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PubMed1983

Sleep and bedtime behavior in preschool-aged children.

Age stage-specific changes in patterns of sleep and bedtime behavior were examined in 109 normally developing preschool-aged children who were the subjects of the New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament and Development. The data were derived from information abstracted from interviews conducted with parents about the behavior of their children in daily life situations at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. The following age trends were found: older children were significantly more likely to exhibit a prolongation of bedtime routine, insist on sleeping with the light on, take a treasured object to bed, request parental attention after being told good night, and experience delays in falling asleep than were younger children. The frequency of occurrence of night awakening was not different at the different age levels examined, although older children were significantly more likely to experience nightmares. The fathers of older children were significantly more likely to participate in bedtime routines, and older children were also significantly more likely to share a bedroom with a sibling. No sex differences were found.

Child Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anorexia nervosa - thoughts on psychogenesis and psychotherapy].

In this work I tried to classify Anorexia nervosa into two groups, the central group and the reactive group. The central group contains four different subgroups, the immature, the schizoid, the hysterical and the compulsive type. In the first two subgroups the lack of appetite appears primarily at the onset of the disease, and the fear of growing up plays an important role. In the latter two subgroups the lack of appetite comes later on the basis of a conscious or subconscious suppression of the appetite; here prevails a wish to be slender and the disturbance of the aesthetic value orientation. The basis of this syndrome lies in the interpersonal constellation in the family during the childhood. In tests and interviews of the parents of 20 patients was proved, that the fathers have weak and immature character structures, show little interest in the family, they are hypochondriacl, undecisive and not self-confident. On the contrary the mothers are more normative and they endeavour to accept or compensate some parts of the father-role. In the course of these excessive efforts they lose their motherhood and become secondarily dominating grumbling persons. By the lack of the normal father-daugher-relationship, the maturation of sexuality and feminity is disturbed. The method of psychotherapy of those ambivalent, unmotivated patients with ego-splitting is different from that of other neuroses in many points, such as activity, flexibility and educational control on the part of the therapist instead of the psychoanalytic neutrality. In such cases therapists should not be reluctant to act as an object of identification for these patients.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1982

Genotypic influences on infanticide in mice: environmental, situational and experiential determinants.

Approximately 20-30% of adult, 60-70 day old, dBA/2J male mice exhibit infanticide toward standard stimulus 1-3 day old Rockland-Swiss Albino mouse pups, while 50-80% of adult C57BL/6J males display the behavior. Reciprocally-crossed hybrid males exhibit DBA-like levels of low pup-killing behavior and cross-fostered DBA and C57BL males retain their strain-typical phenotype. Also DBA males continue to exhibit low levels of infanticide and C57bL males display high levels of the behavior regardless of the length of pup exposure, or the sex, age, or strain of the stimulus newborn. Thus, strain differences in pup-killing behavior are not related to differences in the prenatal or postnatal maternal environment, or to situational or experiential factors. Inherent biological differences may be responsible for the strain differences in infanticidal behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Reexamining obesigenic families: parents' obesity-related behaviors predict girls' change in BMI.

OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that girls from families in which mothers and fathers had high dietary intake and low physical activity (i.e., obesigenic families) were at increased risk of obesity from ages 5 to 7 years. This follow-up study uses additional data collected when girls were 9 and 11 years old to examine whether girls from obesigenic families continued to show greater increases in BMI over time and reported unhealthy dietary and activity patterns. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Families from the original cohort were reexamined when girls were 9 and 11 years of age. Parents' and girls' BMI, dietary intake, and physical activity and girls' percentage body fat and television viewing were assessed. RESULTS: In comparison with girls from non-obesigenic families, girls from obesigenic families showed greater increases in BMI and BMI z score from ages 5 to 7 years that were maintained across ages 7 to 11 years. Furthermore, girls from obesigenic families had higher percentage body fat at ages 9 and 11 years. These results were independent of parents' BMI. Additional findings showed that girls from obesigenic families had diets higher in percentage fat and had higher levels of television viewing than girls from non-obesigenic families. DISCUSSION: The environment that parents create, by way of their own dietary and physical activity behaviors, may have a lasting negative effect on children's weight trajectories and their emerging obesity risk behaviors, such as their dietary patterns. These findings further highlight the importance of the family in establishing children's obesity risk and the necessity of targeting parents of young children in obesity prevention efforts.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the experience of women and men in dual-earner families following the birth of their first infant.

