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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Radiation protection in radionuclide therapies with (90)Y-conjugates: risks and safety.

PURPOSE: The widespread interest in (90)Y internal radionuclide treatments has drawn attention to the issue of radiation protection for staff. Our aim in this study was to identify personnel at risk and to validate the protection devices used. METHODS: (90)Y-MoAb (Zevalin, 15 cases, 1.1 GBq/patient) and (90)Y-peptide ((90)Y-DOTATOC) systemic (i.v., 50 cases, 3.0 GBq/patient) and locoregional (l.r., 50 cases, 0.4 GBq/patient) treatments were considered. Radiolabelling was carried out in a dedicated hot cell. Tele-tongs, shielded (PMMA: polymethylmethacrylate) syringes/vials and an automatic dose fractionating system were used. Operators wore anti-X-ray and anti-contamination gloves, with TLD dosimeters placed over the fingertips. For i.v. administration, activity was administered by a dedicated system; for l.r. administration, during activity infusion in the brain cavity, tongs were used and TLDs were placed over the fingertips. The air kerma-rate was measured around the patients. RESULTS: The use of devices provided a 75% dose reduction, with mean fingertip doses of 2.9 mGy (i.v. MoAbs), 0.6 mGy (i.v. peptides)/radiolabelling procedure and 0.5 mGy/l.r. administration. The mean effective dose to personnel was 5 microSv/patient. The air kerma-rate around the patients administered i.v. (90)Y-peptides were 3.5 (1 h) and 1.0 (48 h) microGy/h at 1 m. Patient hospitalisation of 6 h (l.r.)/48 h (i.v.) guaranteed that the recommended limits of 3 mSv/year to family members and 0.3 mSv/year to the general population (Council Directive 97/43/Euratom) were respected. CONCLUSIONS: When specific procedures are adopted, a substantial improvement in (90)Y manipulation is attainable, reducing doses and increasing safety. For the widespread clinical use of (90)Y-conjugates, a completely automatic labelling procedure is desirable.

Italy↗
PubMed2001

The 2000 NCRP Lauriston S. Taylor lecture--administered radioactivity: unde venimus quoque imus. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

In this lecture, which celebrates Lauriston S. Taylor, a pioneer in radiation protection and founding president of the NCRP, I review some features of medically administered radioactivity through the past century and attempt to forecast some aspects of its future. I have used as my guide NCRP Report No. 70, Nuclear Medicine--Factors Influencing the Choice and Use of Radionuclides in Diagnosis and Therapy. The following topics are addressed: (1) decision-making considerations in the choice of radiopharmaceutical drug products, (2) factors in choosing an instrument for nuclear medicine procedures, (3) radiation dose, (4) evaluation of radionuclide procedures and their clinical utility, and (5) guidelines for performing nuclear medicine procedures.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2006

The DIMOND project and its impact on radiation protection.

The DIMOND III project comprised work packages and subprojects to research digital imaging, interventional radiology and interventional cardiology, i.e. areas where there has been rapid technological change, not matched by radiation protection research. Whilst new practices have great potential benefit, there are risks to patients and staff if the technology is implemented inappropriately. DIMOND aimed to develop generic technology assessment and optimisation tools. Clinical quality criteria and technical parameters were included so that digital imaging procedures can be introduced appropriately. Frequency and dimensions of acceptance and constancy testing for digital imaging systems were studied, along with differences between objective measures of image quality and subjective indices. Patient dosimetry was performed to propose and to establish reference values. Clinical evaluation projects included cardiology, interventional radiology and digital mammography. As a result of the DIMOND project, quality criteria for several procedures were developed. Example results are presented in this paper.

Cardiology↗
PubMed2006

[Assessment of mammographic units in Poland in the view of current requirements of radiation protection regulations].

