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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in wild shrimp from India by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

The prevalence of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in wild penaeid shrimp samples from India was studied by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers designed in our laboratory. The virus could be detected in 9 out of 119 samples by non-nested PCR. However, by nested PCR 69 out of 119 samples were positive. The PCR results were confirmed by hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled DNA probe. Shrimp species positive by non-nested PCR included Penaeus monodon, Penaeus indicus and Penaeus semisulcatus and by nested PCR Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Penaeus japonicus, Metapenaeus monoceros, M. affinis, M. elegans, M. dobsoni, M. ensis and Solenocera choprai. This is the first report on the prevalence of HPV in captured wild shrimp from India.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Taura syndrome virus from Penaeus vannamei shrimp cultured in Korea.

Mass mortality occurred among Penaeus vannamei shrimp cultured in Korea in 2004. In an earlier study, we reported white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) as a causative agent of mass mortality of P. monodon shrimp in Korea (Moon et al. 2003; Dis Aquat Org 53:11-13). However, in the present study, we detected Taura syndrome virus (TSV) from the moribund 2004 P. vannamei shrimp by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, during our regular screening for the TSV in stocks of P. vannamei imported from Hawaii, USA, we also detected TSV by RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the partial capsid protein VP1 of 2 Korean isolates were 99% identical to each other and 96 to 99% identical to those of TSVs isolated from the Americas, Taiwan, and Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 2 Korean isolates were closely related to TSV types from Thailand. This is the first report on the detection of TSV during an epizootic among cultured P. vannamei in Korea, and our results suggests the possibility that TSV has been introduced via the imported stock of P. vannamei.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Survival of Vibrio cholerae 01 strains in shrimp subjected to freezing and boiling.

This research was undertaken to assess the resistance of Vibrio cholerae 01 strains inoculated into white shrimp, Penaeus schimitti, to heating and freezing treatments. Shrimp samples with and without carapace were obtained from Sao Luis, Brazil. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of marine vibrios including Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and other vibrios and aerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria that grew on selective medium, thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar. Samples with and without carapaces were heated before inoculating with cells of V. cholerae and then one-half of the samples was stored frozen at -200 degrees C and the other one-half was heated to boiling temperatures. Viable cells of the test organism were recovered from samples without carapaces, stored under frozen conditions, after 36 days. In contrast, no living cells were recovered after 26 days from samples with carapaces. Boiling temperatures were very damaging to V. cholerae 01 in shrimp samples with and without carapaces. Total destruction of the cells occurred within 1 to 2 min of exposure to heating.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salads.

The potential for using chitosan glutamate as a natural food preservative in mayonnaise and mayonnaise-based shrimp salad was investigated. Mayonnaise containing 3 g/liter of chitosan combined with acetic acid (0.16%) or lemon juice (1.2 and 2.6%) was inoculated with log 5 to 6 CFU/g of Salmonella Enteritidis, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, or Lactobacillus fructivorans and stored at 5 and 25 degrees C for 8 days. In mayonnaise containing chitosan and 0.16% acetic acid, 5 log CFU/g of L. fructivorans were inactivated, and numbers remained below the sensitivity limit of the plate counting technique for the duration of the experiment. Z. bailii counts were also reduced by approximately 1 to 2 log CFU/g within the first day of incubation at 25 degrees C, but this was followed by growth on subsequent days, giving an overall growth delay of 2 days. No differences in counts of Z. bailii in mayonnaise stored at 5 degrees C or of Salmonella Enteritidis stored at either temperature were observed. In mayonnaise containing lemon juice at both 1.2 and 2.6%, no substantial differences were observed between the controls and the samples containing chitosan. In shrimp salads stored at 5 degrees C, the presence of a coating of chitosan (9 mg/g of shrimp) inhibited growth of the spoilage flora from approximately log 8 CFU/g in the controls to log 4 CFU/g throughout 4 weeks. However, at 25 degrees C, chitosan was ineffective as a preservative. The results demonstrated that chitosan may be useful as a preservative when combined with acetic acid and chill storage in specific food applications.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Role of sulfites and 4-hexylresorcinol in microbial growth and melanosis prevention of deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) using a controlled atmosphere.

