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PubMed1992

Effects of communication with important social referents on beliefs and intentions to use condoms.

Data from a 1989 survey using the condom attitude and belief instrument with 310 clients from two sexually transmitted disease clinics identified significant social referents who influence condom-use intentions. They are sexual partner, father and friends. The present study found that communication with these referents had a positive net effect on beliefs about and intentions to use condoms. Implications applicable for intervention programmes to increase condom use are to promote talking about condoms between the sexual partners and important social referents and to develop such communication skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of the needs and concerns of partners of women at high risk of developing breast/ovarian cancer.

This exploratory study investigates the experience of partners of women at high risk of developing breast/ovarian cancer and reports on the partners' views concerning their relationship, communication, future planning, children and childbearing, involvement in decision-making regarding screening and prophylactic measures, and information and support needs. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 partners. Of these, seven were partners of women who were BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, five were partners of women with unknown mutation status, and three were partners of women who were non-carriers. None of the women had a previous diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer. Partners of carriers and women with unknown mutation status were found to be more distressed than partners of non-carriers, with partners of mutation carriers reporting the most difficulties. Factors associated with better adjustment and coping for partners included dealing with this situation as a team with their wife, greater involvement in decision-making, satisfaction with their supportive roles and being optimistic. Decision-making difficulties in relation to prophylactic measures, concerns about their children possibly being at increased cancer risk, as well as the need to receive information directly from health professionals and the wish to meet other partners were also discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Interdisciplinary communication.

After an introduction clarifying the notion of interdisciplinarity, this chapter focuses on the importance of specific roles and mutual responsibilities within the interdisciplinary team, as well as basic rules of communication respecting the values of the concerned partners and professionals, as well as patient and family. Finally, the communication structure for efficient teamwork, and the importance of building a common vision, sharing leadership and learning to work together will be discussed.

Communication↗
PubMed1978

Effects of group systematic desensitization on female orgasmic dysfunction.

This study investigated the impact of group systematic desensitization (SD) on varied aspects of sexual functioning in primary and secondary nonorgasmic women. After serving as their own controls, 22 women (eight primary, 14 secondary) received 15 sessions of group SD using four common hierarchies of sexual scenes. The measures were administered to each subject and her regular sex partner at each of the testing periods. Significant positive treatment effects were found on measures of general and specific sexual adjustment and in extracoital orgasmic frequency. Treatment also enhanced sexual communication among subjects and their partners, increased the females' acceptance of their mates as being satisfactory sexual partners, and increased the females' self-acceptance as sexual beings. All but one of the treatment effects (degree of pleasure experienced during extracoital stimulation) were maintained at the 6-week follow-up. Secondary subjects reported significantly greater pleasure from coital and extracoital stimulation and significantly increased frequency of orgasm in response to extracoital stimulation than primary subjects. Primary and secondary subjects did not differ in their evaluation of the experiment. The need for controlled comparative treatment investigations is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Understanding partner notification (Patient self-referral method) by young women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To understand the communication process involved in the patient-self referral method among adolescent females with chlamydia and gonococcal infection. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study using a convenience sample was conducted in 54 predominantly African-American females, 13 to 20 years-old, with gonococcal and/or chlamydia cervicitis at an urban hospital based reproductive health clinic. Subjects interviewed at their treatment visit were asked what method of notification they used to tell their partner(s). Subjects who had not notified their partner were asked about their intended communication method and what they envisioned they would say to their partner. Coding methodology was used to analyze the information. In addition to qualitative information, outcome measures were the proportion of subjects who notified their partner(s), their communication method, style, and barriers to communication. RESULTS: According to the treatment visit, 57% (31/54) of subjects reported notifying their partner. Most had notified their partner by phone or face-to-face, stated basic facts about the infection, and used a "direct" and "sensitive" communication style. Of the subjects who had not notified their partner (23/54), several barriers to notification were reported, but 82% said they intend to notify their partner(s). CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to promote the patient-self referral method among young women who do not notify their partner(s) need further assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effects of speech output type, message length, and reauditorization on perceptions of the communicative competence of an adult AAC user.

The effects of speech output type, aided message length, and partner reauditorization on naive observers' perceptions of the communicative competence of an adult augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system user were examined. Subjects consisted of 48 naive adults with minimal exposure to nonspeaking persons. Eight scripted videotaped conversational conditions involving an AAC user and a normal-speaking partner were employed in the manipulation of the three independent variables. A balanced incomplete block design was used. Following each viewing, subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess the communicative competence of the AAC user. Results indicated a significant main effect for aided message length only. Ratings of the AAC user were higher in conditions with phrases than in conditions with single-word messages. Of interest was the finding that the use of digitized versus synthesized speech output had no effect on observer ratings. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sexual behavior, contraception, and risk among college students.

