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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Effect of ozonation products on phospholipase A2 hydrolytic activity: use of bis(1-hydroxyheptyl)peroxide as a precursor of the ozonation product 1-hydroxy-1-hydroperoxyheptane.

Bis(1-hydroxyheptyl)peroxide (BisC7) upon spontaneous hydrolysis affords the difficult-to-isolate ozonation product 1-hydroxy-1-hydroperoxyheptane along with heptanal. PLA2 hydrolytic activity is enhanced when the BisC7 hydrolysis products are incorporated in the membrane of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposomes, suggesting they cause a pronounced alteration in the bilayer packing order. Conversely, inhibition is observed when PLA2 is incubated with BisC7 hydrolytic products prior to incubation with the liposomes, suggesting that these products are capable of reacting with and modifying the enzyme when present in solution.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1999

A specific inhibitor of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase affects differentially the production of various cytokines by activated human T cells: dependence on CD28 signaling and preferential inhibition of IL-10 production.

Cytokine production upon T cell activation results from the integration of multiple signaling pathways from TCR/CD3 and from costimulatory molecules such as CD28. Among these pathways, the possible role of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) is the least understood. Here, we used a highly specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, the SB203580 compound, to examine the role of this enzyme in the induction of various cytokines in human T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAb together or in combination with PMA. Cytokine induction was monitored by ELISA and at the mRNA level. While SB203580 had little effect on IL-2 production and proliferation, it significantly reduced the production of several other cytokines. The secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-alpha was inhibited by 20-50% with modes of T cell activation involving the CD28 pathway, whereas their mRNA expression was little affected. In contrast, IFN-gamma induction via CD28/PMA or CD3/CD28, but not CD3/PMA, was markedly diminished both at the protein and at the mRNA levels. Most interestingly, SB203580 also suppressed IL-10 secretion and mRNA induction via CD28-dependent activation by 75-85% (IC50 approximately 0.2 microM). Subset analysis suggested that this inhibition did not reflect a differential effect on T cell subsets. Therefore, p38 MAPK activity appears to contribute to cytokine production, mostly via CD28-dependent signaling. Moreover, IL-10 seems to rely more on this activity than other cytokines for its induction in T cells.

CD28 Antigens↗
PubMed2000

Promotion of activated human B cell apoptosis and inhibition of Ig production by soluble CD95 ligand: CD95-based downregulation of Ig production need not culminate in activated B cell death.

CD95/CD95L interactions are vital to normal lymphoid homeostasis and in the protection against autoimmunity. To directly assess the effects of CD95L on activated B cell survival and Ig responses, purified human peripheral blood B cells, activated in vitro with SAC + rIL2, were incubated with a soluble CD95L fusion protein (fp) and assayed for apoptosis and IgG/IgM production. CD95L fp reproducibly increased apoptosis of these activated B cells and inhibited their Ig production. However, CD95L fp-mediated effects on activated B cell survival could be uncoupled from those on Ig production in that a soluble CD40L fp was incapable of reversing CD95L fp-mediated downregulation of Ig responses despite inhibiting CD95L fp-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, despite the specific caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk substantially protecting transformed CL-01 B cells from CD95L fp-mediated apoptosis and permitting their ongoing proliferation, caspase-8 inhibition had no protective effects on CD95L fp-mediated inhibition of constitutive IgM production by CL-01 B cells. Collectively, these results point to a CD95-based downregulatory pathway in activated B cells that need not necessarily culminate in their death.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed2000

Granulocyte chemiluminescence activity, antibody production and percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in peripheral blood of offspring of salbutamol-treated pregnant C3H mice.

Preterm delivery is one of the most important problems in obstetric care. One of commonly used treatment of such high risk cases is salbutamol-beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist. The aim of present study was to determine if such treatment causes any changes in neonatal immune system and therefore should be considered in newborn care. The experiments were performed in 4-5- and 6-7-week-old female and male offspring of salbutamol treated C3H inbred mice. In the present study chemiluminescent activity of peripheral blood granulocytes, percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and antibody production were evaluated. A lower number of peripheral blood granulocytes in 6-7-week-old offspring of salbutamol treated mothers was observed, while in the case of younger mice's lymphocytes count in both groups, the differences were not significant as compared to control group. In 4-5-week-old mice a lower percentage of CD4(+), CD3(+) and CD8(+) was evaluated, while in older offspring the percentage of CD4(+) and CD3(+) was higher in the case of the progeny of salbutamol treated mothers. As far as chemiluminescent activity was concerned no differences were found in any of experimental groups. We showed higher IgM production both in male and female offspring of the experimental group and no changes in IgG levels in mice sera. Alterations observed in progeny of salbutamol treated mice might have influence on their further immune system development and function.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2000

Interrelationships between Rates of Microbial Production, Exopolymer Production, Microbial Biomass, and Sediment Stability in Biofilms of Intertidal Sediments.

