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PubMed1980

Detection of pulmonary aspiration in infants and children with respiratory disease: concise communication.

Twenty children with respiratory disease ingested 500 muCi of Tc-99m sulfur colloid orally, and scintigrams of the thorax were obtained to determine whether pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents could be detected. The children ranged in age from 1 mo to 14 yr; 13 were 8 mo of age or younger. Children were studied at 5 min and 4 hr after ingestion of Tc-99m sulfur colloid using a high sensitivity computer oscilloscope to record 100K-count images. Additional images were obtained after the children had slept overnight. Five children (25%) showed definite pulmonary accumulation of activity; four of these also had a barium swallow and three showed either pulmonary aspiration of barium or moderately severe gastroesophageal reflux. Oral ingestion of Tc-99m sulfur colloid provides a noninvasive means for diagnosing pulmonary aspiration under physiologic conditions in infants and children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Occupational respiratory disease in veterinarians.

In order to determine the effect of occupational animal exposure on the occurrence of respiratory disease, we studied 257 active veterinarians and 100 control subjects who had not had occupational animal contact. All participants provided a detailed medical history and underwent spirometry, skin tests, and determination of total serum IgE levels. Asthma was significantly more prevalent in veterinarians (16.3%) than in controls (6%), (P less than .05), as was infectious/obstructive respiratory disease, 10.5% in veterinarians, 3% in controls (P less than .025). Only 13 of 257 veterinarians had respiratory symptoms related to animal contact; of these, seven experienced only allergic rhinitis while six reported both asthma and rhinitis. Animal-related allergic rhinitis was found more frequently in laboratory animal veterinarians than among veterinarians in farm, pet, or poultry practice. No symptoms typical of hypersensitivity pneumonitis were reported in veterinarians, nor were precipitins to animal antigens demonstrable.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Vaccination against bovine respiratory disease.

Vaccination is but one element in a control programme for bovine respiratory disease. Its laboratory study can be divorced from the others but its field application cannot. The problems associated with the development of effective vaccines fall into two broad groups: multiplicity and ubiquity of pathogens and secondly the identification of the crucial elements in an immune response. Agricultural systems which experience annual outbreaks of respiratory disease attributable to the same pathogen in cattle of specific age have the choice of using passive or active immunity of minimal valency. In the majority of systems the cause and timing of an outbreak cannot be predicted and therefore multivalent vaccines are required. Both inactivated and modified live products are available for use against the well-known pathogens. Their relative advantages hinge on the significance attributed to the ability to stimulate the production of particular immunoglobulins at specific body sites and the persistence of the responses. The widely held view that success requires the stimulation of secretory antibodies by intranasal administration of living vaccines is not universally accepted. An assessment of their protective value is not easily made because of the difficulty of reproducing an adequate field challenge in the laboratory. The measurement of serological responses and virus shedding times following challenge are of limited value as alternatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency.

Preschool-age rural Indonesian children were reexamined every 3 months for 18 months. An average of 3135 children were free of respiratory disease and or diarrhea at the examination initiating each of the six, 3-month follow-up intervals. Children with mild xerophthalmia (night blindness and/or Bitot's spots) at the start and end of an interval developed respiratory disease and diarrhea at twice (p less than 0.001) and three times (p less than 0.001) the rate, respectively, of children with normal eyes during the same interval, independent of age and anthropometric status (weight for length). The risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea were more closely associated with vitamin A status than with general nutritional status. These results may explain much of the excess mortality recently reported for mildly vitamin A-deficient children.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Adult adenovirus infections: loss of orphaned vaccines precipitates military respiratory disease epidemics. For the Adenovirus Surveillance Group.

Adenovirus vaccines have greatly reduced military respiratory disease morbidity since the 1970s. However, in 1995, for economic reasons, the sole manufacturer of these vaccines ceased production. A population-based adenovirus surveillance was established among trainees with acute respiratory illness at 4 US military training centers as the last stores of vaccines were depleted. From October 1996 to June 1998, 1814 (53.1%) of 3413 throat cultures for symptomatic trainees (78% men) yielded adenovirus. Adenovirus types 4, 7, 3, and 21 accounted for 57%, 25%, 9%, and 7% of the isolates, respectively. Unvaccinated trainees were much more likely than vaccinated trainees to be positive for types 4 or 7 (odds ratio [OR] = 28.1; 95% CI, 20.2-39.2). Two training centers experienced epidemics of respiratory disease affecting thousands of trainees when vaccines were not available. Until a new manufacturer is identified, the loss of orphaned adenovirus vaccines will result in thousands of additional preventable adenovirus infections.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1977

Pathology of adenoviral infection in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) with respiratory disease and colisepticemia.

