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PubMed1981

A trial of the effects of soya-bean flour and soya-bean saponins on plasma lipids, faecal bile acids and neutral sterols in hypercholesterolaemic men.

1. The hypothesis that soya-bean saponins, by binding bile salts in the gastrointestinal lumen, are responsible for some of the plasma-cholesterol-lowering effect of soya-bean preparations, was tested. In a double-blind crossover study 50 g soya-bean flour/d, containing either 22 or 4 g saponins/kg (adjusted by ethanol extraction) was incorporated in biscuits as a substitute for biscuits or bread into the diet of ten outpatient hypercholesterolaemic men over two consecutive 4-week study periods. The diet was monitored to ensure constancy, saponin-rich foods excluded, faeces collected for bile acid and neutral sterol analysis, and blood taken for plasma lipoprotein lipid analysis. 2. Neither diet had any effect on cholesterol in any plasma lipoprotein fraction, on fasting plasma triglyceride, or on faecal bile acids and neutral sterols. 3. These results suggested that soya-bean saponins are not responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of soya-bean products.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Adsorption of bile salts by soya-bean flour, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), sawdust and lignin; the effect of saponins and other plant constituents.

1. The adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution on the soya-bean flour, wheat bran, fine dry sawdust and lucerne (Medicago sativa) was measured. Adsorption on to the residuum after the first three of these substances had been extracted with organic solvents, pronase or solvents, pronase and acid (to produce lignin) was also measured. 2. The removal of saponins from soya-bean flour did not affect bile salt adsorption, and bile salts were adsorbed on to lignin and on to wheat bran (deficient in saponins). Although our methods differed from Oakenfull & Fenwick (1978) we were unable to substantiate their conclusions that saponins are responsible for most bile salt binding to fibrous substances in vitro.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2002

The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review.

Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, common in a large number of plants and plant products that are important in human and animal nutrition. Several biological effects have been ascribed to saponins. Extensive research has been carried out into the membrane-permeabilising, immunostimulant, hypocholesterolaemic and anticarcinogenic properties of saponins and they have also been found to significantly affect growth, feed intake and reproduction in animals. These structurally diverse compounds have also been observed to kill protozoans and molluscs, to be antioxidants, to impair the digestion of protein and the uptake of vitamins and minerals in the gut, to cause hypoglycaemia, and to act as antifungal and antiviral agents. These compounds can thus affect animals in a host of different ways both positive and negative.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Ilex kudincha.

Eight new triterpenoid saponins, kudinosides I-P along with three known saponins were isolated from the leaves of Ilex kudincha. The aglycone moiety of kudinosides I-K was determined as a new triterpene (kudinolic acid), a fore-genin for the lactonic triterpene. The structures of all saponins were established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence. The biogenesis of the triterpene with lactonic moiety was briefly discussed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2002

The active constituents from Gualou-xiebai-baijiu-tang part I: active saponins.

Two new steroidal saponins and a new triterpenoidal saponin, together with nine known steroidal saponins, were isolated from "Gualou-xiebai-baijiu-tang" consisting of Fructus trichosanthis and Bulbus allii macrostemi. The structures of the three new compounds were determined as 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-hederagenin 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl ester (1), spirost 25(27)-ene-2beta,3beta-diol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (2) and 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22alpha-hydroxy-5beta-furost-25(27)-ene-1beta,3beta,6beta,26-tetraol-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (3), respectively, by means of chemical evidences and spectral analysis.

Allium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Novel furostanol saponins from the bulbs of Allium macrostemon B. and their bioactivity on [Ca2+]i increase induced by KCl.

Chemical reinvestigation of the ethanol extract of the dried bulbs of Allium macrostemon B. led to the isolation of two novel furostanol saponins, named macrostemonoside M (1) and macrostemonoside N (2), together with six known saponins. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR as (25R)-22-hydroxy-5beta-furostane-1beta,2beta,3beta,6alpha-tetraol-26-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 22-hydroxy-5beta-furost-25-(27)-ene-1beta,2beta,3beta,6alpha-tetraol-26-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. The pharmacological activities of all the saponins on [Ca2+]i increase induced by KCl were evaluated.

