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Impact of preceptor counseling on medical resident prescription writing.

A collaborative study was conducted by pharmacists and the clinical preceptor of the otolaryngology outpatient clinic of the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). This study focused on decreasing the percent of legal or procedural errors made by resident physicians. During the study period all prescriptions written by house staff were reviewed by a pharmacist for compliance to previously established criteria. Noncompliant prescriptions were photocopied by the pharmacist and recorded for review by the resident's clinical preceptor. After an 8-week period of baseline data collection, residents were counseled privately by the clinical preceptor and critique on their ability to write a legally and procedurally correct prescription. The residents were made aware of their major deficiencies to enable them to correct the problems. During an unannounced 4-week period, beginning 5 months after preceptor consultation, resident prescription writing was again audited. The result, an overall decrease of 78.5% in noncompliant prescriptions, illustrates that establishing lines of communication between pharmacists and physicians can demonstrably improve health care services. If this change in the quality of prescription writing could be achieved in all of the institution's ambulatory care clinics, an annual conservation of at least $57,000 in pharmacist salaries would be realized.

Drug Prescriptions↗

A computer-assisted drug prescription system: the model and its implementation in the ATM knowledge base.

Informatisation of drug prescription is an important topic in medical informatics. For several years now, computerized drug databases have been implemented. Usually only a small part of the prescriptions can be stored in prescription systems because of the format of the included information; prescriptions contain essentially free text without any structure and homogeneity of the used vocabulary. In this article a model is presented for knowledge representation in a computerized drug prescription system. The model should be applicable to clinical practice and be didactic for medical students. The problem of standardization of terminology had to be solved. A computer-assisted drug prescription program has been developed. The next step is its validation by clinicians. The program can also be used in a consultation mode.

Database Management Systems↗

[Surveillance and the costs related to the prescription of antimicrobials in a pediatric hospital].

INTRODUCTION: Important considerations in the selection of an antimicrobial agent include the indications for its prescription, its efficacy, toxicity and cost. However, is has been observed that up to 50% of these prescriptions are inappropriate. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utilization patterns and costs of restricted antimicrobial agents requiring authorization of the infectious diseases service for their prescription, in a tertiary care pediatric hospital through the use of a computer software antimicrobial use surveillance program designed by the investigators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A one-year longitudinal descriptive and prolective survey was conducted in all patients requiring antimicrobial therapy during their hospitalization. Information on the prescription and costs of antimicrobial agents was recorded from both the medical chart and pharmacy registers. RESULTS: A total of 748 patients were prescribed at least one restricted antimicrobial agent, corresponding to 9.6% of the total number of patients hospitalized and 63.4% of the antibiotic expenditures during the study. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital surveillance of antimicrobial prescription is useful for detecting antimicrobial prescription patterns and costs. These types of studies are inexpensive and of easy access when a computerized register is available in the pharmacy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

[Quality assurance in drug treatment by prescription drug analysis in a psychiatric treatment facility].

This article reports pharmaceutical analysis of the medical prescription in a psychiatric hospital. This study estimates the impact of the pharmaceutical interventions on the security of the treatment prescribed. This pharmaceutical system is based on individual prescription and on pharmaceutical analysis of this document. This analysis consists in checking high dosage prescription, detecting drug interaction, omission or frank prescribing errors and providing pharmaceutical advice to the physicians. In 1997, hospital pharmacists have intervened in 510 prescriptions:--315 high prescribing dosages were checked. In 7.3 percent of these cases, an error of dosage was detected;--66 drug interactions were communicated. Thirteen interventions corresponded to a forbidden association according to the Vidal therapeutic register;--53 pharmaceutical advices were performed; 12 interventions were related to a physiological or a pathological characteristic of the patient which forbid the use of the treatment;--more over, 34 omissions or frank errors were detected through the medium of our interventions; 25 errors could be considered as clinically relevant. In conclusion, the interventions rate was estimated to 3.6% of the new prescriptions. In 14.1% of these cases, they appeared as clinically significant. These rates are lower than those described in the traditional global distribution for which pharmaceutical analysis is not performed. This report has underlined the interest of pharmaceutical care by analysing the medical prescriptions.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

The impact of automatic prescriptions on reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

CONTEXT: Compliance with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease has been poor. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an automatic prescription would improve compliance with NCEP guidelines on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. DESIGN: Observational study in which physicians chose whether to use an automatic prescription system. PATIENTS: 126 patients with established coronary or cerebrovascular disease whose LDL cholesterol level was greater than 100 mg/dL. INTERVENTION: By signing the automatic prescription, physicians allowed the study team (medical director and pharmacist) to change lipid-lowering medications. One member of the team then contacted the patient, advising him or her of any changes to medications and treatment. The patient was told that his or her doctor was recommending this change on the basis of recent laboratory tests. OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of patients reaching the LDL cholesterol goal of 100 mg/dL or less. RESULTS: Physicians used the automatic prescription for 25 patients. Eighteen of the 25 patients in the intervention group (72.0%) achieved the LDL cholesterol goal compared with only 43 of the 101 controls (42.6%) (P = 0.004). After adjustment for differences in age, sex, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and preintervention LDL cholesterol levels, the likelihood of achieving the LDL cholesterol goal was 1.74 times higher in the automatic prescription group than in the control group (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: An automatic prescription can help physicians comply with the NCEP guidelines.

