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PubMed2001

Hippocampal, parahippocampal and occipital-temporal contributions to associative and item recognition memory: an fMRI study.

The temporal lobe regions involved in memory retrieval were examined using fMRI. During an associative recognition test, participants made memory judgments about the study color of previously presented drawings of objects, and during item recognition tests they made old/new judgments about previously studied objects or new objects. Associative recognition compared with old item recognition led to activations in bilateral hippocampal and parahippocampal regions, as well as in the left middle occipital gyrus. Old item recognition compared with new item recognition led to activation in the left middle occipital gyrus and the left middle temporal gyrus, and relative deactivations in bilateral hippocampal regions. The results indicate that partially distinct temporal lobe regions are involved during recognition memory for item and associative information.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Nature of the representation for picture-recognition memory.

When distracting pictures are randomly selected from the same pool of pictures as the target pictures, performance with large numbers of pictures (1,000) is much poorer than has previously been reported. Further, performance drops quite substantially after 1 wk., a finding that differs from the conclusion that picture memory is relatively stable over time. Under conditions where the distractors were selected to reduce similarity between targets and distracting pictures, performance approximated levels previously reported in the literature. The results of the experiments seem to demand some type of categorization model of picture-recognition memory.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1982

Facial recognition memory in dementia.

Previous investigations of memory in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) have focused on verbal learning and memory. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the amnesia of SDAT is limited to verbal material. Patients with SDAT (N = 29; mean age = 69.3) and healthy normal controls (N = 41; mean age = 69.3) were given a test of facial perception and two recognition memory tasks, one for words and one for faces. The results indicate that dementia patients show a deficit in the retention of facial information. This deficit cannot be attributed to faculty initial perception or to a response bias. The verbal and facial memory deficits in SDAT appear to differ: performance on tests of verbal and facial memory is relatively independent, and substantial encoding and linguistic defects contribute to the verbal, but not the facial, memory disorder resulting in more severe impairment on tests of verbal memory. The implications of these findings for research on the neuropharmacology and pathophysiology of SDAT are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Phencyclidine disrupts acquisition and retention performance within a spatial continuous recognition memory task.

Rats with 1 or 2 mg/kg phencyclidine (PCP), 4 mg/kg PCP, or saline injections were tested for acquisition or retention performance of a spatial continuous recognition memory task. Results indicate that relative to controls and rats with injections of 1 and 2 mg/kg PCP rats with 4-mg/kg PCP injections were profoundly impaired in acquisition and somewhat impaired in retention of the task across all lags as measured by increases in latency for repeated items. Phencyclidine, through it presumed blocking action of the NMDA receptor, alters the consolidation of new spatial location information but does not have a major affect on short-term maintenance of previously learned information.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Infants with myelomeningocele: visual recognition memory and sensorimotor abilities.

The cognitive development was explored of 29 infants with myelomeningocele. Although as a group they tended to be less likely to demonstrate visual recognition memory than a matched control group, excluding the more severely cognitively impaired infants from analysis rendered this difference non-significant. Infants with myelomeningocele demonstrated more verbal imitation on the Uzgiris-Hunt Assessment Scales than the controls, but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups on the Objects Permanence, Schemes, or Objects in Space subscales. The two groups did not differ on the majority of demographic and environmental variables examined, suggesting that group differences may be due to differences in biomedical variables. However, within the myelomeningocele group, environmental variables correlated with the majority of the cognitive measures, while correlations between cognitive performance and both demographic and biomedical variables were at chance level.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed2000

Retrieval success is accompanied by enhanced activation in anterior prefrontal cortex during recognition memory: an event-related fMRI study.

Neural regions associated with retrieval success were identified using event-related fMRI procedures and randomly ordered trials on a recognition memory test. Differences between hits and correct rejections (CRs) occurred multiple regions, including bilateral anterior and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and right superior parietal cortex (all hits > CRs), and right occipital cortex (CRs > hits). The hit > CR pattern is not compromised by time-on-task explanations because response latencies for correctly rejected words exceeded those for hits. Converging evidence for the claim that the hit > CR pattern identified neural correlates of retrieval success was obtained by unconfounding item history and retrieval success. That is, we implemented a third condition in which nonstudied words were presented, yet retrieval success was hypothesized to facilitate CRs of these lures. Specifically, in when confronted with a familiar, yet nonstudied word, (e.g., nosedive after studying nosebleed and skydive), subjects might adopt a strategy whereby they recall the studied word(s) that gave rise to the familiarity (nosebleed, skydive) and thereby reject the lure. This method of instantiating retrieval success under conditions in which the target word had not been studied offers converging evidence for the claim that anterior-prefrontal cortex (among other regions) demonstrates enhanced activation during retrieval success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Connectionist models of recognition memory: constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions.

