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PubMed2005

Choral reading with filtered speech: effect on stuttering.

This study investigated use of choral reading with filtered components of speech and whispered speech on the frequency of stuttering. Three passages read by a normal adult male were lowpass filtered with kneepoint frequencies at 100 Hz (approximate glottal source), 500 Hz (source and first formant), and 1 kHz (source and the first two formants). Along with a whispered passage, a normal passage, and a control condition, these stimuli were used in a repeated-measures design with 12 adult stutterers as they read passages while listening to one of the stimuli. Frequencies of stuttering in each condition were analyzed. The choral speech, the 500-Hz, the 1-kHz, and the whispered speech conditions all decreased the frequency of stuttering while the 100-Hz stimuli did not. It is suggested that articulatory events, chiefly the encoded speech output from the vocal tract, create effective cues and may induce fluent speech in people who stutter.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1984

Relationship between stuttering severity and brainstem-evoked response testing.

Brainstem-evoked-response testing was performed on 8 adult stutterers and 8 non-stutterers. Stutterers demonstrated prolonged central conduction time as measured by the interpeak latency (IPL) differences between Waves I to V. Five of the stutterers manifested abnormalities unilaterally, while three of the subjects showed abnormal responses bilaterally. No relationship was found between brainstem-evoked-response testing and severity of stuttering.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Acoustic evidence of aberrant velocities in stutterers' fluent speech.

Movement rates of formant frequencies and the extents of articulatory change were spectrographically analyzed in the fLuent (VCV) utterances of 20 stutterers and nonstutterers. The velocities of articulator movement throughout the first vowel and velocities into the second vowel were not significantly different for the two groups. These mean rates of movement, although nonsignificant, were slower in stutterers and slightly more variable, and the extent of articulator movement was comparable. These results do not support the contentions that stutterers use coarticulatory movements that are too rapid or that stutterers have a poorer competence for rapid coordination of speech movements. The rationales of rate-control treatment methods to slow coarticulatory movements in stutterers need to be reexamined.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Lingual vibrotactile threshold shift differences between stutterers and normal speakers during magnitude-estimation scaling.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in tactile sensory system function between stutterers and normal speakers. This task was accomplished by studying possible tactile threshold shifts occurring during magnitude-estimation scaling of vibratory stimuli presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue. Ten normal speaking men (M age = 19.7 yr.) and 10 stutterers (M age = 25.9 yr.) participated. Analysis suggested that stutterers and normal speakers differ in terms of the responsiveness of the sensory mechanism for the lingual tactile threshold to vibratory stimulus intensities applied at suprathreshold levels. The stutterers and normal speakers performed similarly on all aspects of the magnitude-estimation scaling tasks, but the amount of threshold shift occurring during the scaling procedures was significantly greater for the stutterers at each suprathreshold intensity level employed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Hemispheric picture-naming hierarchies in stuttering subjects.

The present study was done to investigate the linguistic organization of the right hemisphere of stuttering subjects and the interhemispheric interactions that underlie verbal output in this population. Naming reaction times of 14 stuttering adults were measured to unilaterally presented pictures corresponding to vocabulary levels of < 5.5, 9.5-10.5, and > 18.0 years of age. An analysis of variance of latencies showed a significant main effect for picture vocabulary-age. Post hoc tests were interpreted as suggesting that the right hemisphere of stuttering subjects was capable of differential picture-encoding operations in a manner similar to the left hemisphere of normal speakers. Also, naming latencies favored left visual-field stimulations by 34 msec. Taken with significant and high correlations between visual fields for each level of picture vocabulary score, the right hemispheres of the stuttering subjects appeared responsible for picture-encoding operations. Left-hemispheric stimulus processing was not predicted, suggesting differences may exist in interhemispheric interactions underlying picture-naming functions in stuttering populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of listeners' judgments of simulated and authentic stuttering using magnitude estimation scaling.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether normal listeners can differentiate authentic and simulated stuttering. The subjects were 40 graduate and undergraduate students in hearing and speech sciences who were asked to listen to segments of authentic and simulated stuttered speech at varying severities. Using magnitude estimation scaling, each subject was asked to judge the samples of stuttered speech by providing a numerical response that matched the severity of the segment listened to. Analysis showed that the subjects discriminated between different severities of both the authentic and stuttered speech. They did not differentiate between authentic segments of stuttered speech and simulated ones.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2000

Auditory backward-masking performance by children who stutter and its relation to dysfluency rate.