PURPOSE: To characterize the differences and similarities among college freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors regarding their sexual behavior including contraception choices and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk. METHODS: A 41-item sexual behavior questionnaire designed for this study was administered to a convenience sample (N = 797) of a college population. RESULTS: Levels of sexual activity were found to be comparable to other college-based surveys. Notable trends included an increased level of oral contraceptive use among partners reported by seniors, as compared to freshmen, without a corresponding increase in condom use; an increased reliance among seniors, as compared to freshmen, on women to provide contraception; and a low level of self or partner HIV testing either before or after initiating sexual intercourse. Gender differences also revealed greater partner relationship duration, intensity, and communication prior to initiating sexual intercourse among women versus men (p < or = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual behavior among college students differs across the 4 years with regard to rates of intercourse, contraception choice, and responsibility, as well as HIV testing and partner trust. University- and college-based health care programs should address sexual behavior with an awareness of the differences that exist in the four cohorts of students.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The deterministic limit of infectious disease models with dynamic partners.

This paper analyzes the large population dynamics of an infectious disease model with contacts that occur during partnerships. The model allows for concurrent partnerships following a very broad class of dynamic laws. Previous work, with a stochastic version of the model, computed the reproductive number, the initial growth rate, and the final size. In the present paper, the deterministic system that is the limit for large populations is constructed. The construction is unusual in requiring two different scaling factors. Next, the approximation used by Watts and May for a related model is compared with the exact solution. This approximation is most accurate at the beginning of the epidemic and when partnerships are short. Lastly, the model is generalized to allow dependencies among partnerships. This generalization permits proportional mixing with an arbitrary distribution on the number of partners.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1991

[Structured communication between dentist and laboratory].

Dentist and dental laboratory technician are closely related partners in the dental team. To ensure quality care, communication and understanding of mutual capabilities and limitations is of the utmost importance. Ambitions and goals need to be assessed after which general specifications can be agreed on. Regarding the case communication, a division is made between subjective and objective information. A few means of case communication are discussed.

Communication↗
PubMed1997

Understanding sexual coercion among young adolescents: communicative clarity, pressure, and acceptance.

Young people's understanding of sexual coercion was studied. Boys and girls (N = 191) were asked to rate scenarios depicting sexual situations according to their perceptions of communicative clarity, the extent of pressure being applied to one partner, and the acceptability of the behaviors. Judgments of communicative clarity were given more readily when there was consent rather than dissent to sex. Clear communication was readily inferred even when there were no cues that this was the case. Boundaries of behaviors that were defined as constituting "pressure" were influenced by the outcome, that is whether sex did or did not occur, as well as the behavior itself. Ratings of acceptability closely followed those of pressure, although the relationships between perceptions of pressure and acceptability were stronger for girls than for boys. In general, there were few gender differences in perceptions of pressure and communicative clarity. Of concern was the finding that, for some respondents, pressure and acceptability were unrelated to the use of either physical or emotional force.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Use of pointing and other gestures by young children with Down syndrome.

Pointing, reaching, and other communicative gestures were elicited from 22 children with Down syndrome ages 21 to 47 months in two communicative contexts (referential/declarative vs. instrumental/imperative) and with two partners (mother vs. agemate with Down syndrome). Linguistic competence was assessed using the Vineland and Reynell Scales. High levels of pointing were produced in both communicative contexts and with each partner. Advance visual checking of the partner appeared to indicate awareness of the necessary conditions for successful declarative pointing. Comparisons with matched data from typically developing infants revealed both similarities and differences in gesture use. Findings were discussed in relation to delayed language development in children with Down syndrome.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Factors affecting contraceptive use in Ghana.

The relationships between selected demographic and socioeconomic variables and current use status of contraception were examined using logistic regression technique. Information on current contraceptive use was provided by 3156 out of 4488 currently married women aged 15-49 interviewed in the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Respondents' approval of family planning emerged as the most important predictor of current contraceptive use, followed by discussion of family planning with partner and level of education. As a policy measure, information, education and communication programmes on family planning should be intensified, particularly in rural areas. Female education, at least up to secondary level, should be given top priority.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sexual function after treatment for gynecological malignancy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes current knowledge about the nature of sexual dysfunction in gynecological cancers, highlighting recent publications on disease effects, treatment effects, and communication issues. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have shown the impact of radiotherapy on sexual function in cervical cancer and have highlighted differences in the levels and duration of sexual problems in women with early stage compared with advanced, recurrent, or persistent disease. Qualitative studies in cervical and endometrial cancer have highlighted women's concerns in relation to femininity, fears of sexual relations, and the importance of communication with the woman's partner. Similar findings have been obtained in studies of ovarian cancer. Predictors of sexual function in ovarian cancer have been suggested by a recent study, with risk factors for poorer sexual functioning being age, treatment, time since treatment, poor self esteem/body image, physical symptoms, poor performance status, depression, and anxiety. Similar risk factors have been highlighted in vulval cancer. Communication issues have been discussed, with some preliminary exploration of the benefits of group therapy and psychosexual counseling. SUMMARY: Recent research is helping us to understand more about the impact of the different types of gynecological cancer and its treatment on sexual functioning, with information being provided about key risk factors and predictors of sexual dysfunction that can be used to guide appropriate advice and support. The assessment and treatment of sexual functioning must become part of the standard care of women diagnosed with gynecological cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contextual influence on the language production of children with speech/language impairment.