Multilayer connectionist models of memory based on the encoder model using the backpropagation learning rule are evaluated. The models are applied to standard recognition memory procedures in which items are studied sequentially and then tested for retention. Sequential learning in these models leads to 2 major problems. First, well-learned information is forgotten rapidly as new information is learned. Second, discrimination between studied items and new items either decreases or is nonmonotonic as a function of learning. To address these problems, manipulations of the network within the multilayer model and several variants of the multilayer model were examined, including a model with prelearned memory and a context model, but none solved the problems. The problems discussed provide limitations on connectionist models applied to human memory and in tasks where information to be learned is not all available during learning.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Hippocampal volume is preserved and fails to predict recognition memory impairment in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Aged monkeys exhibit deficits in memory mediated by the medial temporal lobe system, similar to the effects of normal aging in humans. The contribution of structural deterioration to age-associated memory loss was explored using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. We quantified hippocampal, cerebral and ventricular volumes in young (n = 6, 9-12 years) and aged (n = 6, 24-29 years) rhesus monkeys. Eleven subjects were tested on a recognition memory task, delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMS). Compared to young animals, aged monkeys exhibited robust learning deficits and significant memory impairments when challenged with longer retention intervals. Hippocampal volume was statistically equivalent across age groups, differing by less than 6%, and there was no correlation between this measure and DNMS performance. Variability in cerebral volume was greater in the aged compared to young monkeys and this parameter was marginally correlated with DNMS performance with a 10-min delay. These findings confirm and extend the conclusion of recent post-mortem histological analyses demonstrating that normal cognitive aging occurs independently of gross structural deterioration in the primate hippocampus.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Recognition memory for movement in photographs: a developmental study.

The present studies investigated a phenomenon reported by Freyd (1983), later termed "representational momentum" (Freyd & Finke, 1984), in which adults' recognition memory for movement in photographs is distorted forward in the direction of the implied motion. To determine whether children are subject to the same distortion, in Experiment 1, 8- and 10-year-olds and adults were shown a photograph of an action scene and asked to remember it. Subjects were then shown a second photograph that was either the same as or slightly different from the first. Subjects made more errors for test photographs showing the action slightly forward, as compared with slightly backward in time, indicating that their memories had shifted forward. This effect depends upon the initial depiction of movement; no forward memory errors occurred when "still" photographs without movement were employed in Experiment 2. Results are discussed in terms of the representational momentum hypothesis and picture memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Delayed recognition memory in infants and adults as revealed by event-related potentials.

The present study sought to compare adult and infant ERP responses in analogous tests of visual recognition memory. Adults were tested under two test conditions, in which they were given either explicit instructions to respond to a previously-seen stimulus, or no instructions. Testing in both conditions took place after either a 1- or 5-min delay between familiarization and test. Eight-month-old infants were tested under the same 'passive' (no instruction) conditions as adults. ERP morphology differed across age groups. Adults evinced a P300 that was larger under 'active' as compared to 'passive' test conditions, and a late positive slow wave response that was greater to novel than familiar stimuli. There was no evidence in infants of a P300, although infants did demonstrate a late positive slow wave that was greater to familiar than to novel stimuli. Parallels between the infant and adult findings are discussed and in particular, whether the infant slow wave response is the precursor to the adult P300.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Recognition memory and awareness: A high-frequency advantage in the accuracy of knowing.

The well-established advantage of low-frequency words over high-frequency words in recognition memory has been found to occur in remembering and not knowing. Two experiments employed remember and know judgements, and divided attention to investigate the possibility of an effect of word frequency on know responses given appropriate study conditions. With undivided attention at study, the usual low-frequency advantage in the accuracy of remember responses, but no effect on know responses, was obtained. Under a demanding divided attention task at encoding, a high-frequency advantage in the accuracy of know responses was obtained. The results are discussed in relation to theories of knowing, particularly those incorporating perceptual and conceptual fluency.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory.

The current experiments investigated the longevity of repetition priming and dissociations between different memory measures. Picture-naming latencies revealed robust repetition priming in four separate studies: Previously named pictures were named faster than new pictures. The magnitude of this naming facilitation was stable across 1 to 6 weeks. The apparent temporal invulnerability of repetition priming was in marked contrast to the decline in episodic recognition memory across 6 weeks, suggesting a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory. Additional evidence of this dissociation was observed within each session: Naming facilitation for repeated pictures occurred regardless of whether those particular pictures were consciously recognized.

Form Perception↗
PubMed1990

Event-related potentials and recognition memory for pictures and words: the effects of intentional and incidental learning.

Event-related potentials were recorded under conditions of intentional or incidental learning of pictures and words, and during the subsequent recognition memory test for these stimuli. Intentionally learned pictures were remembered better than incidentally learned pictures and intentionally learned words, which, in turn, were remembered better than incidentally learned words. In comparison to pictures that were ignored, the pictures that were attended were characterized by greater positive amplitude frontally at 250 ms and centro-parietally at 350 ms and by greater negativity at 450 ms at parietal and occipital sites. There were no effects of attention on the waveforms elicited by words. These results support the view that processing becomes automatic for words, whereas the processing of pictures involves additional effort or allocation of attentional resources. The N450 amplitude was greater for words than for pictures during both acquisition (intentional items) and recognition phases (hit and correct rejection categories for intentional items, hit category for incidental items). Because pictures are better remembered than words, the greater late positive wave (600 ms) elicited by the pictures than the words during the acquisition phase is also consistent with the association between P300 and better memory that has been reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Differential effects of low and high doses of topiramate on consolidation and retrieval of novel object recognition memory in rats.

