonstrated by Southern hybridization. Flow cytometry was proven to be sensitive enough to detect the small DNA content deviations that are expected to occur in aneuploid plants of wheat.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1988

Two-dimensional electrophoresis of cereal prolamins: applications to biochemical and genetic analyses.

Three complementary two-dimensional systems for the analysis of cereal prolamins are described. These are electrophoresis at pH 3.1 followed by electrophoresis at pH 9.2, isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions followed by SDS-PAGE with reduction. They together give information on the pIs, Mrs and charge properties of the individual prolamin components, and on their interactions to form oligomers stabilized by inter-chain disulphide bonds. The three systems are then compared for their effectiveness in analysing unreduced prolamin I fractions from wheat and rye, and the IEF/SDS-PAGE system for analysing reduced and pyridylethylated prolamin fractions from all the major cereals. Finally, applications of the systems in biochemical and genetic studies are discussed and illustrated with three examples: analysis of the structural relationships of the S-rich prolamins (B hordeins and gamma-type hordeins) of barley, determination of the interactions of wheat and rye prolamin subunits in a 2RS/2BL translocation line, and the mapping of genes for alpha-type prolamins in the wild grass Haynaldia villosa.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1981

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part III. Production of ochratoxin A in different varieties of wheat, rye and barley.

Kernels of several varieties of wheat, rye and barley were found to have different resistance to fungi attack and ochratoxin A production, particularly in first step of fungus development on kernels. Zinc was stated to be a limiting factor of ochratoxin production. viable sound kernels were very resistant against fungi. Dead (e.g. autoclaved) kernels were attacked by fungus very quickly. Varieties with stronger resistance to fungi invasion during storage were selected.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1981

[Preliminary experiments with rats on alkylresorcinols in rye].

Alkylresorcinols are present in some cereals, mainly in rye. Two feeding, growth and nitrogen balance experiments have been performed on rats to investigate the effects of 5-alkylresorcinols contained in a variety of rye. The results obtained from this investigation, tentative though they are because of the small number of animals, suggest that, in growing albino rats, neither the ingestion of feed nor the live weight gain nor the nitrogen retention is influenced by the application of extracted rye (freed from alkylresorcinols) or the excessive addition of rye oil or resorcinol to the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part IX. Zearalenone and Fusaria in wheat, barley, rye and corn kernels.

Toxigenic Fusaria, producing zearalenone, appeared in 31% of cereal grain samples. However zearalenone was present only in 0.5% of 584 cereal samples assayed during 1979-1981 at level 0.2-1.2 mg/kg. Fungi able to form zearalenone were present mainly in grain collected from breeding stations. Fusarium culmorum was dominant among toxigenic isolates from domestic cereals and yield of zearalenone was up to 700 mg/kg.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

[Residue status of DDT, lindane and metabolites in grain after separation from DDT preparations].

The use of insecticides in grain-production plays a minor role in the GDR. Nevertheless grain samples have been tested for DDT, DDE and Lindane residues since 1971 and in addition to this for alpha-, beta-, and delta-HCH as well as for HCB in the last years. These residues are to be traced back to unintentional contamination due to absorption from the soil or to leeway. The grain samples were tested for the residues by GC analysis. From 1971 to 1980 the contamination of grain with DDT and Lindane residues decreased. The alpha-, beta-, and delta-HCH residues as well as those of HCB were found between 0.5 microgram/kg and 5 micrograms/kg. The residues of DDT and HCH were below 0,02 mg/kg, the negligible amounts ("zero tolerance") for these substances fixed in the GDR order on pesticides in foods, or below 0,05 mg/kg in case of HCB, being the tolerance (maximum allowable amount) for this substance.

DDT↗
PubMed1986

The protein inhibitors of amylases and peptidases isolated from cereal grains.

The peptidase and amylase inhibitors were isolated from rye and preliminarily purified to investigate some of their properties. It was shown, that both are of albumin character despite the acetic acid solubility of the former. They are not active against the native cereal grain peptidases or amylases (rye, wheat, triticale) but the latter inhibited the animal (hog pancreas, man salivary) and bacterial (Thermamyl, NOVO) alpha-amylases. In the long-term experiments on various rye genotypes there was shown, that the peptidase inhibitor level was rather differentiated between them, but more stable as concerns particular ones. On the other hand the level differentiation of alpha-amylase inhibitor between the genotypes was rather small, but that of climate much more significant.

Amylases↗
PubMed1988

A new technology for the production of valuable vitamin extracts from wheat and rye germs.

A method for nearly complete extraction of the lipid fraction from wheat and rye germs was developed, and the technological parameters of the production process were specified. The resulting preparations are extracts rich in vitamin E and other biologically active components. Dermatological studies and application in the cosmetic industry have testified to the suitability of these preparations for use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Owing to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids and to a natural combination of biologically active compounds, the preparations from wheat and rye germs obtained by our method on an industrial scale find increasingly wider application. The post-extraction residue free from the lipid fraction is high-value feed.

Chemical Phenomena↗