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PubMed1995

Adrenergic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis under basal and social stress conditions.

The significance of adrenergic neurons and anterior pituitary and hypothalamic adrenergic receptors in stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) was investigated under basal conditions and after three-days crowding stress in conscious rats. In nonstressed rats the corticosterone response to phenylephrine, an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist, was totally abolished or considerably reduced by prazosin, an alpha 1-receptor antagonist, when both those drugs were given ip or icv, respectively. The corticosterone response to ip isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, was abolished by icv or ip pretreatment with propranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. These results indicate involvement of functional alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary corticotrops and pituitary beta-adrenoceptors in stimulation of the HPA axis. AVP given ip was almost as potent as CRH in stimulating corticosterone secretion. The stimulatory effect of AVP given ip or icv on corticosterone secretion was significantly diminished by propranolol, but not prazosin or yohimbine, indicating an involvement of beta-adrenergic receptors. The specific noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4, given ip 11 days before the experiment, considerably diminished the hypothalamic noradrenaline (NA) level but did not influence the resting and icv CRH- or AVP-stimulated corticosterone secretion. In nonstressed rats CRH further enhanced significantly the DSP-4-elicited fall in hypothalamic NA, whereas AVP almost totally prevented that decrease. In stressed rats CRH considerably antagonized the DSP-4-induced decrease in the hypothalamic NA level while AVP did not affect that decrease. The CRH- and AVP-elicited changes in hypothalamic NA were not correlated with changes in corticosterone secretion. Tree-day crowding stress did not affect the CRH-induced corticosterone secretion, whereas it considerably reduced the AVP-evoked corticosterone response. These results indicate that pituitary and hypothalamic adrenergic receptors are significantly involved in the AVP- and CRH-induced HPA axis stimulation, but the hypothalamic NA level, though modified by these peptides, does not significantly influence the HPA response.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1998

[Conditions facilitating social behavior disorder in children and adolescents in a clinic referred sample].

The patients referred to our center from 1989 to 6/1994 (n = 1076) were divided into three groups: "conduct disorder" (n = 235), "none psychiatric diagnosis" (n = 324) and "other psychiatric diagnosis" (n = 517). These groups were compared with regard to frequency, age, sex, the frequency of specific developmental disorders, the IQ, and the frequency of abnormal psychosocial circumstances. Additional the religiosity of the families and the televiewing of the children were investigated. Abnormal psychosocial circumstances and enlarged televiewing of the children were significantly associated with conduct disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Classification of mental phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment (with remarks on the phenomenon of altered states of consciousness)].

In recent years mystical ideas have been spreading concerning "altered states of consciousness" as "new dimensions of experience and transpersonal communication". An analysis is given of the class-conditioned character of these concepts deriving from the insecure social conditions existing under moribund imperialism. This is contrasted with the dialectical materialist concept of psychic phenomena as the highest integration level of man's relationship to the environment. Psychic phenomena are interpreted not as epiphenomena but as an expression of the new quality attained in the evolution of man as a social being in the central control of all functions of man's organism.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) do not utilize social information in three simultaneous social foraging tasks.

Social foraging is suggested to increase foraging efficiency, as individuals might benefit from public information acquired by monitoring the foraging activities of other group members. We conducted a series experiments with captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to investigate to what extent marmosets utilize social information about food location when foraging simultaneously with conspecifics. Subjects were confronted with dominant and subordinate demonstrators in three experiments which differed in the amount of information about food location available to the demonstrators. In all three experiments, the focal subjects' performance in the social condition was not enhanced in comparison to a non-social control condition. Because we could rule out kleptoparasitism and aggressive displacements as explanations, we argue that the subjects' tendency for scramble competition by avoiding others and dispersing over the foraging area seems to inhibit or mask the acquisition of social information about the location of rewarded patches.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: a study among nurses.

This study of 156 Dutch general hospital nurses tested a theoretically derived model of specific relationships between work stressors and stress reactions. The model proposes four central domains of the work situation, namely work content, working conditions, social and labour relations, and conditions of employment. In addition, the model proposes three important stress reactions, namely a diminished intrinsic work motivation, occupational burnout and an inclination to leave the job. More specifically, it was hypothesized that (i) intrinsic work motivation is primarily determined by work content variables, (ii) burnout is primarily determined by both work load and limited social support, and (iii) propensity to leave is primarily determined by conditions of employment. All these relationships were simultaneously tested using a structural equations modelling technique. The results of a series of LISREL analyses indicate that the postulated model fits well to the data. The present study used conceptually integrated measures that cover the area of work stress and stress reactions, and provides directions for interventions aimed at preventing or reducing specific negative outcomes of work-related stress in general hospitals.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

To grow old. From a socio-medical epidemiological intervention study among old citizens of Copenhagen.