Topiramate is a new antiepileptic drug proposed to facilitate synaptic inhibition and block excitatory receptors. However, little is known about the effects of topiramate on memory. In the first experiment, intraperitoneal injection of topiramate at doses of 10.0 and 100.0 mg/kg, immediately after training, induced a deficit in short-term memory (STM) of a novel object recognition (NOR) task tested 1.5 hours after training in rats. In a long-term memory (LTM) test given to the same rats 24 hours after training, topiramate 0.1mg/kg enhanced, whereas 10.0 and 100.0 mg/kg impaired, NOR retention. In the second experiment, administration of topiramate 0.01 and 0.10 mg/kg 1 hour prior to the LTM retention test improved NOR retention, whereas 10.0 and 100.0 mg/kg produced retrieval deficits. The results indicate that low doses of topiramate improve, whereas high doses impair, consolidation and retrieval of recognition memory in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Contributions of surface and conceptual information to recognition memory.

The present experiments were designed to determine whether memory for the voice in which a word is spoken is retained in a memory system that is separate from episodic memory or, instead, whether episodic memory represents both word and voice information. These two positions were evaluated by assessing the effects of study-to-test changes in voice on recognition memory after a variety of encoding tasks that varied in processing requirements. In three experiments, the subjects studied a list of words produced by six voices. The voice in which the word was spoken during a subsequent explicit recognition test was either the same as or different from the voice used in the study phase. The results showed that word recognition was affected by changes in voice after each encoding condition and that the magnitude of the voice effect was unaffected by the type of encoding task. The results suggest that spoken words are represented in long-term memory as episodic traces that contain talker-specific perceptual information.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2003

Transferring voice effects in recognition memory from remembering to knowing.

In five experiments, we investigated the effects of voice congruency (same vs. different voices at study and at test) on remembering and knowing in recognition memory. With low- and medium-frequency three- or four-syllable words, a voice congruency effect occurred only in remembering. With nonwords, voice congruency effects occurred both in remembering and in knowing. With nonwords and divided attention at study, the voice congruency effect transferred almost completely from remembering to knowing. By showing a transfer of effects from remembering to knowing as encoding became more impoverished, these findings support a distinctiveness/fluency account of remembering and knowing as well as the theory that remembering and knowing indicate retrieval of events from episodic and semantic memory systems, respectively.

Association Learning↗
PubMed2002

Correlations between visual recognition memory and neocortical and hippocampal glucose metabolism after bilateral rhinal cortex lesions in the baboon: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the rhinal cortex is the area earliest and most affected by neurofibrillary tangles, and the degree of temporoparietal glucose hypometabolism and rhinal cortex atrophy are both correlated with dementia severity. In monkeys, damage to the rhinal cortex leads to severe impairment in declarative memory, which is also affected preferentially in early AD. To investigate the contribution of rhinal alterations to the interrelationships between cerebral hypometabolism and declarative memory impairment observed in AD, we studied the effects of excitotoxic bilateral rhinal lesions in baboons on cerebral glucose consumption (CMRglc) as measured by positron emission tomography and performance on a visual recognition memory task as assessed in parallel by a delayed nonmatching-to-sample task. We reported previously that these rhinal lesions induce both a long-lasting hypometabolism in several remote brain regions (Meguro et al., 1999) and impaired memory performance (Chavoix et al., 2002). The present analysis indicates that across lesioned and sham baboons, memory scores were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.05; Spearman) with concomitant CMRglc values of several brain areas, such as neocortical associative and posterior hippocampal regions. These findings, reminiscent of those reported in AD, suggest that the neurodegenerative process that affects the rhinal cortex in early AD plays a crucial role in the pattern of brain hypometabolism and consequently in the declarative memory impairments characteristic of this disease.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1996

Effects of alprazolam and bromazepam on visual search and verbal recognition memory in humans: a study with event-related brain potentials.

The effects of two benzodiazepines (alprazolam and bromazepam) on performance and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in visual search and verbal recognition memory paradigms were tested in a placebo-controlled double-blind paradigm employing 12 young healthy subjects. Both drugs exerted similar effects on performance and electrophysiological measures. Reaction times and hit rates were adversely affected in both paradigms. The ERP pattern in the visual search experiment suggested an impairment in selective attention (reduction of N1 component) and of automatic feature registration (posterior N2 reduction). In the world recognition experiment a dramatic reduction of the N400 component was seen under benzodiazepines. This is interpreted as reflecting an impaired ability to perform context integration processes.

Adult↗