Allium↗

PubMed1998

Studies on dammarane-type saponins in the flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

From the dried flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, a new minor dammarane-type triterpene saponin named ginsenoside III together with nine known saponins was isolated. On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, the structure of the new saponin was elucidated as 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-3 beta,12 beta,20(S)-trihydroxy-dammar-25-en-24-one.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of toxicity of some saponins on brine shrimp.

Toxicity of several types of saponins (1-11) against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were evaluated. As a result, it was found that most tested compounds were not toxic to brine shrimp at high enough concentration. The most toxic saponin (1) to brine shrimp showed also cytotoxicity towards HL-60 tumor cell line using MTT assay. Brine shrimp model may thus be used as bench-top assay in finding cytotoxic components from saponin-containing fractions of plant extracts.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Aculeoside I, a novel 18,19-seco-ursane saponin isolated from Ilex aculeolata.

A novel 18,19-seco-ursane saponin, aculeoside I (1), in addition to four known saponins were isolated from the leaves of Ilex aculeolata Nakai and identified by using spectroscopic and chemical methods. The structure of the new saponin was established as 3,19-dihydroxyl-16,21-epoxy-18,19-seco-13(18)-urs-ene-28-oic-acid-19-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside.

China↗

PubMed2003

Albiziahexoside: a potential source of bioactive saponin from the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck.

Albiziahexoside (1), a new hexaglycosylated saponin, was isolated from leaves of Albizzia lebbeck. Saponin 1, which is an analog of cytotoxic albiziatrioside A (2), did not show cytotoxicity. However, 1 is a potential source of 2 and related bioactive saponins for medicinal use because leaves, which can be regenerated after collection, contain 1 in substantial quantity.

Albizzia↗

PubMed1984

Isolation of acetylcholine receptor clusters in substrate-associated material from cultured rat myotubes using saponin.

After exposure of rat myotube cultures to saponin, less than 1% of the cellular protein was found to remain associated with the tissue culture substrate. This substrate-associated material contained approximately 10% of the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and greater than 80% of the large, ventral AChR clusters present in the original culture. The domain structure evident in intact cells was maintained in AChR clusters after isolation using saponin. However, vinculin, present at the clusters of intact cells, was absent from isolated clusters. Dodecyl sulfate PAGE showed that substrate-associated material enriched in AChR clusters contained a distinctive set of polypeptides, the major ones electrophoresing with apparent molecular weights of 43,000 and 49,000. Saponin extraction of cultures of established cell lines also yielded substrate-associated material with characteristics particular to the cell type.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Physiological and structural properties of saponin-skinned single smooth muscle cells.

The study of the fundamental events underlying the generation and regulation of force in smooth muscle would be greatly facilitated if the permeability of the cell membrane were increased so that the intracellular environment of the contractile apparatus could be manipulated experimentally. To initiate such an analysis, we developed a saponin permeabilization procedure that was used to "skin" isolated smooth muscle cells from the stomach of the toad, Bufo marinus. Suspensions of single cells isolated enzymatically were resuspended in high-K+ rigor solution (0 ATP, 5 mM EGTA) and exposed for 5 min to 25 micrograms/ml saponin. Virtually all the cells in a suspension were made permeable by this procedure and shortened to less than one-third their initial length when ATP and Ca++ were added; they re-extended when free Ca++ was removed. Analysis of the protein content of the skinned cells revealed that, although their total protein was reduced by approximately 30%, they retained most of their myosin and actin. Skinning was accompanied by a rearrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the cells such that a fine fibrillar structure became visible under the light microscope and a tight clustering of acting filaments around myosin filaments was revealed by the electron microscope. Face-on views of saponin-treated cell membranes revealed the presence of 70-80-A-wide pits or holes. The shortening rate of skinned cells was sensitive to [Ca++] between pCa 7 and pCa 5 and was half-maximal at approximately pCa 6.2. Shortening was also dependent on [ATP] but could be increased at low [ATP] by pretreatment with adenosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP gamma S), which suggests that myosin phosphorylation was more sensitive to low substrate concentrations than was cross-bridge cycling. To determine whether a significant limitation to free diffusion existed in the skinned cells, a computer model of the cell and the unstirred layer surrounding it was developed. Simulations revealed that the membrane, even in skinned cells, could, for short time intervals, significantly inhibit the movement of substances into and out of cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2002

