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PubMed1975

Adjustment to loss of job at retirement.

This paper presents an approach to adjustment to the loss of job at retirement which attempts to integrate earlier approaches by focusing on the impact of retirement on the individual's hierarchy of personal goals. If the job is high in that hierarchy and yet unachieved, then the individual can be expected to seek another job or job substitute. If this is unsuccessful, then the hierarchy of personal goals must be reorganized. If the individual is broadly engaged, the hierarchy can be consolidated. If he or she is narrowly engaged, then alternate roles must be sought. If the search is successful, a new hierarchy emerges. If not, the individual must withdraw. If the job is not high in the hierarchy to begin with, then no serious change in personal goals accompanies retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Race, gender, and the retirement decisions of people ages 60 to 80: prospects for age integration in employment.

UNLABELLED: Demographic projections have prompted concerns about the potential economic burden of an aging population. This article, drawing on the 1998 Health and Retirement Study, explores ways in which race, gender, and age moderate the effects of various factors on labor force participation among people ages 60 to 80. Key findings center on health, education, and non-wage income. First, the effect of low non-wage income is weaker at older ages due to higher levels of functional disability. Second, the effect of low education is stronger for women, who perceive their chances of finding employment as low. Third, the effect of health is weaker for blacks, as they are less likely to find steady employment regardless of health. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Employer flexibility in number of hours worked might make sense for workers close to retirement age, while job search and training programs might be preferable for workers past the typical retirement age.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Applying work-role attachment theory to retirement decision-making.

This study examined the relationships between work-role attachment variables (job involvement, affective organizational commitment, and career identification) and intention to retire. Results indicated that organizational commitment was negatively related to retirement intent. Contrary to expectations, job involvement displayed a positive relationship and career identification had no relationship to retirement intent.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between sleep and retirement-nonretirement status.

Two-week sleep diaries and four consecutive nights of laboratory recordings were obtained from a sample of forty (17 males, 23 females) fifty- to seventy-year-old people. Participants were drawn from the same work pool and were divided into age matched retired-employed subsamples. Twenty-nine measures of EEG sleep structure were analyzed using two-way (sex-by-employment status) ANOVA. There were no significant main effects associated with employment status. Sleep pattern measures derived from two-week diaries were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The two significant work status main effects indicated that retirees spend more time sleeping on weekday nights than employed peers, and that employed participants had later bed times on weekend nights than retirees. The one significant interaction indicated that employed males slept for significantly less time on weekend nights than retired males. There were indications that retirement status decreased the frequency of napping, which may result from their more extended night time sleep period.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The volunteer and the sannyăsin: archetypes of retirement in America and India.

Cultures differ in their models of the life course, including the number and the content of the stages through which people are expected to pass. Among those societies that recognize a period of retirement, the developmental tasks and opportunities that older individuals face are shaped by cultural ideas about morality, spirituality, passion, and fulfillment. This article examines two archetypes for retirement: the American volunteer, and the Indian sannyăsin or "renouncer." Drawing on ethnographic data from a study of American retirees and descriptions of spiritual seekers in India, it considers the social roles these ideal types play, their self and their public images, the congruence between cultural expectations and their actual experiences, and the underlying values these people embody. It suggests that while older American volunteers view retirement as an entitlement, they also stress their obligation to use free time to pay back their society for the benefits they have enjoyed. They thus add a moral dimension to a period often stereotypically characterized by a "busy ethic" and a mindframe of self-indulgence. India's sannyăsins, however, enter a life-stage of social withdrawal and spiritual pursuit after years of fulfilling their adult commitments to family and community. Yet, in their self-denial and renunciation of worldly engagements, they model for others the religious rewards that can follow after leading a dutiful life. These archetypes of aging thus bring out their cultures' contrasting emphases on inner- versus outer-directedness, self-development versus self-effacement, and personal freedom versus social responsibility.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1975

Provision of on-site services in retirement housing.