Nuclear inclusion bodies typical of the adenovirus group were widespread in in the spleen and other tissues of 8-week-old turkeys with severe respiratory disease and concomitant evidence of colisepticemia. Adenoviral virions were seen in affected nuclei of splenic tissue and in negatively stained preparations of ground spleen. In splenic tissue, inclusions were most prominent in reticular cells and macrophages in the periarterial lymphoid sheaths, the red pulp and the marginal zones of the periarteriolar reticular sheaths. Marked reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, lymphoid atrophy and granulocytic splenitis characterized the splenic changes. There were inclusions in the respiratory tract, intestinal tract, liver, kidney and pancreas. Inoculation of young turkeys, especially when immunosuppressed, resulted in evidence of infection and respiratory disease. The viruses produced cytopathic changes in primary turkey kidney cell cultures but did not affect embryonating chicken eggs. Concentrated viral suspensions induced precipitin lines in agar gel immunodiffusion tests with known antisera against known turkey adenoviruses but did not show an antigenic relationship to chicken adenoviruses.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The incidence of the loss of work capacity in chronic respiratory diseases within the area of Hunedoara County].

Within the highly polluted area of the Committee for medical valuation of work ability--Deva, with 186,563 inhabitants out of which 73,046 wage earners (43% of them in industry), the percentage of disabled persons (through chronic respiratory diseases except tuberculosis) is 8%. In a group od 161 chronic respiratory disease patients pensioned in 1985-1989 and representing 0.44/1000 of all wage earners (0.35/1000 in urban and 0.71/1000 in rural areas), most of them (1.03/1000) came from the extractive and mining industry, 67% over 51 years of age. On the first places of disablement causes there are mentioned: COPD (34%), malignant tumours (23%), bronchial asthma (17%), and on the last place--post Tb-syndromes (3%). Proposals of retirement come--in their majority--from the Department of Internal Diseases. The study shows that the incidence of retirements (for disease) is an important index of the epidemiological situation of these diseases and of the severity in the evolution of some of them (cancer, COPD), that treatments and recovering methods are little efficient, and the pneumophysiology departments and sanatoria are not correspondingly involved in the control of such diseases. Pneumology sections or compartments as well as units provided with adequate and equipment are required, at least in the areas polluted with noxious powders and chemical substances.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum antiproteases and respiratory diseases of the horse.

The serum antiprotease (AAT) levels are reported in healthy horses and horses with respiratory diseases. Of the methods used, only the STIC test seemed to give useful results; this test showed variations in horses with respiratory diseases, especially in horses with acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed2005

[Trends in morbidity for respiratory diseases among hospitalized patients in the city of São Paulo].

OBJECTIVES: To analyze trends in morbidity due to respiratory diseases, using hospital admissions in the city of São Paulo from 1995 to 2000. To describe the evolution of the morbidity for respiratory diseases in general and for pneumonias, for asthma and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by sex and age. METHODS: The information on hospital admissions for all ages and causes were obtained from the Hospitalizations Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS). Descriptive analysis of patterns and trends were performed. RESULTS: There was a decreasing trend in the absolute number and the rate of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses for all ages but not uniformly during the period. For COPD, an increasing trend was observed, especially for the elderly. The male population was more affected than the female in all years, for any studied causes with the exception of asthma. The pneumonias represented the most important cause of hospitalizations, with 47% of all respiratory admissions. Important seasonal pattern was observed for pneumonia admissions. CONCLUSION: In this period of 6 years, our analyses had disclosed an important participation of pneumonias as a cause for respiratory admissions. However, these diseases presented a decreasing trend, in contrast to chronic illnesses such as COPD and asthma. These results point out to a changing pattern in the respiratory morbidity with direct consequences for public health policy making.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Ovine lentivirus is aetiologically associated with chronic respiratory disease of sheep on the Laikipia Plateau in Kenya.