The upper few millimeters of intertidal sediment supports a varied biomass of microbial consortia and microphytobenthos. Many of these organisms release extracellular polymers into the surrounding sediment matrix that can result in sediment cohesion and the increased stability of the sediment. The relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of these biofilms is not well understood. A combination of mesocosm and field investigations were used to investigate the relationship between microbial production rate (algae and bacteria), the extracellular carbohydrates, biomass, and stability in conjunction with a variety of environmental factors. An inverse relationship was found between rates of algal production and sediment stability both in the field and in laboratory mesocosms, though the relationship was significant only in the field (P < 0.001). Stability of sediments increased with increasing bacterial production rate (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between sediment stability and a range of other variables, including algal biomass (P < 0.001), colloidal-S EPS (P < 0.001), colloidal-S carbohydrate (P < 0.01), colloidal-S EDTA (P < 0.01), and sediment water content (P < 0.001). Using the data acquired, a preliminary model was developed to predict changes in sediment stability. Chlorophyll a, water content, and colloidal-S EPS were found to be the most important predictors of stability in intact cores incubated under laboratory conditions. Differences observed in patterns of the surface (0-2 mm) distribution of colloidal-S carbohydrate and chlorophyll a when expressed on a dry weight or areal basis were attributed to effects of dewatering and concomitant changes in wet bulk density. The polymeric carbohydrate (colloidal-S EPS) component of the biofilms was not found to be a constant fraction of the colloidal-S carbohydrate extract, varying from 16 to 58%, and the percentage of polymer decreased logarithmically as chlorophyll a concentrations increased and the biofilms matured (P < 0.001). Changes in the relationships between these variables over the period of biofilm development and maturation highlight the difficulties in their use to predict sediment stability. Exopolymer concentrations were more closely correlated with algal biomass than with bacterial numbers. Rates of algal carbon fixation were considerably greater than those for bacteria, suggesting that the algae have a much greater potential for exopolymer production. It is suggested that the microphytobenthos secretions make a more important contribution to sediment stability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Changes in eye blink frequency as a measure of trigeminal stimulation by exposure to limonene oxidation products, isoprene oxidation products and nitrate radicals.

OBJECTIVES: To measure eye blink frequency as a measure of trigeminal stimulation of the eye. Human subjects were exposed to oxidation mixtures representative of reactive indoor pollutants and clean air, from which relative changes in blink frequencies were measured. METHOD: Male subjects ( n=8) were exposed for 20 min to limonene oxidation products (LOPs), isoprene oxidation products (IOPs), nitrate radicals (NO(3)), their residual reactants, and clean air at 20% relative humidity. A baseline blink frequency was measured prior to and following each exposure (2 x 8 min). The subjects were exposed locally in the non-dominant eye and single blind in random order. Blinking was video-recorded and evaluated for full sessions of 36 min while the subjects viewed an educational film. The initial terpene concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude higher than mean indoor concentrations. RESULTS: The mean blink frequency increased significantly during subjects' exposure to gas-phase oxidation products at lower part-per-billion (ppb) levels of LOPs, 42% ( P<0.0001) and NO(3), 21% ( P<0.022), compared with that at baseline. Neither the residual reactants nor clean air changed the blink frequency significantly. The findings coincided with qualitative reporting of weak eye irritation symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in blink frequency appear to be a promising measure of trigeminal stimulation from exposure to eye irritants in ppb levels. Gaseous products of limonene and ozone, and reactive radicals may cause eye irritation indoors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A combined solid-state and submerged cultivation integrated with adsorptive product extraction for production of Monascus red pigments.

A process taking advantages of combined solid-state and submerged cultivation of Monascus for red pigment production and integration of a product removal unit was developed. The solid-state cultivation was carried out in a 5 l fermentor, with rice being used not only as the substrate but also the support for Monascus. The inclusion of rice submergence and integration of product separation were achieved by intermittently rinsing the rice with monosodium glutamate (MSG) solutions every 12 h followed by an adsorptive extraction of the red pigment dissolved in the rinsing solution. With this new process, the Monascus red pigment production was increased by 24% as compared with that by the plain fixed-bed cultivation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

PKC-dependent IL-6 production and inhibition of IL-8 production by PKC activation in normal human skin fibroblasts under extremely high hydrostatic pressure.

Normal human dermal fibroblasts were found to survive and to be active in producing interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 under extremely high hydrostatic pressure, up to 40 MPa (1 atm=0.101325 MPa=1.03323 kgf/cm(2)), for 20 min. An inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) reduced the amount of IL-6 production, whereas IL-8 production was increased following pressure application. The activation of PKC in response to exposure to the pressure stress was detected by using the PKC-specific probe Rim-1. These findings indicate that IL-6 production induced by hydrostatic pressure stresses was dependent on the PKC signaling pathway. In contrast, pressure-induced IL-8 production was inhibited by PKC activity.