Imaging saponin-induced structural changes in neural processes with atomic force microscopy.

Temporal changes in the structure of neuronal processes in the presence of saponin were studied by atomic force microscopy in a fluid medium. After saponin treatment, concavities were formed on the surface of some neurites and fibrous structures in other neurites were splayed. The vertical height of these splayed fibrils or fibrillar bundles ranged from 13 to 370 nm, and the horizontal width was less than 500 nm. These findings suggest that formation of concavities and separation of bundled fibrils occurred simultaneously in saponin-treated neurites.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fungal pathogens of oat roots and tomato leaves employ closely related enzymes to detoxify different host plant saponins.

Antifungal saponins are produced by many plants and have been implicated as preformed determinants of resistance to fungal attack. The importance of saponin detoxification in fungal pathogenesis has recently been demonstrated for the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae, which produces the enzyme avenacinase. Avenacinase detoxifies the triterpenoid oat root saponin avenacin A-1, and is essential for pathogenicity of G. graminis var.avenae to oats. Here we demonstrate an unexpected relatedness between avenacinase and the tomatinase enzyme produced by Septoria lycopersici (a tomato leaf-infecting fungus), which acts on the steroidal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine. The two enzymes share common physicochemical properties and are immunologically cross-reactive; however, there are critical differences in their substrate specificities which reflect the host preferences of the fungi from which the enzymes were purified. The DNA encoding tomatinase was isolated from a S. lycopersici cDNA library using avenacinase DNA as a probe. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of avenacinase and tomatinase revealed that the enzymes are clearly similar.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Stagonospora avenae secretes multiple enzymes that hydrolyze oat leaf saponins.

The phytopathogenic fungus Stagonospora avenae is able to infect oat leaves despite the presence of avenacoside saponins in the leaf tissue. In response to pathogen attack, avenacosides are converted into 26-desglucoavenacosides (26-DGAs), which possess antifungal activity. These molecules are comprised of a steroidal backbone linked to a branched sugar chain consisting of one alpha-L-rhamnose and two (avenacoside A) or three (avenacoside B) beta-D-glucose residues. Isolates of the fungus that are pathogenic to oats are capable of sequential hydrolysis of the sugar residues from the 26-DGAs. Degradation is initiated by removal of the L-rhamnose, which abolishes antifungal activity. The D-glucose residues are then hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase activity. A comprehensive analysis of saponin-hydrolyzing activities was undertaken, and it was established that S. avenae isolate WAC1293 secretes three enzymes, one alpha-rhamnosidase and two beta-glucosidases, that carry out this hydrolysis. The major beta-glucosidase was purified and the gene encoding the enzyme cloned. The protein is similar to saponin-hydrolyzing enzymes produced by three other phytopathogenic fungi, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Septoria lycopersici, and Botrytis cinerea, and is a family 3 beta-glucosidase. The gene encoding the beta-glucosidase is expressed during infection of oat leaves but is not essential for pathogenicity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

The 'calcium sensitising' effects of ORG30029 in saponin- or Triton-skinned rat cardiac muscle.

