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PubMed1978

Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. I. Occurrence, frequency and distribution of multiple infections in rural communities in Chad, Peru, Afghanistan, and Zaire.

Parasitic diseases are predominantly rural diseases. They are often associated with poverty, illiteracy, poor sanitation and high risks of exposure to environmental and biological hazards. Because these factors are also essential determinants in the epidemiology of a variety of other infections with quite different etiologies, occurrence of multiple infections in the same people is common. In the tropics, polyparasitism may involve diseases of major public health inportance such as malaria, schistosomiasis, filarial infections, trypanosomiasis, and others. The paper presents data on the frequency and types of multiple infections with different parasitic and other infectious agents for thirteen villages of Chad, Peru and Afghanistan. The age and sex patterns of a number of observed combinations of parasitic and other diseases are shown for different ecological zones. Concomitant infections with up to five species of filarial worms are found in residents of villages in the Congo River Basin of Zaire. The specific types of combinations of these infections vary from place to place and appear to be closely linked to ecological factors.

Afghanistan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community characteristics, women's education, and fertility in Peru.

Using data from the World Fertility Survey of 1977-78, this paper examines how community characteristics influence completed fertility in Peru. The analysis shows that community characteristics do not condition (interact with) the effects of mother's education in determining completed fertility. Rather, the effects of community characteristics are best described by a threshold model, which posits that below or above critical cut points, the effects on fertility of community (or individual) characteristics will diminish or increase. Empirical results showed that residence in communities with higher levels of access to the benefits of development decreased completed fertility beyond what one would have predicted on the basis of women's characteristics alone, and this effect was further amplified with increasing levels of development.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1983

Peru. Selecting beneficiaries for assistance programmes.

The most common criticism of food aid or food assistance programmes is that they fail to reach those most in need. Applying objective criteria in selecting programme beneficiaries has proved to be a difficult problem. The statistical approach developed here and used in Peru may provide the basis for both selection of beneficiaries and evaluation of food aid projects.

Food↗
PubMed1983

Coexistence of pulmonary adenomatosis and progressive pneumonia in sheep in the central sierra of Peru.

A survey of sheep with chronic respiratory tract disease was conducted in the central sierra of Peru. Histopathologic examinations coupled with an agar-gel immunodiffusion test for ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) revealed that sheep pulmonary adenomatosis and OPP were present in these flocks. Of 80 sheep examined, 22 had lesions of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, and 4 had metastases to regional lymph nodes. Four sheep had lesions consistent with OPP and 9 had lesions indicating the coexistence of both diseases. The agar-gel immunodiffusion test revealed that at least 26% of the sheep had been exposed to the OPP (or an antigenically similar) virus. A variety of other respiratory tract diseases complicated the evaluations of these sheep, including verminous pneumonia, hydatid disease, lung abscesses, and other nonspecific acute and chronic pneumonias.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Dissolution of first unions in Colombia, Panama, and Peru.

An analysis of marital histories from World Fertility Survey data in Colombia, Panama, and Peru indicates a high level of union dissolution: the probabilities of a first union ending by separation within twenty years of the onset of union equal .27, .40, and .18 in the three countries respectively. Dissolution probabilities are especially high among women with young ages at first union and among women residing in urban areas. For all subgroups studied, consensual unions are characterized by several times the risk of separation of legal marriages. Consensual unions are especially frequent among women in rural areas, women with little education and women who enter unions at young ages. The different prevalence of consensual unions among the different subgroups affects the associations between union stability and various correlates so that it becomes essential to investigate the factors affecting union stability for both consensual unions and legal marriages. In spite of high dissolution rates, remarriage rates in all three countries are also high, as are the percentages of time spent in a union. Hence, the potential effects of voluntary disruption of unions on fertility appear to be modest.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[The experience in dental education of Cayetano Heredia University of Peru].