The fluency of people who stutter is affected markedly when auditory feedback is altered, suggesting that stuttering may be associated with hearing. Peripheral hearing problems, however, are no more common in people who stutter than in those who do not. Performance was investigated in a task that involves central auditory processing (backward masking). Children who stuttered had deficits in backward masking (indicated by higher thresholds) compared with a group of fluent control children. The backward-masking thresholds were positively correlated with frequency of stuttering.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2002

Pseudofluency in adults who stutter: the illusory outcome of therapy.

The majority of therapy programs for people who stutter are aimed at modifying the entire speech output by using techniques that reduce the overt signature events. Use of these techniques for extended time periods are thought to induce true fluency that is automatic, natural, and effortless. It is proposed that the present form of therapeutic intervention induces pseudofluency rather than true fluency. Pseudofluency is the speech posrtherapy of persons who stutter, free of the discrete signature events of stuttering, but replaced by cognitively mediated gestures that are embedded as continuous prolongation or masked stuttering events throughout the speech act. This may account for the high rate of relapse and the problems associated with the maintenance, stability, and naturalness of speech after stuttering therapy.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1990

Voice-onset time and electroglottographic dynamics in stutterers' speech: implications for a differential diagnosis.

Three stuttering subjects were used to test findings that voice-onset time (VOT) in the fluent utterances of stuttered speech are slower than those of their normal-speaking peers. Acoustic analysis revealed the stutterers' VOTs to be slower, but when analysed by a t test the difference was found not to be significant at the P = 0.05 level. Electroglottographic (EGG) dynamics were also studied to provide comparative data for recent research which notes specific EGG activity amongst stutterers following severe blocks. Analysis revealed that both experimental and control subjects exhibited this pattern randomly. It is concluded that, at present, EGG methodology is not sufficiently advanced to be able to characterise reliably the range of laryngeal behaviours that are associated with stuttering. The technique therefore is not presently viable as a diagnostic tool.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effect of frequency altered feedback and audience size on stuttering.

The effect of frequency altered feedback (FAF) and audience size on stuttering frequency was examined. Nine adults who stutter orally read to audiences of two, four and 15 people under conditions of FAF (one-half octave shift down) and non-altered auditory feedback (NAF). There was no statistically significant effect of audience size on stuttering frequency (p > 0.05). A statistically significant reduction in stuttering frequency was found under FAF relative to NAF (p < 0.5). Collapsed across audience conditions, stuttering frequency was reduced by 74%. These findings suggest that FAF may be useful as a treatment tool.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Stuttering as a manifestation of stroke.

Two cases are described of stuttering as a manifestation of cerebral ischaemia in previously stutter-free individuals. In the first case, stuttering suddenly ceased after carotid endarterectomy; the second patient developed stuttering after a period of three days of complete aphasia after which the stutter gradually improved. Aetiological possibilities are discussed in the light of current theories.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Stuttering and left-handedness] .

The main purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of left handedness in 380 stuttering children and adolescents and also to examine the differences in variables of stuttering severity between the left- and right handed subjects. The results showed that the incidence of left-handedness in stuttering children was not significantly different from normally fluent children. The difference in variables of stuttering between the right- and left-handed subjects was determined using the t-test. The results obtained revealed that the difference between the left- and right-handed subjects was not statistically significant in variables of stuttering severity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[On stuttering-like hesitation resulting from infarct in the midbrain and the mesial thalami].

We described a patient who developed stuttering after an infarct both in the midbrain and the medial part of bilateral thalami. Previously, speech disturbance resulting from these lesions has been named palilalia. However, we differentiated such a speech disturbance from both stuttering and palialia, because it had high frequency of repetition and monotonous rhythm, and because repetition was observed more frequently in the head of words than in the middle or the end of words. We proposed to call this speech abnormality stuttering-like hesitation in order to differentiate it from ordinary stuttering or palilalia. As the causative lesion for stuttering-like hesitation, we proposed the lesion in the neuronal circuit including the supplementary motor area and its afferent pathways, in addition to the lesion in the extrapyramidal system.

Cerebral Infarction↗

PubMed2004

Stuttering or reflex seizure? A case report.

Stuttering is characterized by involuntary syllabic repetitions and interruption in the smooth flow of speech. The exact cause of primary stuttering remains a matter of debate but a frontal dysfunction has been evoked. On the other hand, acquired stuttering is uncommon. We report a case of reflex epilepsy in which seizures were triggered by reading aloud or stressful conversation. Each paroxysmal event in left frontal region was associated clinically with a language disorder mimicking stuttering. Our observation suggests that reflex frontal focal epilepsy could be a putative etiology for acquired stuttering.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[On the psychopathology of stuttering].