The present paper addresses the question of on-site supportive services in retirement housing facilities for the well-elderly. Six hundred residents were interviewed, 100 at each of six widely varied sites in California: retirement hotel, urban highrise apartments, life-care home, and three retirement villages. Data were also collected on 600 matched controls in age-integrated housing. Questions were asked pertaining to caring for health needs, desire for counseling services, and expected support in crises. Results showed for the most part a good match between personal needs and environmental provisions. However, at one site considerable insecurity was expressed with regard to medical provisions and support in crises, and a desire was expressed for counseling services. There was no evidence of an erosion of independence at the sites where services are provided.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Perceived health as a predictor of early retirement.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between perceived health and early retirement. METHODS: A cohort of 1748 men aged 42 to 60 years from eastern Finland was followed from 1984 to 2000. At baseline, the participants had answered a questionnaire regarding their general (as measured by physician diagnoses) and perceived health status. Comprehensive pension records were obtained from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland and the Central Pension Security Institute. The risk of disability pensioning in various disease categories and nonillness-based early pensioning was analyzed using Cox regression modeling. RESULTS: Over 11 years, 855 (48.9%) men received a disability pension, and 331 (18.9%) received a nonillness-based early pension. Only 273 (15.6%) received an old age pension, without previous early pensioning. At the end of the follow-up, 289 (16.5%) were still working. After adjustment for potential confounders, men with poor perceived health at baseline had a relative risk of 2.37 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.79-3.13] for disability pensioning and the highest risk of disability was due to mental illness (RR 3.84, 95% CI 1.86-7.92), followed by musculoskeletal disorders and cardiovascular diseases. The relative risk of receiving a nonillness-based pension was 2.94 (95% CI 1.92-4.50) for this group. CONCLUSIONS: Self-assessed poor health is a strong predictor of early retirement due to mental disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the risk of retirement on a nonillness-based pension is increased among those with poor perceived health.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Baby boomer doctors and nurses: demographic change and transitions to retirement.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of demographic change on employment patterns for general practitioners, medical specialists and nurses since 1986, and to compare their patterns of retirement. DESIGN AND SETTING: Secondary analysis of previously unpublished Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data for the years 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age distribution of GPs, specialists and nursing workforce; attrition rates as GPs, specialists and nurses left the workforce; and hours worked according to age group. RESULTS: The age profile of the GP, specialist and nursing workforce has aged since 1986 (P < 0.001), with the "baby boomer" generation making up more than half the workforce in 2001. A large proportion of GPs continued to work beyond the traditional retirement age of 65 years, with nurses retiring at a younger age than doctors (P < 0.001). All GP cohorts worked fewer hours in 2001 than they did in 1986 (P < 0.001), with "generation X" GPs working fewer hours than the baby boomers did at the same age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Attrition of baby boomer clinicians will place unprecedented pressure on the medical workforce, and policy makers face a critical challenge to ensure workforce needs are met over the next 20 years. Policies and incentives to encourage ongoing employment among older clinicians, albeit at reduced hours, are crucial if the Australian health workforce is to be adequate to meet the growing community demand of the 21st century.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The looming retirement crisis.

A retirement crisis looms in the United States due to a number of recent and emerging trends that affect government retirement programs, employer- and union-sponsored retirement benefits and personal savings arrangements. The crisis can be averted, but only with well-thought-out action on a number of issues, particularly Social Security and Medicare reform.

Financing, Personal↗
PubMed1989

Congregate retirement communities: exploring the importance of services and activities as viewed by residents, potential residents, and administrators.

Given the demographic trends, which indicate a need for facilities to accommodate a rapidly increasing and healthier elderly population, our study provides relevant and timely information for builders and health care administrators who are considering the initial construction of or addition to a congregate retirement facility. Though a congregate retirement facility must satisfy the demands of its residents for services and activities, cost considerations make it equally important for builders and administrators to offer only those services that are essential to meet those demands successfully. A multitude of services and activities may seem attractive to the general population and to investors as they formulate plans for new congregate facilities, but there is little need to provide or fund services and activities that are not used or demanded. Our findings show that the elderly target market for congregate facilities is primarily concerned with "necessity" services such as transportation, shopping, security, health care, and appearance, rather than the availability of a multitude of nonessential recreational and cultural activities. In summary, congregate facilities currently offer numerous activities and services that are not being used and are not important to residents or potential residents. Our exploratory research examines an area that has not been studied extensively and the findings are important in planning for the future. By using these findings, administrators and planners of congregate facilities should be able to determine effectively the types of services and activities that will satisfy the demands of the elderly during their retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Inner obstacles to psychoanalysts' retirement: personal, clinical, and theoretical perspectives.

To live, age, and retire successfully, life must have meaning. The aged Freud bestowed passionate commitment exclusively on psychoanalysis. Therefore life lost meaning when he stopped analyzing, and so Freud sought death. Identified with this exclusive commitment, successor generations of analysts also aspired to die in harness. Successful retirement requires the conviction that there is life after analysis, with the actualizing of multiple antecedent or new passions. The reactions of three patients to the retirement announcement are discussed.