Anticholesteremic Agents↗

[Midodrine (Gutron) prescription practice at a University Hospital Center].

A historical study of the prescription of midodrine was carried out at the university hospital of Toulouse (France) between 1994 and 1998. The aim was to compare the observed prescriptions and the ideal prescriptions in accordance with the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). The analysis of 97 consecutive medical reports found discrepancies in prescription concerning the non-respect of contraindications and of potentially hazardous drug associations. Fifty-four (55.7 per cent) patients would have been excluded from prescription if the physicians had strictly respected the SPC. The inappropriate prescription of midodrine was associated with an increase in adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADRs occurred in 34.0 per cent of cases overall and required drug discontinuation in 15.5 per cent.

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists↗

Institutional control of prescription blanks.

A system designed to eliminate the illegal use of hospital prescription blanks to obtain Schedule II drugs is described. Several community pharmacies had reported receiving forged prescriptions for Schedule II drugs on hospital prescription blanks. The system places controls on prescription blanks for Schedule II drugs. Hospital physicians may prescribe these drugs using only special prescription blanks which are sequentially numbered. The blanks must be obtained by the physician in person from the pharmacy. Community pharmacists in the area are alerted in cases of lost or stolen prescription blanks.

Drug Prescriptions↗

[Acceptability of computerized prescription writing in the hospital. Survey of 44 drug-prescribing physicians].

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to assess the acceptability of computerized prescriptions delivered by hospital prescribers. METHODS: The study was conducted in four clinical units of the Grenoble University Hospital that have a computerized prescription system. Forty-four physicians using the system responded to a questionnaire concerning the act of prescribing and the benefits or drawbacks of the system. RESULTS: Generally, the computerized prescription system was well accepted. The first drawback mentioned was the time spent manipulating the software. Safe prescription was noted as one of the advantages. Overall, organizational rather than technical factors appeared to condition the development of computerized prescription writing. CONCLUSION: Optimization of computerized prescription writing requires a reorganization of the care unit. Consultation schedules and working relations between the prescriber and other healthcares and hospital pharmacies will have to be adapted.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

[Dispensing drugs without prescriptions and the separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice].

Many cases of dispensing drugs without doctors' prescriptions were reported throughout Japan during 1914-16. Some cases were brought to the courts. Pharmacists had been selling prescription drugs to their customers without prescriptions. This dispensing act was admitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs after 1913. However, doctors claimed that the act of dispensing drugs without a prescription infringed on Law No. 10, and the Japan Pharmacists Association hired a notable lawyer and fought a lawsuit against eight pharmacists who dispensed prescription drugs without prescription in Shiba Ward, in Tokyo. This case occurred because at that time no practice existed that allowed drugs to be dispensed separately from medical practice.

Drug Prescriptions↗

[Two characteristics on the developmental history of art of prescription].

By recalling the history of art of prescription and summarizing its law of development, two apparent characteristics can be shown on its primitive accumulation and clinical treating thoughts. One is the trend of transformation from empirical formula to theoretical formula, and from the discrepancy between medical theories and medical prescriptions to their combination. The other one is from treatment based on differentiation of diseases to differentiation of symptoms and signs, and from correspondence of prescription and diseases to correspondence of prescription and syndrome. It is of realistic significance to further recognize the developmental characteristics of the art of prescription, not only for mastering the prescription rules and main points of matching of ingredients in compounding, but also on comprehending its scientific implication and mechanism.

China↗

[Follow-up of the quality of drug prescriptions: the Primary Care Center of Badia City (1986-1990)].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variation in the quality of prescription of medicines in Primary Attention Centre in two different periods, 1986 and 1990. DESIGN: Longitudinal, retrospective study with direct intervention. SITE. Primary Attention Centre, Ciudad Badía. PARTICIPANTS: 1986: 9 general practitioners in medicine (GPs) and 7 pediatricians. 1990: 9 Gps, 7 pediatricians, and 7 residential doctors (MFC based) who were not included in the earlier evaluation. INTERVENTION: Once the 1986 prescriptions had been analysed qualitatively, the results were made available to and discussed with the doctors who made out the prescriptions (passive feedback). As ongoing intervention the periodic clinical sessions should be considered. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Increase in the substances included in Index/Guide: MG 6.5% and P 13% (p < 0.00001). Increase in the number of substances with an active principle and in the combinations accepted: MG 2.3% and P 9% (p < 0.00001). Increase in the percentage of specialties with high V1: MG 1% (p = 0.12) and P 10% (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: There has been an increase in the quality of medical prescriptions according to the indicators analysed. There are other external factors that effect prescriptions that are difficult to measure. This type of study allows one to pinpoint the excessive or wrong use of intrinsically not very valuable sub-groups of therapeutic substances, and will serve as a base for indication-prescription studies.