Catalytic Domain↗
PubMed1983

Regulation of bone marrow lymphocyte production. III. Increased production of B and non-B lymphocytes after administering systemic antigens.

To examine the influence of exogenous stimuli on the genesis of lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow, the production rate and subsets of marrow lymphocytes were examined after a systemic injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Radioautographic analysis after either pulse labeling or infusion of [3H]thymidine revealed a pronounced increase in the number of newly formed small lymphocytes appearing in the marrow, maximal 4-5 days after SRBC injection and dose related. The resulting expansion of the marrow lymphocyte population included both immature B cells and null cells, as shown by cell surface and cytoplasmic markers. Similar stimulation of marrow lymphocyte production followed an injection of either bovine serum albumin or mineral oil. No comparable stimulation occurred in either the thymus or the spleen. The results demonstrate that antigens and nonspecific irritants can exert a central effect in the bone marrow, producing a surge in the production of both primary B and non-B lymphocytes. The possible role of external stimulants in determining the normal rate of bone marrow lymphocyte production is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Regulation of bone marrow lymphocyte production. IV. Cells mediating the stimulation of marrow lymphocyte production by sheep red blood cells: studies in anti-IgM-suppressed mice, athymic mice, and silica-treated mice.

Some cellular requirements have been examined for the stimulation of lymphocyte production in mouse bone marrow by injected sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The increased genesis of marrow lymphocytes after a single dose of SRBC assayed radioautographically after [3H]thymidine labeling was unimpaired in the marrow of mice treated with anti-IgM antibodies from birth to eliminate B lymphocytes, and in congenitally athymic mice lacking T lymphocytes. However, pretreatment of mice with silica to depress macrophage function completely abolished the SRBC effect both on the total lymphocyte production and on the number of B and null small lymphocytes in the marrow. Comparative studies were performed on the thymus and spleen. The results demonstrate that the stimulation of marrow lymphocytes production by SRBC is mediated by a silica-sensitive mechanism, does not require B or T lymphocytes, and is independent of the humoral immune response. Thus, extrinsic agents may amplify the production of primary B cells and other lymphocytes in the bone marrow by an antigen-nonspecific mechanism, putatively mediated by macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effective production of a human monoclonal antibody against tetanus toxoid by selection of high productivity clones of a heterohybridoma.

A mouse.human-human heterohybridoma, N12-16.63, has been described which produces an anti-tetanus toxoid human monoclonal antibody (MoAb). A clone, N12-16.63.49.19, which produces eight times as much MoAb as that produced by the original cell line, was selected by repeating the recloning and selection twice. Two clones, N12-16.63.49.19.69 and N12-16.63.49.19.127, further selected from this clone produced almost 20 times more than that produced by the original cell line. Though the production of MoAb by these clones gradually decreased with repeating transfers, they still produced a large amount of human MoAb even after 3 months of transfer. Human MoAb (IgM) was isolated from the culture supernatants of the original and high productivity clones and the products were confirmed to be identical. Human MoAb was effectively produced by batch culture on the 20 liter scale or a perfusion culture on the 1 liter scale using these high productivity clones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Disinfection by-products in the chlorination of organic nitrogen compounds: by-products from kynurenine.

Volatile by-products in the chlorination of 3 humic acids as naturally-occurring substances and 37 nitrogen compounds normally found in excrement were analyzed, and as result kynurenine, a urinary metabolite of tryptophan was found a suitable model compound for dichloroacetonitrile-forming precursors. Possible pathways for the formation of chlorination by-products from kynurenine were also proposed by identification and kinetic properties of by-products decomposed further from each product.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1978

Stability of authentic PGI2 during routine extraction. Clarification of the nature and sequence of products formed by the rat stomach including the origin of the ozonolysis products reported in 1971.

Authentic PGI2 and PGI2 formed by rat stomach homogenates were carried through a simple extraction and purification procedure to explore the feasibility of isolation of this biologically active bicyclic ether product of arachidonic acid. The integrity of PGI2 was followed throughout by bioassay on the rat blood pressure. In this system we recently reported that PGI2 has very potent hypotensive actions which are easily distinguishable from those observed for PGE2 (14). Our results indicate that PGI2 survives the initial extraction steps (i.e. ethanol extraction, diethyl ether - HCl extraction and methylation) up to the step involving thin layer chromatography with an acidic developing solvent system. This latter procedure converts PGI2 entirely into a stable derivative, 6-keto-PGF1alpha (3,8--10). Oxidative ozonolysis of the methyl ester acetate derivative of authentic 6-keto PGF1alpha reveals products identical to those reported by Pace-Asciak and Wolfe in 1971 (1) which are also produced from authentic PGI2. This data sheds new light into 1) the nature of the biological product formed by stomach homogenates, 2) its transformation into 6-keto PGF1alpha during purification and 3) the origin of the ozonolysis products in the experiments reported in 1971.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Production of metabolic products of arachidonic acid during cell-cell interactions.