1. The effects of a range of concentrations of ORG30029 (1 microM to 1 mM) were investigated on fully (Triton-treated) or selectively (saponin-treated) 'skinned' ventricle trabeculae from rat. The Ca-sensitivity was increased by 100 microM and amounted to a mean reduction in the Ca2+ necessary for half-maximal activation (1/Kapp) of 0.174 +/- 0.053 (mean +/- s.e.mean) pCa units. ORG30029 (50 microM) gave a smaller mean shift of 0.05 +/- 0.016 pCa units. A slight shallowing of the relationship between -log[Ca2+] (pCa) and steady-state tension was also generally found (mean Hill exponent reduction 0.37 +/- 0.28 at 100 microM). 2. The Ca-sensitizing action altered in a dose-dependent fashion. Judged by the ability to enhance force from an initial level of activation of 10-20% of maximum Ca-activated force (Cmax), the first significant effects occurred near 10 microM and continued to increase at 1 mM. 3. A small (3.7 +/- 1.1%) but consistent increase in Cmax was produced by ORG30029 at 100 microM. Much larger increases were produced by the drug at higher concentrations (up to 20-50% at 1 mM). 4. The consequence of these changes is that at levels of activation likely to occur in the heart, the absolute increase in force by 100 microM ORG30029 was considerable: it amounted to a 150-200% increase at a [Ca2+] producing 20% at Cmax. At this drug concentration virtually all the effect was due to Ca-sensitizing rather than increasing Cmax. 5. In the saponin-treated preparations, at concentrations up to 1 mM, ORG30029 did not release Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, as indicated by the failure to evoke contracture under conditions where caffeine induced large responses. 6. At 100 microM, ORG30029 potentiated the transient, caffeine-induced contracture (saponin-treated preparation) to an extent consistent with the Ca-sensitizing effect seen under conditions of steady-state tension development.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Protective effect of steroidal saponins from rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats.

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of steroidal saponins from Anemarrhena asphodeloides (ATS) on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham and OVX groups. The OVX rats were treated with vehicle, nylestriol or steroidal saponins extract for 12 weeks. Serum calcium, phosphorus, estradiol (E(2)), osteocalcin concentration and serum alkaline phosphatase activity were measured. Bone density was assayed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The undecalcified longitudinal proximal tibial metaphysical (PTM) sections were cut and stained for histomorphometric analysis of the bone. RESULTS: In OVX rats, alkaline phosphatase activities in serum were markedly increased and concentrations of osteocalcin were decreased by ATS treatment, which had no influence on the body weight. Meanwhile, atrophy of the uterus and descent of bone mineral density (BMD) was suppressed by treatment with ATS. In addition, ATS completely corrected the decreased the concentration of calcium and E(2) in serum observed in OVX rats. Histological results showed ATS prevented decreases in trabecular thickness and increases in trabecular separation of proximal tibia metaphysis (PTM) in OVX rats. However, it did not alter osteoclast number in OVX rats. Moreover, ATS (300 mg/kg) had a remarkable effect on promoting bone formation action in OVX rats. Nylestriol treatment decreased the bone formation rate and mineral apposition rate. CONCLUSION: An adequate supply of steroidal saponins of Anemarrhena asphodeloides prevented OVX-induced bone loss in rats through the promotion of bone formation but not the inhibition of bone resorption.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1981

Effect of Panax ginseng saponins and Eleutherococcus senticosus on survival of cultured mammalian cells after ionizing radiation.

Panax ginseng saponin and Eleutherococcus senticosus extract were applied to cells in culture in order to assess the effect of these substances on resistance to gamma-irradiation. Eleutherococcus was slightly radio protective. However, ginseng saponin at a dose of 10 microgram/ml was significantly radioprotective (Do = 2.25 Gy) compared to control (Do = 1.80 Gy) when it was present prior to gamma-irradiation. It enhanced radiation response if it was also present for 4-6 hours after gamma-irradiation (Do = 1.10 Gy). Ginseng-treated cells made 30% less RNA and 14% more protein during a 1 hour pulse of labeled intermediates. The cells were morphologically altered. It is concluded that ginseng saponin can increase radiation resistance. The effect is indirect, due to alterations in cell physiology rather than DNA repair processes.

Animals↗