Community Health Centers↗

Medicare program; Medicare prescription drug discount card. Interim final rule with comment period.

Section 101, subpart 4 of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, codified in section 1860D-31 of the Social Security Act, provides for a voluntary prescription drug discount card program for Medicare beneficiaries entitled to benefits, or enrolled, under Part A or enrolled under Part B, excluding beneficiaries entitled to medical assistance for outpatient prescription drugs under Medicaid, including section 1115 waiver demonstrations. Eligible beneficiaries may access negotiated prices on prescription drugs by enrolling in drug discount card programs offered by Medicare-endorsed sponsors. Eligible beneficiaries may enroll in the Medicare drug discount card program beginning no later than 6 months after the date of enactment of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 and ending December 31, 2005. After December 31, 2005, beneficiaries enrolled in the program may continue to use their drug discount card during a short transition period beginning January 1, 2006 and ending upon the effective date of a beneficiary's outpatient drug coverage under Medicare Part D, but no later than the last day of the initial open enrollment period under Part D. Beneficiaries with incomes no more than 135 percent of the poverty line applicable to their family size who do not have outpatient prescription drug coverage under certain programs--Medicaid, certain health insurance coverage or group health insurance (such as retiree coverage), TRICARE, and Federal employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP)--also are eligible for transitional assistance, or payment of $600 in 2004 and up to $600 in 2005 of the cost of covered discount card drugs obtained under the program. In most cases, any transitional assistance remaining available to a beneficiary on December 31, 2004 may be rolled over to 2005 and applied toward the cost of covered discount card drugs obtained under the program during 2005. Similarly, in most cases, any transitional assistance remaining available to a beneficiary on December 31, 2005 may be applied toward the cost of covered discount card drugs obtained under the program during the transition period. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services will solicit applications from entities seeking to offer beneficiaries negotiated prices on covered discount card drugs. Those meeting the requirements described in the authorizing statute and this rule, including administration of transitional assistance, will be permitted to offer a Medicare-endorsed drug discount card program to eligible beneficiaries. Endorsed sponsors may charge beneficiaries enrolling in their endorsed programs an annual enrollment fee for 2004 and 2005 of no more than $30; CMS will pay this fee on behalf of enrollees entitled to transitional assistance. To ensure that eligible Medicare beneficiaries take full advantage of the Medicare drug discount card program and make informed choices, CMS will educate beneficiaries about the existence and features of the program and the availability of transitional assistance for certain low-income beneficiaries; and publicize information that will allow Medicare beneficiaries to compare the various Medicare-endorsed drug discount card programs.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗

Patterns of opioid analgesic prescription among patients with osteoarthritis.

This study describes patterns of opioid analgesic prescription during a one-year period among a sample of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The study sample included 3,061 patients with prior ICD-9 codes indicating a diagnosis of OA who were treated at a federal Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Specific opioid variables included: any opioid prescription, number of specific opioid drugs prescribed, total number of opioid prescriptions, total number of days supply of opioids, and daily opioid doses. We also examined relationships of demographic characteristics to opioid variables. Results revealed that 41% of patients received at least one opioid prescription. Opioids were prescribed significantly less frequently among African-Americans than Caucasians and the number of opioid prescriptions declined with increasing age. The mean annual supply of opioids was 104 days. Days' supply of opioids was also lower for African Americans and older patients. Daily opioid doses were, on average, below recommended daily doses for the treatment of OA. Findings of this study suggest that opioids are frequently prescribed to individuals with OA and that these drugs may be gaining acceptability for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Additional research is needed to examine reasons for racial differences in opioid prescribing, as well as the prescription of these medications at fairly low doses.

Black or African American↗

Prescription error in an orthopaedic practice.

A retrospective review of 17,833 prescription items was undertaken at the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria with the aim of determining the prevalence and types of prescription error. The percentage prescription error was 4.5 with type C (minor nuisance) being the most common prescription error. Incomplete prescription was the reason for these errors in 71% of cases. Our results revealed that the higher the professional status of the prescriber, the lower the prescription error. Even though the errors were recognised and corrected at the dispensing point, there was no indication that the prescriber was informed of his mistakes. We suggest, amongst others, regular clinical meeting of Doctors and Pharmacists where various aspects of rational drug could be discussed.