A controlled atmosphere containing 48% CO2 and 7% O2 was used in association with refrigeration for storage of deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris). Shrimp were treated with two different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite or 4-hexylresorcinol and subjected to the controlled atmosphere immediately after capture onboard ship or on arrival in port. Total volatile basic nitrogen, total viable counts, enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and luminescent bacteria were determined, and black spot progression was evaluated. The combined effect of controlled atmosphere and melanosis inhibitors was used to delay black spot development as compared to the shrimp stored in ice alone. Storage under the controlled atmosphere without ice limited microbiological quality, namely, total viable counts, but enterobacterial growth was lower.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Species identification of five penaeid shrimps using PCR-RFLP and SSCP analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA.

DNA-based molecular markers for differentiation of five penaeid shrimps (Penaeus monodon, P. semisulcatus, Feneropenaeus merguiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and Marsupenaeus japonicus) were developed based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of 16S ribosomal (r) DNA. Differentiation of P. monodon, P. semisulcatus and L. vannamei can be unambiguously carried out by PCRRFLP of 16S rDNA(560) whereas P. semisulcatus and M. japonicus shared a BABB mitotype. These shrimps were successfully discriminated by SSCP analysis of 16S rDNA(560). Nevertheless, the amplification success for L. vannamei and F. merguiensis was not consistent when tested against larger sample sizes. As a result, 16S rDNA(560) of an individual representing the most common mitotype of each species was cloned and sequenced. The new primer pair was designed and tested against the large sample sizes (312 bp product, N = 185). The amplification success was consistent across all species. PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA(312) was as effective as that of 16S rDNA(560). Differentiation of all shrimp species were successfully carried out by SSCP analysis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous determination of residues of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, florfenicol amine, and thiamphenicol in shrimp tissue by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

A gas chromatographic (GC) method is presented for determining residues of chloramphenicol (CAP), florfenicol (FF), florfenicol amine (FFa), and thiamphenicol (TAP) in shrimp tissues, with meta-nitrochloramphenicol (mCAP) as the internal standard. The composited shrimp is extracted with basic ethyl acetate, followed by an acetonitrile-basic ethyl acetate mixture. This extract is centrifuged, filtered, evaporated, and reconstituted in water; the reconstituted extract is acidified, defatted with hexane, and passed through a propylsulfonic acid (PRS) and C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) system. The C18 SPE column is eluted with methanol, and the PRS SPE column is eluted with basic MeOH plus counter ion. The combined eluates are evaporated, reconstituted in acetonitrile, and derivatized with Sylon BFT. After derivatization, the addition of toluene directly to the sample, followed by the addition of basic water, quenches the derivatization process. After centrifugation, the organic layer is carefully removed, and the analytes are determined by GC with electron capture detection. Shrimp tissues were fortified with fenicols (i.e., CAP, FF, FFa, and TAP) at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ng/mL. Overall recoveries were 88, 101, 91, and 84% with overall interassay (between-day) variabilities (i.e., relative standard deviations) of 5.3, 9.4, 12.8, and 7.4% for CAP, FF, FFa, and TAP, respectively. The method detection limits were calculated as 0.7, 1.4, 2.4, and 1.3 ng/g (ppb) for CAP, FF, FFa, and TAP, respectively, based on a 10 g sample. The quantitation limit as determined empirically by this method is the lower limit of the standard curve, which is about 5 ng/g (ppb) for each analyte.

Acetates↗
PubMed2000

Cloning and characterization of a novel nuclease from shrimp hepatopancreas, and prediction of its active site.