This article describes the educational experience gained in the dentistry program of Cayetano Heredia University in Peru. The programs for professional and auxiliary personnel training were drawn up after analyzing the health needs of the population and the services required to meet them, which resulted in the elaboration of an original methodology and taxonomy. Learning is an integral experience, one that takes place in the dental clinic, the hospital, and the community. The curriculum includes the following components: units for the intensive learning of clinical functions, fewer preclinical activities, clinical training with the ongoing assistance of auxiliary staff, extended interaction with marginal urban communities, rural internships, and hospital externships. A summary account is given of the gains made, the difficulties encountered, and plans for devising in-service teaching approaches that more effectively meet the needs of the community.

Community Dentistry↗
PubMed1980

Ornithodoros (alectorobius) amblus (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Argasidae): identity, marine bird and human hosts, virus infections, and distribution in Peru.

Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) amblus Chamberlin 1920, adults previously were described inadequately. Practically nothing was known regarding the identity, hosts, distribution, and biology of this species. We redescribe both sexes, describe the nymph and larva, and present criteria for differentiating these stages from those of other members of the O. (A.) capensis group in the Western Hemisphere. Samples were collected from 13 localities on the Pacific coast and on offshore islands of Peru. Hosts recorded are the Peruvian Brown Pelican, Peruvian Booby, Blue-footed Booby, Red-legged Cormorant, Guanay Cormorant, and Inca Tern. These birds are not long-distance migrants and more widely distributed species of the O. (A.) capensis group have not been found parasitizing them. The life cycle is characteristic of the O. (A.) capensis group; the first nymphal instar does or does not feed. Humans are attacked eagerly by O. (A.) amblus and suffer afterward from severe inflammation and "incredible" pruritus, and possibly from more severe illness. Viruses infecting this tick are Punta Salinas (Hughes serogroup, family unclassified) and Huacho (Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus, Kemerovo serogroup). Dense tick populations cause breeding birds to desert numerous nests; thus, O. (A.) amblus is economically important to the Peruvian guano industry. Certain spiders and lizards may prey on this tick.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Prevention of cholera transmission: rapid evaluation of the quality of municipal water in Trujillo, Peru].

Unboiled, unchlorinated drinking water is known to have been associated with epidemic transmission of cholera in Trujillo, Peru, in February 1991. In September of that same year, chlorination of the main water supply system was begun. Water quality in Trujillo at the central level is monitored at dams and principal distribution points, but the effects of this surveillance on the quality of the water distributed are not known. In order to evaluate water quality in the residential areas of Trujillo, water samples were collected in February 1993 from 30 systematically selected houses. The chlorine levels in the samples were measured, and cultures for coliform bacteria were done. The free chlorine concentration varied from 0 to 1.5 mg/L (median = 0.4 mg/L). No free chlorine was detected in 5 samples (17%), and in 14 (47%) the concentrations were less than 0.4 mg/L. Coliforms were found in 16 samples (53%), but none were fecal coliforms. These results demonstrate the wide variability in chlorine concentrations in the municipal water that is distributed to dwellings. This variability, together with the need to store drinking water in the house because of shortages, supports the recommendation of the Ministry of Health that residents should treat drinking water in their homes. The simple sampling framework employed in this study provided a rapid evaluation of the quality of municipal water supplied to consumers. Similar studies could be carried out easily in other metropolitan areas where water quality is suspect, in order to rapidly obtain essential information on water quality at the level of the consumer.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1994

High dose cocaine use in Bolivia and Peru.