A study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection in sheep with chronic respiratory disease on the Laikipia Plateau, Kenya. All seven Merino crossbred sheep with chronic dyspnoea and emaciation examined for gross and microscopic lesions had lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), and one also had pulmonary abscesses. Two of the sheep with LIP also had lesions of ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC, jaagsiekte). Using in situ hybridization, OvLV DNA localized to a high proportion of pulmonary macrophages in lungs with lesions of LIP. Lung tissue samples from six of these sheep were positive for a syncytium-inducing virus in cultures of lamb testis cells. Thin-section electron microscopy of infected cells showed virions with morphogenesis typical of lentiviruses. In a western blotting assay, monoclonal antibodies to the OvLV capsid (CA, p27) and matrix (MA, p15) proteins of a North American OvLV isolate reacted with similar-sized bands of the virus, and serum from six of the sheep were reactive with CA from the Kenyan viral isolate. Using an OvLV agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, all seven sheep were positive for serum antiviral antibody, as were 29% of 63 clinically normal sheep from Laikipia District. However, when sera from the healthy sheep were tested in a western blot assay, only 52% had IgG reactive to the OvLV CA, indicating a high rate of false negative reactions with the AGID test. Serum samples from 87 Red Maasai or Dorper crossbred sheep from two farms in other parts of Kenya were OvLV seronegative by both the AGID test and the western blot assay. These results document the first identification of OvLV as a cause of chronic respiratory disease in sheep in Kenya and show a high rate of infection in sheep flocks, with a high prevalence of chronic respiratory disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Respiratory diseases of swine: some epidemiologic aspects].

Epidemiological surveys enable to know better the aetiology of respiratory diseases. The surveys carried out in slaughter-houses in Brittany (France) in 1980 and 1981, show a worrying situation concerning porcine respiratory diseases. Microbiological studies brought out the preponderance of the isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus suis and Actinobacillus suis. Some patterns of experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica are exposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mortality from non-malignant respiratory diseases in Andalusia, Spain, 1975-1997.

This study aims to assess mortality trends of nonmalignant respiratory diseases from 1975 through 1997 in the population of Andalusia (a region of Spain in the southwest, population 7,000,000). The death records containing codes 460-519 of the International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision (ICD-8) and Ninth Revision (ICD-9) in effect through the 23-year period were used in this study. Deaths from nonmalignant respiratory diseases accounted for 12.4 and 10% of all deaths in males and females in 1975 and for 12.1 and 8.3% in 1997. Crude death rates decreased from 107.5 to 102.7 per 100,000 amongst men, and from 76.9 to 62.2 per 100,000 amongst women. Age-adjusted death rates decreased from 167.6 to 111.6 per 100,000 in men and from 84.4 to 41.2 per 100,000 in women. Age-adjusted death rate by potential years of life lost decreased from 5.8 to 2.4 per 1000 in men and from 2.4 to 0.8 per 1000 in women. Total percentage of change, adjusted by age, showed a decrease of 24.3% in men and 45.9% in women. Gender-adjusted rates for each category of nonmalignant respiratory disorders showed an upward trend of obstructive lung diseases in men and a downward trend of diseases of the upper airways and pneumonia both in men and women. Specific death rates by age groups for 1975-1985 and 1986-1997 showed an increased in mortality in infants under 1 year of age and in abrupt decrease up to the age of 50 followed by an exponential increase up to the age of 85.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1982

[An attempt for eradication of respiratory diseases in breeding mice by sanitary improvement of care].

An attempt was made to eradicate respiratory diseases developed in about 1,000 mice of 19 congenic inbred strains which were maintained in a mouse breeding room. The contagious diseases with respiratory signs were found to be caused by mixed infections with Mycoplasma pulmonis and Sendai virus. The eradication of the diseases was mainly made by sanitary improvement in care of the mice such as intensive disinfection, culling some diseased mice and so on, instead of destroying all colonies. As the result, mycoplasma infection decreased gradually, resulting in a complete eradication about one and half years later and remarkable increases in litter size and weaning rate of mice were obtained. Sendai virus infection failed to be eradicated.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2006

[Household smoking and respiratory disease in under-five children].