Approximately 95% of the amino acid sequence of a shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) nuclease was derived from protease-digested peptides. A 1461-base cDNA for the nuclease was amplified and sequenced with degenerate primers based on the amino acid sequence and then specific primers by 3' and 5' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). It contains an open reading frame encoding a putative 21-residue signal peptide and a 381-residue mature protein. The N-terminus of the enzyme is pyroglutamate, deduced from composition and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS analyses, and confirmed by a glutamine residue in the cDNA sequence. The enzyme has 11 Cys residues, forming five intramolecular disulphides. The eleventh Cys residue was linked to a thiol compound with an estimated molecular mass of between 500 and 700 Da. A sequence similarity search revealed no homologous proteins but residues 205-255 shared a conserved active-site motif within a distinct group of nucleases. His(211) in this conserved motif was shown to be very important in catalysis by site-specific modification with (14)C-labelled iodoacetate. The shrimp nuclease, previously designated DNase I, does indeed possess a low level of hydrolytic activity towards RNA in the presence of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+). The conservation of functionally important residues during distant evolution might imply that the catalytic mechanisms are similar in these nucleases, which should be classified in one subfamily. Finally, an active-site structure for shrimp nuclease was proposed on the basis of published structural data and the results of mutational and biochemical analyses of Serratia nuclease.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

[Multiplication of the shrimp baculovirus HHNBV with primary cell cultures from lymphoid organ of Penaeus chinensis].

The hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus HHNBV has been confirmed to be the causative agent for the explosive epidermic disease of farmed shrimp Penaeus chinensis since 1993. The virus was isolated and multiplied successfully in the primary cell cultures from the lymphoid organ of the shrimp. A cell monolayer was formed in three days in the medium MPS and could be maintained for 1-3 months as the medium replaced every 4-5 days. The cytopathic effect occurred in 5 days after inoculation of the tissue extract from the diseased shrimp. The transmission electron microscopy showed many rod-shaped virions of HHNBV in the nuclei of infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development and validation of models predicting the toxicity of major seawater ions to the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia.

The concentration and balance of major ions that comprise total dissolved solids (TDS) can influence the toxicity of effluents discharged to freshwater and marine environments. An additional complicating factor in waters released to saltwater systems is the effluent salinity since the toxicity of major ions changes with the salinity of the test solution. A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of six major seawater ions (bicarbonate, borate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfate) to the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, at salinities of 10 and 20/1000. Logistic regression models were developed to predict organism survival at deficient and excess concentrations of the ions. Calcium and potassium caused significant mortality to mysid shrimp in both excess and deficient (relative to artificial seawater) solutions. Bicarbonate, borate, and magnesium displayed significant toxicity only in excess concentrations, while sulfate had no adverse impacts at any of the concentrations tested. As the salinity of the test solutions decreased, mysid shrimp tolerated increasingly lower calcium and potassium concentrations. Similarly, as salinity increased, the upper tolerance levels of calcium, potassium, and magnesium also increased. The models developed during these studies, and similar models developed by other researchers, were used to evaluate 11 actual effluents with unexplained toxicity that might be associated with TDS ions. The models correctly identified calcium as the primary toxicant in 9 of the 11 effluents. These results indicate the models can be used as an important tool to identify toxicity associated with major seawater ions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concurrent determination of four fluoroquinolones in catfish, shrimp, and salmon by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorescence detection was developed for concurrent determination of 4 fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin (CIPRO), enrofloxacin (ENRO), sarafloxacin (SARA), and difloxacin (DIFLX) in catfish, shrimp, and salmon. The procedure consists of extraction from fish tissue with acidified ethanol, isolation and retention on a cation exchange solid-phase extraction column, elution with basic methanol, and LC analysis with fluorescence detection. LC is performed by isocratic elution with acetonitrile-2% acetic acid (16 + 84) mobile phase, and a PLRP-S polymer column with fluorescence detection, excitation 278 nm and emission 450 nm. A target level of 20 ppb for each of the 4 fluoroquinolones has been established for this method. Fortified and incurred fish sample results are based on a 5-point standard curve calculation (10-160 ppb). Overall percent recoveries (% relative standard deviation) from fortified catfish were 78 (10), 80 (11), 70 (9.4), and 78 (10); from fortified shrimp, 69 (5.9), 85 (4.9), 79 (5.9), and 90 (4.5); and from fortified salmon, 56 (15), 93 (5.6), 61 (11), and 87 (5.0) for CIPRO, ENRO, SARA, and DIFLX, respectively. Data from the analysis of fluoroquinolone-incurred catfish, shrimp, and salmon are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Role of probiotics on the environment of shrimp pond.