A cross-sectional, epidemiological, sociomedical survey, followed by intervention, was conducted with the participation of 585 men and women in the 75, 80 and 85 year-old age groups living in the city of Copenhagen. The main objectives of the study were to describe the health and social conditions of the elderly people, to register the physical and social unmet needs and then intervene to relieve these needs, to assess the effect of such an intervention through a follow-up study, and to demonstrate possible risk factors. Age, marital status, recent hospitalisation were shown to be connected with the functional condition. The quality of life study showed that health, functional ability to stay independent, and housing conditions are most important factors when growing old. The socio-medical intervention did not show any effect with regard to mortality, hospitalisation, institutionalisation, subjective health and economy, loneliness, quality of life and functional ability. The most striking risk markers in relation to death were: low systolic blood pressure among women, subjective poor health, low score on the ladder-scale used to quantify quality of life, and impaired functional capacity in nine out of ten partial functions. All together, it is concluded that if we want to improve the living conditions of the elderly we should reserve the efforts for old people at risk and enable as many as possible to stay independent.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Geographic variation in tool use on Neesia fruits in orangutans.

Geographic variation in the presence of skilled behavior may reflect geographic variation in genetic predispositions or ecological conditions (accompanied by reliable expression during development), or it may reflect the vagaries of invention and the appropriate social conditions for persistence. In this study, we compare the feeding techniques and tool-using skills used by orangutans to extract the nutritious seeds from Neesia fruits between Suaq Balimbing on Sumatra and Gunung Palung on Borneo, and map the distribution of Neesia tool use in Sumatran swamps. We show that neither genetics nor ecology is sufficient to explain the distribution of this tool use, confirming earlier findings on chimpanzees. We conclude that the ability to learn to use tools determines the geographic distribution. It is impossible to distinguish between the history of invention and the conditions for social transmission as the causal factors, but the high density and the social tolerance at Suaq Balimbing create propitious conditions for the maintenance of the skill as a tradition once it has been invented. High orangutan densities in the other Sumatran coastal swamps with Neesia tool use support the conclusion that suitable transmission conditions are the critical factor to explain the geographic distribution of skills such as feeding tool use.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Initial hospitalization of schizophrenic patients. Illness manifestations, stresses, problems and resources].

PURPOSE: In this study we examined subjective views other than the usually studied quality of life, needs and treatment satisfaction, of first-admitted schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Data of 90 patients were gathered with two established and a new questionnaire. RESULTS: Signs of anxious unrest and loss of vigour are the most frequently reported complaints in patients as well as in a sample of the Berlin general population that was also studied but with a clearly higher incidence in the patients. Patients are most often burdened by concerns regarding their disease and their objective living conditions, especially work. They experience social contacts and leisure activities as helpful. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that complaints, burdens, worries and the fear of negative consequences--rather than being an expression of specific schizophrenic symptoms--are a non-specific reaction to a difficult and burdensome situation. In clinical practice, special consideration of this reaction and of the social conditions seems useful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The influence of the patients' ethnicity, socio-demographic conditions and strain on psychiatric diagnoses given at an outpatient clinic.

Although psychiatric diagnoses are influenced by cultural and social conditions, with large global variations, the ICD and DSM systems are applied worldwide. The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of different ethnic patient groups in psychiatric outpatient services and the influence of ethnicity, demographic conditions and social strain on psychiatric diagnoses. An entire year's cohort of psychiatric outpatients (n = 839) in an outpatient register was divided into nine groups, according to country of birth. The proportion of each group in the outpatient population was compared with its corresponding proportion in the catchment area. In order to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and strain on the one hand, and DSM-III-R diagnoses on the other, stepwise logistic regression analyses were carried out. Swedes were the only group under-represented as outpatients (P < 0.001). Africans ran a higher risk (OR = 5.55, 95% CI = 2.56-12.04) than other ethnic groups of receiving a diagnosis of psychotic disorder--except schizophrenia--and Greek patients were more likely to receive a diagnosis of somatoform disorder (OR = 8.81, 95% CI = 4.41-17.59). Swedes were twice as likely to receive a diagnosis of personality disorder (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.55-3.15). Schizophrenia was related to male gender (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.04-2.94) and affective disorders to age >40 years (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.22-2.40). Ethnicity has a strong impact on how diagnoses are given in cross-cultural settings. We could not confirm earlier findings of under-representation of ethnic minorities in outpatient services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Quality of life, social deprivation and mental disorders--is there an association in populations at risk?].

OBJECTIVE: The study aims at assessing the psychiatric morbidity and the quality of life of persons at immediate risk for getting homeless as well as identifying risk factors and correlations between quality of life, threatening homelessness and mental disorders. METHODS: The sample included 101 citizens of Mannheim, Germany, which were immediately threatened to be thrown out of their apartment due to not paying their rent or other causes. In a cross-sectional study, mental disorders were diagnosed by SKID-interview, quality of life was determined by using the Münchener Lebensqualitäts-Dimensionen Liste (MLDL). Other factors of potential influence were assessed. Multiple regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Acute mental disorders requiring treatment were determined in 79,3 % of the study sample. Addiction disorders (alcoholism) played a major role. This psychiatric morbidity was even higher in some disorders than in a sample of homeless people from the same region. Quality of life was low and also showed a similar pattern to the homeless sample. Regression analyses confirmed a high association of mental disorders and quality of life, which was adversely affected by former episodes of homelessness, the length of instable social conditions and a lack of social support. CONCLUSIONS: Specific psychiatric services or programs for the population at risk were not available, although their help seeking behaviour offers good opportunities for taking primary or secondary preventive action, which is likely to reduce the subjective burden on quality of life and lower the payments provided by local welfare agencies.

Adult↗