Environmental tobacco smoke is an important respiratory tract irritant in young children. To identify factors associated with respiratory disease and determine the main source of smoking exposure in the household, a cross-sectional study of 2,037 children who were immunized in primary health care clinics was conducted (in a sample of 10 out of 38 clinics with 200 children each). Parents answered a questionnaire about children's birth, passive smoking, former and current respiratory morbidity, socio-demographic characteristics, and living conditions. Analysis was based on hierarchical logistic regression. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was 59.9% for children who live with smokers. Asthma and bronchitis showed the strongest association with smoking. In multivariate logistic regression, the following variables remained associated with asthma/bronchitis: socioeconomic status (OR = 2.93; 95%CI: 1.57-5.45), maternal schooling (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.08-1.98)] and occupation (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.04-2.74), neighborhood (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.06-2.02), child's age (OR = 3.38; 95%CI: 2.31-4.95) and sex (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.09-1.94), breastfeeding (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.15-2.40), and household smoking (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.18-2.11). Children with lower socioeconomic status and exposed to household smoking showed increased risk of respiratory disease.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1986

Personal and family history of respiratory disease and lung cancer risk.

Lung cancer risk associated with family and personal history of respiratory diseases was assessed in a population-based, case-control study that included incident cases in New Mexico, 1980 to 1982. The study questionnaire ascertained previous diagnoses of major chronic respiratory diseases in the index subjects, their parents, and their grandparents and of lung and other respiratory cancers in the parents and grandparents. Physician diagnoses of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and other chest illnesses were reported significantly more often for cases than for control subjects. For 6.9% of the cases, at least 1 parent had a diagnosis of lung cancer, whereas only 2.2% of the control subjects' parents were similarly affected (p less than 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models that excluded never smokers and included variables to control for the effects of cigarette smoking, we found significantly increased risks for a personal history of chronic bronchitis or emphysema (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.8) and a parental history of lung cancer (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 12.8). The present study complements the results of previous investigations, which demonstrated that lung cancer risk in smokers is modified by characteristics of the smoker and by family history.

Aged↗
PubMed1974

The influence of pulmonary growth and development on paediatric respiratory diseases.

The mortality, morbidity and symptomatology of respiratory diseases in infants and children may be partially related to age specific phenomena of structure and function. Such are the comparatively smaller functional residual capacity and respiratory surface area; the difference in growth velocity of alveolar numbers and size; the smaller number of intrapulmonary communications; the larger resistance of the peripheral airways accentuated by fewer muscular elements and larger number of mucous glands in the same; and the smaller elastic recoil pressure of the lung in children as compared to adults. Many factors compensate, partially or totally, for these apparent handicaps, but the influence of growth and development on disease processes can certainly not be disregarded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Respiratory diseases in children and outdoor air pollution in São Paulo, Brazil: a time series analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the short term effects of air pollution on the respiratory morbidity of children living in São Paulo, Brazil, one of the largest cities in the developing world. METHODS: Daily counts of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases along with daily levels of meteorological variables and air pollutants (PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), O(3), and CO) were analysed with Poisson regression. Final models were adjusted for the effects of time trends, seasonal patterns, weekdays, holidays, meteorological factors, and serial correlation. RESULTS: Daily admissions of children to hospital for total respiratory disease and pneumonia showed significant increases associated with O(3) (5-8%), NO(2) (9%), and with PM(10) (9%) (results are for an increase from the 10th to the 90th percentile of pollution measurements). Consistently, effects for pneumonia were greater than for all respiratory diseases combined. Also, effects on infants (children <1 year old) presented higher estimates. Similar associations were found for asthma admissions. Point estimates for most pollutants were higher for asthma than for other diagnosed admissions. However, these associations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These results agree with the limited publications on this subject but indicate a rather smaller magnitude of effects. Nevertheless, given the present concentrations of air pollution in São Paulo and the large population potentially exposed attention should be directed to minimise such effects.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1981

IgD values in children suffering from acute, recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases.

In 191 children suffered from acute, recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases the IgD values were studied. The method of single radial immunodiffusion was used. The values obtained were expressed in I.U./ml. In children suffered from acute bronchitis, bronchopneumonia and recurrent obstructive bronchitis the IgD values were not increased in relation to group. In children suffered from diseases of tuberculous aetiology the IgD values were significantly increased, p less than 0.05. In children suffered from bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis the IgD values were highly significant increased, p less than 0.001. In discussion th author points at factors which influence the IgD synthesis and cause the increase of its values.

Acute Disease↗