This paper describes an extension of the concept of "redefining roles" developed from an initial study that described the experience of eight women in dual-earner families following the birth of their first infant. A second study used redefining roles as a springboard and described the experience of ten men. Although constant comparative analysis generated a core variable in both studies best described as "redefining roles," the two groups redefined their roles somewhat differently. When the women redefined their roles, they took on multiple roles, experienced role strain, and reduced role strain. The men monitored and limited role strain. The implications for nursing practice are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Advantages to female rodents of male-induced pregnancy disruptions.

Several, not mutually exclusive, hypotheses have been discussed to account for the advantages of pregnancy disruptions for female rodents. Those hypotheses focusing on differential male behavior to related and unrelated pups may, with additional research, provide the most plausible explanation for the changes throughout pregnancy in the probability that a female will reabsorb a pregnancy when exposed to a new male.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

In the genes or in the stars? Children's competence to consent.

Children's competence to refuse or consent to medical treatment or surgery tends to be discussed in terms of the child's ability or maturity. This paper argues that the social context also powerfully influences the child's capacity to consent. Inner attributes and external influences are discussed using an analogy of the genes and the stars.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The evolution of male-infant interactions in the tribe Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecidae).

In Old World monkeys, intense affiliative interactions between adult males and infants have mostly been observed in the tribe Papionini. Although these male-infant interactions have been reported in most species of the genera Papio, Theropithecus and Cercocebus, they have only erratically been reported in the genus Macaca. In this article I show that the distribution of male-infant interactions within the genus Macaca can be accounted for by the phylogenetic relations among macaque species and by the evolution of the genus Macaca relative to the other Papionini.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Alternative therapies and empowerment of older women.

There has been a striking increase in Americans' awareness and use of alternative therapies over the last decade. Women, in particular, have been drawn to explore these unconventional health practices, which include herbal medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy, manual therapies, energy healing, and mind-body therapies. From a feminist perspective, the rise in alternative therapies' use in the United States represents a shift in cultural concepts of health from an out-moded patriarchical model which disempowers older women, to a more feminine, holistic model which can reempower older women. Throughout history, older women have developed, applied, and taught the principles and practices of what are now considered alternative healing modalities, in their roles as mothers, expert herbalists, midwives, wise women, and shaman. By becoming familiar with these therapies, older women can increase their control over their health, enhance prevention and self-care, and enjoy a health-care pathway that leads to wholeness in body, mind, and spirit.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Parenting behaviors and the onset of smoking and alcohol use: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify which specific parenting behaviors are associated with the onset of alcohol and tobacco use and how they are associated. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of two groups of preadolescents surveyed annually, the first group for 4 years, the second for 3 years. SETTING: Two public school districts in Southern California. SUBJECTS: 1034 fifth graders and 1266 seventh graders began the study after obtaining parental consent to complete surveys in a classroom setting. By the last measurement, attrition was 37 and 38% for the two cohorts, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The onset of tobacco or alcohol use in the last month. RESULTS: Children who reported that parents spent more time with them and communicated with them more frequently had lower onset rates of using alcohol and tobacco in the last month. These parental interactions lead to more positive relationships with their children. Parental monitoring and positive relations were protective factors for disruptive behavior and the selection of substance-using friends. Disruptive behavior increased the odds of adolescents drinking in the last month approximately twofold and of smoking in the last month two to fourfold. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence that parenting behaviors are significant precursors to adolescent disruptive behavior, vulnerability to peer pressure, and subsequent substance use. Parents should be targeted in future substance use prevention programs, before their children reach adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Turtle mating systems: behavior, sperm storage, and genetic paternity.

As evidenced by the articles in this volume, a recent increase in interest in the mating systems of poikilothermic vertebrates has focused primarily on fishes, a few amphibians, and squamate reptiles. Turtles by contrast have received relatively little attention, yet they display a wide variety of mating behaviors and life-history characteristics that make them excellent candidates for addressing several aspects of genetic parentage that should contribute to a broader understanding of animal reproductive strategies. Here we focus on genetic studies of the mating systems and reproductive patterns of turtles, specifically with respect to multiple paternity and long-term sperm storage. These phenomena highlight the importance of a temporally extended perspective on patterns of individual reproductive success.

Animals↗