Recent disease outbreak in shrimp farming caused mainly by bacteria, virus, fungi or a combination of these etiologic agents is attributed to disturbance in the environment of pond. To combat this, different antibiotics and chemicals are being used which are reported to be not environment friendly. Of late, a new and unique biotechnological product called "Probiotics " is being used widely by all the shrimp farmers worldwide, which is found to be more effective and environmentally safe also. In the present study 2 probiotics were used in a small 0.7 ha shrimp farm near Pattukottai in Tamil Nadu State for one culture period for the management of pond environment and also the gut ecology of Penaeus monodon. The environmental parameters analysed were within the acceptable limits. It was evident from the results that the production was better in the experimental pond where the probiotics were used. The biological parameters such as the average body weight, FCR and total harvest achieved were better in the experimental pond than the control pond, all due to congenial environment, which obtained in the former mainly due to the use of probiotics.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic method for putrescine and cadaverine in shrimp.

A gas-liquid chromatographic method developed for the determination of putrescine and cadaverine in fishery products was modified for application to the determination of diamines in shrimp. Addition of potassium chloride and hydrochloric acid to the methanol-water extraction solvent resulted in increased recovery of the diamines and minimized gel formation. The recovery of putrescine increased on average from 64 to 98%, and the recovery of cadaverine increased from 85 to 93%. The chromatographic separation of the derivatized diamines was significantly improved with a change from an OV-225 column (cyanopropyl methyl phenyl methyl silicone) to a more polar HP-Innowax column (crosslinked polyethylene glycol). Background levels of putrescine and cadaverine in known high-quality shrimp ranged from 0 to 0.7 ppm. Shrimp that failed sensory examination generally contained putrescine at levels >4.8 ppm and cadaverine at levels >1.3 ppm.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Immunocytochemical studies on the phase of differentiation of hatching gland cells in brine shrimp, Artemia salina].

Hatching enzyme (HE), synthesized in hatching gland cells (HGCs), plays vital roles in animal hatching. Immunocytochemical techniques employing anti-GST-UVS.2 antiserum, prepared from Xenopus HE and with specificity to brine shrimp HE, were first used to investigate the differentiation and variability of hatching gland cells (HGCs) in the hatching process of embryos of brine shrimp, Artemia salina, in this study. HGCs with immunoreactivity to anti-GST-UVS.2 antiserum were identified, for the first time, in brine shrimp embryos during hatching process. Immunocytochemical staining results showed that, (1) HE-positive immunoreactivity is really specific to Artemia HE, and its appearance and disappearance are closely correlated with the hatching process of Artemia salina. (2) Artemia HGCs, first appeared in embryos 5 hours before hatching and disappeared 4 hours after hatching, were also a transient type of cells, with an existence period of 9 hours. (3) The head portion of Artemia embryo is probably the initial position of HE secretion, and likely to be the main position of HE secretion as well. The detailed process and mechanism need to be studied. (4) The appearance of HGCs is in a synchronous mode from places all over the embryos, and their disappearance is also in a synchronous mode. (5) The number of HGCs increased gradually along with embryo development process and reached a maximum number at hatching. Contrarily, the number of HGCs decreased gradually after hatching, and HGCs disappeared 5 hours after hatching. However, the intensity of HE-positive reaction was almost at the same level at the period of HGCs'presence. (6) Artemia HGCs were distributed throughout the body of embryos at all time during their presence. Therefore, it can concluded that Artemia HGCs, as a transient type of cells, first appeared in embryos 4 hours before hatching and disappeared in embryos 5 hours after hatching, and with distinguished patterns of appearance, disappearance and distribution in embryos. What is the final destiny of Artemia HGCs after hatching? And what is the biological significance of remanet HGCs, still existing until 4 hours after hatching, in fresh-hatched Artemia larvae? Is it possible that the HGCs are involved in larvae yolk digestion? Moreover, what is the molecular mechanism of HGCs' synchronous sudden appearance and disappearance? All these questions remain to be further studied and approved.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular phylogeny of penaeid shrimps inferred from two mitochondrial markers.