Drug-producing countries such as the Andean countries of South America where cocaine is manufactured are confronted by special difficulties associated with the widespread availability of drugs. There have been few detailed reports of patterns of use in relation to the type and severity of cocaine dependence problems within those countries. The present study looks at the patterns of cocaine use in relation to severity of dependence among a clinical sample of South American cocaine users. Information about patterns of cocaine use and severity of dependence was collected from a sample of 68 drug users who were receiving treatment for cocaine problems at treatment centres in Bolivia and Peru. Levels of cocaine consumption were extremely high. The mean daily dose was 16.4 grams. The majority of the users (87 per cent) smoked cocaine in the form of pasta, pitillo or basuco. More than half of the sample reported using cocaine at least 20 times a day. Severity-of-dependence scale scores were high and these are consistent with the frequent and compulsive pattern of use reported within the sample. It is suggested that the more severe cocaine problems reported in South America compared to some western countries may be due to the substantial differences in the amounts of cocaine which are typically ingested. In the Bolivian sample most of the users were taking cocaine in amounts which greatly exceed those usually seen in western countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of serological markers of viral hepatitis A, B and delta in apparently healthy schoolchildren of Huanta, Peru].

UNLABELLED: Huanta is an Andean valley of Peru, located at 2400 meters above sea level with a population of 45,000 inhabitants. Viral hepatitis is widely known in the area due to its severe clinical symptoms and high morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A study on the prevalence of hepatitis A, B and D markers among 143 clinically healthy school students was carried out. The students were selected randomly from 4 schools in the city. The subjects provided epidemiological data regarding viral hepatitis and a venous blood sample to determine HBsAg, anti HBc antibody, anti-HBc IgM, anti HAV and anti HDV by the ELISA technique (Abbott Lab.). RESULTS: A total of 93 males and 50 females participated in the study. The mean age was 13.2 years (7-20 y.). Anti HAV was detected in 140 of them (98%). Prior infection by HBV was detected in 117 (82%) and an active infection in 4 of them (2.7%). The rate of HBsAg carriers was 16.0% (23). HDV infection was found in 21 of 117 (17.9%) individuals infected by the HBV. HBV infection and the previous use of injections represented a significant association (OR:3.7 IC 1.3-11, p < 0.012). No differences in sex were noted. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of HAV, HBV, and HDV was found among school students in Huanta and this was the first report of hepatitis delta in the area. The association of HBV infection and the use of injections was meaningful. The high prevalence of HBV and HDV suggests the existence of a relationship to the morbidity and mortality by hepatitis in Huanta, thus the need for control programs by means of immunization against HBV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effectiveness of two methods of advising mothers on infant feeding and dietetic management of diarrhoea at an outpatient clinic in Peru.

The effectiveness of two educational intervention programmes in promoting infant feeding practices was assessed among mothers of small children attending a hospital's Oral Rehydration Unit in Peru. One group of mothers received 5 min of counselling and a recipe pamphlet. The other group received the same counselling plus a 20-min cooking demonstration. Both interventions had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) impact on maternal knowledge and practices; differences between the impact of the two practices were negligible. After merging both groups into a single sample, it was observed that changes over time were significantly large (p < 0.05). Knowledge rates were 27.6% before the intervention, 73.7% 2 days later and 75% 30 days later. The corresponding figures for practices were 2.6%, 58.3% and 37.5% respectively. We conclude that when place, time and message are adequately chosen, a simple method may be an effective way of good communication. We suggest that a larger implementation trial would be useful before starting larger infant feeding programmes.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in breastfeeding initiation and duration in Peru, 1977-1986.

Both breastfeeding initiation and duration increased in Peru during 1977-86. Although one would have expected that the average incidence and duration of breastfeeding would have declined as a result of changes in population characteristics, the potential for an overall decline was more than overcome by changes in behavior. A net increase in initiation and duration is shown for all subgroups of interest. The largest absolute increases are documented for children who, in 1977, were the least likely to be breastfed and who were breastfed for the shortest durations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Management of infantile diarrhea by physicians in outpatient services in Peru].