This contribution wants to encourage, on the basis of a stigma-theoretical (Goffman 1963; Mead 1968; Cloerkes 1997) and socio-psychological perspective, a discriminating and critical perception for looking at psychoanalytical/deep-psychological constructs on the aetiology of stuttering. It is shown that stuttering, based on its symptom phenomenology and effect on listeners and observers has always stimulated for those affected unfavourable, succinct (everyday) psychological fantasies and attributions of the causes (Benecken 1993, 1996b), which have not been possible to confirm through empirical research (c.f. amongst others Natke 2000; Bloodstein 1995; Johannsen, Schulze 1989; Krause 1981; Sheehan 1970). Some of the psychoanalytical constructs (including Fenichel 1945) strikingly repeat the clichés which have been handed down in every day psychology for a long time and which have constituted part of the stigmatisation of stuttering people. After over the last 30 years (Bloodstein 1975, 1995; Natke 2000) something resembling an interdisciplinary and multi-perspective research into stuttering has been established, it is astonishing that Heinemann and Hopf (2001) in their overview book on psychic disturbances in children and young people, even if the sub-title indicates a psychoanalytical orientation, have again in a biased way applied traditional psychoanalytical constructs to stuttering.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Adult-onset re-emergent stuttering as a presentation of Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: The basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuits are postulated to play a key role in the aetiopathogenesis of stuttering. The main dysfunction is thought to be an impairment in the ability of the basal ganglia to produce timing cues for the initiation of the next motor segment of speech, explaining the association of acquired and re-emergent stuttering with diseases such as dystonia and Parkinson's disease. CLINICAL PICTURE: We describe a 61-year-old man presenting with re-emergent stuttering and mild hypomimia, only to develop unilateral rest tremors, hypo- and bradykinesia, rigidity and gait difficulties one year later. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: His parkinsonism responded well to treatment with bromocriptine, but he continued to stutter. DISCUSSION: This case illustrates the association between acquired or re-emergent stuttering and basal ganglia disorders, and highlights the need to assess such patients for an underlying aetiology.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed2005

[Clinical application of synchronised multimedia scanning for the objectification of laryngeal events in stuttering: preliminary study and first results].

OBJECTIVE: We have tried in this preliminary work to observe what kind of mechanical laryngeal events were corresponding to the disfluencies heard while stuttering, especially in the pre-phonatory and phonatory blocks. Basing our observations upon numerised and synchronised multimedia recordings (videonasofibroscopic long duration recordings synchronised to the acoustic recordings of speech corpus) we also tried to figure what happened when an adult speaker used a fluency enhancing method such as the Erasm. Authors advanced the hypothesis of a closed larynx in two or three folds while the stuttering blocks and some even described those folds. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We have recorded the stutterers and non-stutterers (N= 3) as well during speaking tasks as in cough, snuffling (N= 2), swallowing and sustaining a vowel. Secondary, the patients had to use the Erasm method, for the productions they had first stuttered. We wanted to focus rather on the supraglottal components movements. RESULTS: In our study we haven't visualised any laryngeal double or triple folding while the blocks. But we did observe abnormal laryngeal behaviours, which recall spasmodic or myoclonic type of movements with: Tremors of the base of the tongue, a strong lateral pharyngolaryngeal constriction, quick successive up and down involuntary movements of the larynx, anarchic and paradoxal attempts of opening the vocal folds, at the moment of the intention of speaking. We did also objectify a real improvement in those aberrant movements by using the Erasm method.

Acoustics↗

PubMed1990

Comorbidity of stuttering and disordered phonology in young children.

Young stutterers frequently exhibit concomitant speech and/or language disorders. The co-occurrence of these disorders is, however, not yet well understood. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notion of "comorbidity" as it relates to the field of speech-language pathology: specifically, to discuss comorbidity (coexistence) of stuttering and disordered phonology in young children. Literature on concomitant speech and language disorders in young stutterers is reviewed, with special reference to the prevalence of articulatory/phonological disorders in young stutterers. Future research on the coexistence of two speech and language disorders is encouraged, as well as the consideration of diagnostic treatment and prognostic implications for children who exhibit both stuttering and disordered phonology as opposed to children who exhibit each disorder in isolation.

Child↗