Penaeid shrimps are an important resource in crustacean fisheries, representing more than the half of the gross production of shrimp worldwide. In the present study, we used a sample of wide-ranging diversity (41 shrimp species) and two mitochondrial markers (758 bp) to clarify the evolutionary relationships among Penaeidae genera. Three different methodologies of tree reconstruction were employed in the study: maximum likelihood, neighbor joining and Bayesian analysis. Our results suggest that the old Penaeus genus is monophyletic and that the inclusion of the Solenocera genus within the Penaeidae family remains uncertain. With respect to Metapenaeopsis monophyly, species of this genus appeared clustered, but with a nonsignificant bootstrap value. These results elucidate some features of the unclear evolution of Penaeidae and may contribute to the taxonomic characterization of this family.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of total sulfite in shrimp, potatoes, dried pineapple, and white wine by flow injection analysis: collaborative study.

A method for the determination of total sulfite in shrimp, potatoes, dried pineapple, and white wine by flow injection analysis (FIA) was collaboratively studied by 8 laboratories. In the method, the sample solution is reacted with sodium hydroxide to liberate aldehyde-bound sulfite. The sample stream is acidified to produce SO2 gas, which diffuses across a Teflon membrane in the gas diffusion cell into a flowing stream of malachite green. The degree of discoloration of the malachite green is proportional to the amount of sulfite in the sample solution. Red wine was included in the study but interlaboratory precision for these samples was not satisfactory and correlation with Monier-Williams results was poor. The present method is not recommended for use with these samples. For shrimp, potatoes, dried pineapple, and white wine, average reproducibility (RSDR) of results was 25% for samples at 10 ppm SO2 and 10% for samples at greater than 50 ppm. Overall average reproducibility was 14%. Recoveries of sulfite added to samples averaged 80%. Comparison of FIA with the Monier-Williams method indicated comparable results by the 2 methods. The FIA method has been adopted official first action for determination of greater than or equal to 5 ppm total sulfite in shrimp, potatoes, dried pineapple, and white wine.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of aerial thermal fog applications of fenthion on caged pink shrimp, mysids and sheepshead minnows.

Mosquito control applications of fenthion by aerial thermal fog equipment were studied at 2 sites in Collier County, FL, for sprays that occurred on June 20 and 23, 1984. Acute, lethal effects of fenthion deposited in these estuarine habitats were assessed for caged pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). At Site 1, along a bay with substantial dilution and tidal mixing, fenthion concentrations of 1.5 and 0.29 micrograms/liter were measured in samples taken immediately after both sprays. Concentrations decreased to less than or equal to 0.020 microgram/liter 12 h postspray and no mortality was observed for caged pink shrimp and mysids. Site 2 was along a residential canal system that offered limited dilution and mixing. Maximum concentrations were 2.6 and 0.51 micrograms/liter and measurable concentrations (greater than 0.038 microgram/liter) of fenthion persisted at this site for 4 days. Fenthion concentrations in surface waters were toxic to caged pink shrimp and mysids after both sprays. No mortality occurred among caged sheepshead minnows at either site.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Salmonella agona isolated from fish meal and a Salmonella strain isolated from shrimps in Lebanon.

Salmonella agona was isolated from an imported fish meal specimen and a Salmonella strain not listed in the Kauffmann-White Scheme was isolated from a shrimp specimen obtained from the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon. The biochemical and serological properties of the S. agona fish meal strain was identical to a standard strain. The serotype of the shrimp strain was O13,22 Vi. With the exception of hydrogen sulfide production the biochemical properties of the shrimp strain were similar to S. agona.

Agglutination Tests↗