The aim of mammography examination is to discover as soon as possible any structural changes in a breast tissue. Every X-ray examination exposure the patient to the radiation as it takes place in mamnography images might be a cause of cancer. In this publication the dynamics growth of mammnography units number in Poland in years 1995,1997 and 2002 has been analyzed. The distribution of mammography units in Poland has been examined. The places of mammography units exploitation in regard to the type of health service institution has been determined. In this publication the manufacturers and the age of mammography units as a prerequisite to determine whether the specified mammography unit complies with the actual requirements in radiation protection regulations have been taken into consideration. The mammography laboratory equipment for providing quality control and the method of developing X-ray films has been also analyzed. It has been ascertained that about 25 % of mammography units do not comply with current technical requirements and they should be withdrawn from exploitation. However, it should be pointed out that there were only 554 mammography units in Poland at the end of year 2002. Their unequal distribution do not provide satisfactory availability to examinations for patients. As a result of this, the principal method of withdrawing them from exploitation should be replacing the time-worn the X-ray apparatuses with the new ones.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1999

[Aspects of radiation protection in cardiovascular brachytherapy].

In the scope of cardiovascular brachytherapy beta- as well as gamma-ray emitting radionuclides are used. The handling of radioactive sources is within the range of the radiation protection regulations (Strahlenschutzverordnung [StrlSch V]). According to EU guidelines an amendment of the StrlSch V is required by May 2000. The connected reduction of dose limits now should already be taken into consideration when planning irradiation facilities, likewise in cardiovascular brachytherapy. Temporary regulations for equipment that was already in operation before May 2000 are not planned in the new StrlSch V.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗
PubMed1993

UV-radiation protecting efficacy of thiols, studied with UVA-induced binding of 8-MOP and CPZ to rat epidermal biomacromolecules in vivo.

The following topically-applied thiols were investigated with regard to their possible UV-radiation protective properties: captopril, cysteamine, ergothioneine, mesna, mercaptopropionylglycine, N-acetyl-cysteine and penicillamine. As a measure for protection the inhibition of in vivo irreversible photobinding of the labelled phototoxic drugs chlorpromazine (CPZ) and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) to rat epidermal biomacromolecules was used. Ergothioneine, mesna and penicillamine did not show any effect; probably, as a result of their charge they are not able to enter the stratum corneum. Captopril, cysteamine, mercaptopropionylglycine and N-acetylcysteine showed a considerable inhibition of CPZ and 8-MOP photobinding. Captopril and N-acetylcysteine were clearly the most potent whereas cysteamine was the least effective. Captopril, mercaptopropionylglycine and N-acetylcysteine appeared to have a wider action range and to be a more effective protector than dl-alpha-tocopherol and di-butyl-hydroxytoluene. Cysteamine and mercaptopropionylglycine were only capable of protecting the stratum corneum. Captopril and N-acetylcysteine on the other hand showed an additional dose-dependent inhibition of photobinding to the viable epidermis. Gradually with increasing time after application, the protecting efficacy with regard to the viable layer of the epidermis decreased; the duration of protection depending on the dose.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2001

Contribution of the French Society for Radiation Protection to the current reflections on the possible improvements to the radiological risk management system.

Following the invitation from IRPA to comment on the article written by Professor Roger Clarke entitled 'Control of low-level radiation exposure: time for a change?', the Board of the French Society for Radiation Protection (SFRP) decided to set up a working group on 'controllable dose'. The latter, which worked from April 1999 to July 2000, consisted of some 20 members representing the stakeholders involved in radiological protection in France: authorities, experts and professionals from nuclear, medical and research fields as well as associated bodies. The working group first examined the current hypotheses on radiological risk and noted their relevance to the practical management of such a risk. Then a list of the different exposure situations and their associated characteristics was elaborated in tabular form, followed by a discussion on the situations when the system of radiological protection works well, less well or badly, particularly through the implementation of the general principles of radiological protection. The working group finally made proposals to ICRP for the evolution of the system in a more workable direction.

France↗
PubMed1965

RADIATION PROTECTION IN CANADA. VI. PROBLEMS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DAMAGE FROM EXPOSURE OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS TO RADIATION.

Estimates of the genetic damage from radiation exposures of human populations are needed in order to set reasonable limits for future exposures. In addition to the three rads per generation received by the gonads from natural sources, a similar amount is currently contributed by medical radiology and a further five rads per generation has been suggested as an upper limit for exposures from the future peaceful uses of atomic energy. Two methods of estimating the genetic damage from such an increase suggest that there might be in the vicinity of 250 to 800 severely affected individuals per year in a population of 20 million people, or within an order of magnitude of the current highway fatality rate for Canada of about 4000 per year. Although the true value may be less, or greater, by as much as tenfold, the effect is in any case large enough to justify continued scrutiny.

Canada↗