We studied interactions of human platelets and neutrophils with particular reference to the arachidonic acid pathway. Suspensions of [3H]arachidonate-labeled platelets and unlabeled neutrophils were stimulated with ionophore A23187. We detected several radioactive arachidonate metabolites, which are not produced by platelets alone. These included [3H]-labeled leukotriene B4 (LTB4), dihydroxy-eicosatetraeonic acid (DiHETE), and 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). DiHETE was formed when the platelet product [3H]12-HETE was added to ionophore-stimulated neutrophils. In addition, DiHETE was the major metabolite when [3H]5-HETE, a neutrophil arachidonate product, was added to stimulated platelets. We therefore suggest that upon stimulation, platelet-derived arachidonate can serve as precursor for the neutrophil-derived eicosanoids LTB4 and 5-HETE, and the platelet-derived product 12-HETE can be metabolized to DiHETE by stimulated human neutrophils. More recently we have shown that 12-HETE from thrombin-stimulated platelets can also be metabolized to a new product, 12,20-DiHETE, by unstimulated human neutrophils. It would appear that the platelet and neutrophil lipoxygenase pathways take part in cell-cell interactions--an observation that suggests a role for the neutrophils that are present in hemostatic plugs, thrombi, and inflammatory processes.

Arachidonate Lipoxygenases↗
PubMed1990

Production of a foreign protein product with genetically modified plant cells.

Plant cells (Nicotiana tabacum) were genetically engineered to produce a foreign protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and the CAT production from suspension cultures was investigated. Suspension cultures were grown in a shake flask, a stirred fermenter, and a bubble-column fermenter. The CAT production was growth related and the maximum activity was reached during the early stationary phase. A 41-day, semicontinuous stirred fermenter run, consisting of five sequential batch runs, demonstrated long-term CAT production. Continuous CAT production was also accomplished in a bubble-column fermenter at a medium flow rate of 3.1 ml h-1, which was equivalent to a dilution rate of 0.25 day-1.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1994

Problems with serum-free production of antithrombin III regarding proteolytic activity and product quality.

Human antithrombin III (AT-III) was produced using a recombinant BHK-21 cell line with a microcarrier culture in spinner flasks. Cells were cultivated for the first 4 days in a medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Afterwards, the medium was exchanged and production of AT-III occurred at high cell numbers in a serum-free medium. The product was determined by an immunoassay and further analysed after isolation from the culture medium. During cultivation, high proteolytic activity was detected which caused a considerable product decomposition. Furthermore, a higher level of non-glycosylated AT-III was found after serum-free production.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A product from human decidua inhibits prostaglandin production by human amnion.

Human decidua was obtained from nonlaboring women after elective cesarean section. Decidua was incubated with media alone for 20 hours and this media (decidual conditioned media) was then incubated with amnion cells in monolayer culture and amnion rings. A 90% decrease in PGE2 production by amnion cells in monolayer culture was demonstrated in the presence of decidual conditioned media when compared to controls. In short term incubations with fresh amnion, decidual conditioned media decreased the production of PGE2 in amnion by greater than 25% of the control rate of production in 17 of 21 experiments. These observations suggest that human decidua produces a factor capable of inhibiting prostaglandin production by amnion.

Amnion↗
PubMed1994

Practitioner productivity and the product content of medical care in publicly supported health centers.

The productivity-patient care content relationship in general practice and primary health care has never been a popular topic among medical practitioners. Yet the time a physician spends with patients or the number of patients treated in a fixed time interval would appear to be a critical factor in the content of this care. While current research has demonstrated a clear effect with respect to psychosocial care, the evidence with respect to technical care remains equivocal. The purpose of this study is to assess how physician production--measured as the number of patients seen per hour--affects the technical care performance of preventive and well care in 6 major patient management areas. The analysis uses data collected from 15 publicly supported, primary care centers in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The care received by 1424 patients over a seven month period (4695 medical encounters) is reflected in the analysis; the work of 64 full time physicians is also represented. Using both linear and piecewise regression techniques, the analysis uncovered evidence that production levels do influence the performance of medical care procedures. The strength, direction and functional form of the relationship, however, depends upon the specific medical component under scrutiny. The impact of encounters per hour is especially telling for the provision of medical history items and preventive care directed at the female patients. The implications of these findings are discussed and inferences about the physician style dynamics which might link productivity and consultation content are presented.

Adult↗