To investigate the possible contextual variability of language and interaction, data from 10 children with speech/language impairment and three different types of conversational partners (a parent, a peer and a clinician) were collected. The dialogues were analyzed with respect to the characteristics of the dialogues as whole, to the dominance and the productivity of the three types of conversational partners, and to the productivity, fluency and grammatical structure of the language production of the children with speech/language impairment. Productivity was measured as mean length of utterance (MLU) in words, number of utterances, number of different words and proportion of complete and intelligible utterances. Fluency was measured as the proportion of utterances containing a maze. Grammatical structure was analysed with respect to the use of grammatical morphemes, word order patterns, the occurrence of expansions and the complexity of verb forms. Significant differences, in particular between child-child and adult-child dialogues were found. The adult-child dialogues were asymmetrical, where the adults dominated through asking many questions and talking much. The peer dialogues were more dynamic and equal. In these dialogues the children with speech/language impairment took a more active role as a conversational partner. The children produced more utterances and different words with the adult partners, but variables related to fluency and grammatical structure did not vary as a function of the conversational partner. The results imply that children with speech/language impairment practise different aspects of their communicative ability with different types of conversational partners. In particular, it is important to provide them with opportunities to interact with peers, in order for them to develop their skills as independent conversational partners.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Psychological treatment of erectile dysfunction in men without partners: outcome results and a new direction.

Studies concerning the psychological treatment of erectile dysfunction in men without partners are reviewed. A significant majority of single men experience improved erectile functioning following surrogate-assisted or men's group therapy. However, the expense and unresolved legal status of surrogate therapy and logistical problems in forming men's groups limit the availability of these treatments. "Personal Potential" is a new audio cassette adjunct for individual therapy. To approximate a men's group experience, "Personal Potential" includes discussions by former clients, didactic presentations, communication roleplays, and sexual and social homework assignments. Routine attention to communication problems in men without partners may also increase patient satisfaction with intracavernosal vasodilator self-infections, penile implants, or vacuum constriction devices.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1984

Treating troubled marriages.

Specific objectives include provision of a neutral and nonjudgmental atmosphere, ventilation of each partner's concerns, facilitation of improved "communication," attention to issues involving affection (both sexual and nonsexual), new perspectives and suggestions where appropriate, and a supportive attitude and manner to combat demoralization. A useful treatment format involves seeing each partner alone, then both partners together for three or four sessions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Correlates of using dual methods for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy prevention among high-risk African-American female teens.

PURPOSE: To identify correlates of consistent dual-method use among African-American female adolescents at risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and pregnancy. METHODS: A convenience sample of 522 sexually active female teens attending adolescent medicine clinics, health department clinics, and school health classes volunteered. Recruitment sites were in low-income neighborhoods of Birmingham, Alabama. Adolescents completed a questionnaire and a face-to-face interview and provided vaginal swab specimens for laboratory diagnosis of STDs. Those reporting use of condoms and at least one other method of contraception, for each of the last five occasions they had sex were classified as consistent dual-method users. The questionnaire assessed frequency of adolescents' communication with their parents and partners about sex. The questionnaire also assessed two measures of parental supervision and adolescents' desire to avoid pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression assessed the independent contribution of each correlate of consistent dual-method use. RESULTS: Seventy-one adolescents (13.6%) were classified as consistent dual-method users. A strong desire to avoid pregnancy was the most influential correlate of consistent dual-method use [odds ratio (OR) =2.3]. Adolescents reporting that their parents generally knew whom they were with (OR = 2.0) and those reporting more frequent communication with parents (OR = 1.9) were also more likely to be consistent dual users. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the need for research to examine the efficacy of interventions building on adolescent females' desire to avoid pregnancy. Study findings also suggest that interventions promoting improved parent-adolescent communication and improved parental supervision may contribute to adolescents' use of dual methods for STD and pregnancy prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Heading off violence with verbal de-escalation.

Respect for the rights and dignity of patients is the underlying principle of therapeutic communication. Its effective practice requires the nurse to identify personal issues, stressors, and one's own anxiety and effectiveness levels. It is important that the caregiver maintain self-control to help others control themselves. By constantly observing patient behavior, the nurse should be able to detect agitation and intervene in a timely fashion, avoiding physical confrontation and the physical restraints that are its usual consequence. To make this outcome possible, the nurse should learn to recognize signs of agitation and escalation; should practice presenting himself or herself as a calm, caring professional; and should maintain poise even when facing a potentially violent patient. The nurse should remain open-minded, knowing that patients frequently react to assumptions made about them, and use the information acquired to find acceptable alternatives to aggression. These alternatives should be presented to the patient, making the choices clear, yet allowing the dignity of choice. Every effort should be made to provide opportunity for patients to be in control of their own behavior. Physical confrontation should always be a last resort, and one used only when there is a clear danger of immediate physical harm to a patient or staff member. Keep in mind that the use of force is an encouragement to aggressive behavior and a hindrance to treatment. Effective use of therapeutic communication encourages patients to express their feelings and become cooperative partners in their treatment.

Communication↗