Anecdotes as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Determination of daily living activities of retired officers.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the daily living activities and health status of retired military officers residing in Ankara, Turkey (N = 865). The study participants were scored according to their activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). For this purpose, ADL and IADL indexes were used. Groups formed as a result of the answers to these questionnaires were compared with each other according to their distinct features. It was found that 88% of the retired officers could perform all ADL and IADL without any help. With respect to performing IADL with disabilities, a statistically significant difference was found between married and unmarried retirees and between age groups (p < 0.01). The health status of retired officers and their ADL and IADL performance status were found to be better than those found in studies performed among other elderly population groups in Turkey.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Self-reported utilization of preventive health services by retired employees age 65 and older.

OBJECTIVES: Increased utilization of preventive services among the aging has been associated with improved health status and decreased medical costs. We sought to examine the use of the Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) in benchmarking compliance and characterizing those retired employees who met preventive service guidelines. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of retired employees age 65 and older. SETTING: Nation-wide health promotion program offered by General Motors Corporation. PARTICIPANTS: 59,670 retired General Motors employees age 65 and older who participated in a nationwide mailed HRA health promotion program. MEASUREMENTS: Preventive health services compliance was measured using selected HRA questions. Gender, HRA participation patterns, overall health risk status, medical plan selection and disease status were examined as predictors of increased compliance. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to test the relative contributions of participant characteristics to increased utilization. RESULTS: The self-reported HRA data indicated that compliance levels were higher than national averages. The Healthy People 2000 goals for the preventive services studied were met and exceeded (with the exception of tetanus immunization). Higher compliance was associated with being male, younger than 70 years, multiple-year HRA participation, overall low risk status and HMO insurance plan selection. CONCLUSION: The results from the HRA indicated that this population participated at a higher level than a comparable national sample exceeding goals set by Healthy People 2000.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

[Retirement pensions in Canada: the inequalities of a dualist system].

"Using data from the Survey of Ageing and Independence (N=20,036), this research examines the effect of a dual economy on retirement incomes for both men and women [in Canada]. Specifically, the analysis compares core and periphery retirees on sociodemographic characteristics, work characteristics, income characteristics and pension arrangements. Models are then estimated to ascertain what factors influence the retirement incomes for those retirees who previously worked in the core or periphery of the economy. The findings suggest that Canadian pension policy has served to exacerbate the already precarious economic position of retired women, a known outcome of their unstable labour force histories and family responsibilities. The dualist pension system has assisted in producing an underclass of retirees, the principal causalities being women who previously worked in the periphery of the economy." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1988

[Hungary's retirement life table, 1984].

"Multivariate tables [for Hungary] present mortality and retirement of [the economically] active male and female subpopulations as well as the mortality order of [the] retired population postulating the probabilities valid for 1984. The author points out large differences in mortality order by sexes at the age of retirement and among pensioners. The computation not only shows the present situation but also provides a basis for the reform of the pension system...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychosocial implications of women and retirement.

This article explores the unique effects of retirement on women, many of whom are economically insecure when they retire. Because of the prevailing "myth" among women that they will be cared for in old age and women's fear of growing old, women often do not aggressively plan for their retirement. The women's movement should begin to advocate for women's preparation for the realities of old age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Affordable retirement: light at the end of the tunnel.

Compared to previous studies, the 2004 Replacement Ratio Study from Aon Consulting/Georgia State University shows an increase in the amount of income today's workers need at retirement to maintain their preretirement standard of living. After describing the study's replacement ratio findings, the authors estimate lump sums needed at retirement and required adjustments for both nonincreasing annuities and retiree medical expenses. They then describe steps innovative plan sponsors can take to encourage participants to understand and undertake their responsibility to acquire the substantial personal savings needed for a comfortable retirement.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Shifting responsibility to workers: the future of retirement adequacy in the United States.

While many 401(k) participants at large companies can expect replacement of nearly 100% of preretirement income, not all workers participate in their 401(k) plan. Moreover, the authors show that even among participants, the extent of retirement preparedness depends on defined benefit (DB) plan coverage and retiree medical benefit generosity. Given recent trends in the elimination of DB plans and retiree medical subsidies and the voluntary nature of 401(k) participation, retirement income responsibility is increasingly shifting to workers. The authors discuss how employers might help workers meet their retirement income needs in this changing environment.

Adult↗