This study investigated the practices followed by physicians in the clinical, therapeutic, and dietary management of children under the age of 5 with diarrhea. A total of 148 physicians were observed while they provided outpatient services at various public and private health institutions in two areas of Peru. They were also interviewed to assess their theoretical knowledge about the proper management of diarrhea in children. The physicians treated 222 children under 5 with diarrhea. It was observed that in taking their clinical histories the physicians ascertained the duration of the problem, the number of bowel movements, their consistency, and the presence of fecal mucus or blood in 175 (79%), 158 (71%), 140 (63%), and 153 (69%) cases, respectively. Antibiotics were prescribed for 130 children (58%), and 102 (46%) were not given any oral rehydration therapy (ORT). The oral rehydration salts (ORS) were recommended to only 40 (18%) of the children. On the other hand, during the interviews only 38 physicians (26%) indicated that they prescribe drugs for diarrhea, while 110 (74%) said that they recommend ORT. Fewer than half the mothers received recommendations regarding the type of food that they should give their children during the diarrhea episode. The results reveal a sizable discrepancy between theory and practice in the medical management of childhood diarrhea, which means that it is necessary to instill in physicians the importance of assessing and treating children with diarrhea according to a uniform and systematic scheme that includes careful therapeutic and dietary guidance.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing the Peru service availability module and situation analysis.

This report reviews the experience of the World Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in collecting community-level data on family planning. It assesses the validity of the community data for Peru that were collected via a service availability module, much like that which is used for the DHS, through a comparison with data from the Situation Analysis. The analysis indicates that the knowledgeable informant, the main source of information about family planning in each community for the service availability module, may not be an accurate source of data. Information about the availability of family planning services is more reliable when it is obtained by means of visits to service sites. However, given cost considerations, sampling problems, and analysis issues, routine linkage of Situation Analyses to household surveys such as the DHS is not recommended at this time.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of the quality of family planning services on contraceptive use in Peru.

Through linkage of a Demographic and Health Survey to a situation analysis, this article explores whether current contraceptive use in Peru is affected by the service environment in which a woman resides. The investigation focuses explicitly on the impact of the quality of family planning services and finds that, net of personal and household characteristics, a significant, albeit small, effect exists for one specification of quality in the total sample and for the other specification a nearly significant (p = .053) effect exists. The analysis reveals that contraceptive prevalence would be 16 to 23 percent greater if all women lived in a cluster with the highest quality of care compared with the lowest. Methodological problems that arise in measuring quality of care at the cluster level and in linking quality to individual contraceptive use are also addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[The politics of gender and of women's health in Latin America: Peru. 1].

This study includes a presentation and analysis about the woman's problematic. It considers the woman social condition according to the androgynors ideology of the society. Briefly it presents a historical evolution of the woman in accord with the gender analysis. On the other hand, it presents too, an analysis of the health and the public politics in relation to the woman in Latin America, mainly in Peru, since the Incanato period, justifying the motives of the formulation and implementation of the Family Planning Program, the Responsible Paternity Program and Child and Mother Attention Program.

Female↗
PubMed1996

[Gender and health policies for Latin American women: Peru. II].

This study includes a presentation and analysis about the woman's problematic. It considers the woman social condition concording to the androgynors ideology of the society. Briefly it presents a historical evolution of the woman in accord with the gender analysis. It presents too, an analysis of the health and the public politics in relation to the woman in Latin America, mainly in Peru, since the Incanato period, justifying the motives of the formulation and implementation of the Family Planning Program, the Responsable Paternity Program and Child and Mother Atention Program. Finally, this study considers the importance of integral projects, programs and health politics and not only considering the women's reproduction.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Criteria for pharmacologic quality in artificial nutritional support applied in Peru].

This is a report on the metabolic consequences derived from widely using a parenteral nutrition scheme in Peru. That scheme was in disagreement with internationally accepted principles. Its lack of capacity to achieve anabolism is demonstrated. Enteral and parenteral nutrition schemes that clearly achieve anabolism are shown as well as the notorious contrast with the parenteral nutrition scheme referred to previously. These facts set up the basis of the Formulary of Nutritional Support Units of Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social.

Adult↗