Drug Prescriptions↗

Retrospective survey of antibiotic prescriptions in dentistry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dentists' prescription writing patterns and their appreciation of the characteristics of antibiotics. DESIGN: Evaluation of drug prescriptions written over a six-month period. SETTING: Dental Hospital, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. SUBJECTS: Retrospective analysis of 313 prescriptions written by dentists attending to outpatient dental patients. RESULTS: The total number of drugs on one prescription ranged from one to seven with Penicillins being the most commonly prescribed drug. Some prescriptions were found to be incorrect with regards to dose, frequency, and duration. Instructions as to the best time of administering drugs with regards to meals were not stated in any prescription. CONCLUSION: Improvement through continuing education is desired on the part of prescribers to ensure a good standard of care and avoid practices that may increase antimicrobial resistance. Drug information services including side effects and drug interactions for professionals and consumers at the hospital is highly desirable.

Adolescent↗

The effect of the Rx-to-OTC switch of loratadine and changes in prescription drug benefits on utilization and cost of therapy.

BACKGROUND: Numerous prescription products have become available over the counter (OTC) in recent years. Previous simulation models have shown the Rx-to-OTC switch of loratadine to be cost effective. OBJECTIVE: To empirically assess the overall effect of the Rx-to-OTC switch of loratadine and the specific effect of different pharmacy benefit structures on prescription drug utilization and cost among different plan sponsors. METHODS: Data from a national pharmacy benefit management organization covering lives throughout the United States were used. The analysis included a comparison of the before and after change in prescription utilization and cost for plan sponsors that instituted 1 of 3 second-generation antihistamine (SGA) benefit responses: made no change, moved SGAs to the third tier, or restricted SGA benefits through a requirement for prior authorization. Multivariate regression analysis was used to control for differences across the study groups. RESULTS: There was a substantial decrease in utilization and cost of all prescription drugs and combinations of drug classes. Patients with allergic rhinitis facing restricted prescription benefits for SGAs did not appear to increase utilization of other allergic rhinitis medications or other medications used to treat comorbid conditions such as asthma, sinusitis, and otitis media. CONCLUSIONS: Utilization and cost decreased substantially for all types of medications and all pharmacy benefit structures. Future studies need to examine the effect of the Rx-to-OTC switch of loratadine and resultant prescription benefit policies on medical utilization and OTC antihistamine utilization.

Adult↗

[Legal and regulatory aspects of physicians' prescriptions].

The prescribing authority is one of the powers granted solely to physicians, as part of their professional definition in the Israeli law. Prescribing is one of the most common activities in the daily work of the physician. It is estimated that on average every physician in Israel writes more than a thousand prescriptions annually. In this situation, where prescribing is a formal-legal activity, one expects that this issue should be defined clearly by law. However, a review of the relevant Israeli laws and regulations reveals that many questions regarding prescribing and prescriptions are not dealt with by the law, and that most physicians are not familiar with it. Therefore, the objective of this article is to highlight the legal issues arising from the legislation regarding prescribing versus the prevailing practices of physicians. Since this issue is very complex, we divided the article into two parts the first part deals with legal and regulatory aspects of prescribing, while the second part deals with unique prescriptions, including financial aspects of hospitals and Sick Funds prescriptions, narcotic prescriptions and prescriptions for non-approved drugs.

Drug Prescriptions↗

[Drug prescription practices in public medical centres in Gabon].

CONTEXT OF THE PROBLEM: Inappropriate drug use constitutes a major problem of health programs in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe and assess the quality of drug prescription practices in public medical centres in Gabon. METHOD: Using the Drug Use Prescribing Indicators developed collaboratively by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD), we retrospectively evaluated the drugs prescribed during 1,200 randomly selected outpatient consultations that took place in 20 randomly selected public medical centres during the period between July 1, 1997 and June 30, 1998. RESULTS: A total of 3,054 drugs were prescribed during the 1,200 consultations under study, for an average of 2.6 (Standard Deviation: +/- 1.2) drugs per consultation. Of all the drugs prescribed, 13.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 12.3-14.7) were prescribed under their international nonproprietary name (INN), while 57.1% (CI: 55.3-58.9) appeared on the national list of essential drugs. 64.5% (CI: 61.8-67.2) consultations resulted in the prescription of an antibiotic, while 21.8 % (CI: 19.5-24.1) led to the prescription of at least one injection. On average, six key drugs out of eleven were available in the medical centres visited. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that drug prescriptions are far from optimal in the public medical centers in Gabon. Among other things, the prescription of drugs under their INN is very low. These findings highlight the need to develop and implement programs that seek to improve the quality of drug prescriptions in Gabon.

Adult↗