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PubMed2000

[Surveillance of hospital infections in Poland--current condition and prospects].

This paper outlines the current achievements in the control of hospital acquired infections in modern countries as well as in Poland in recent years. Studies related to the incidence of hospital-acquired infections have been conduced in western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States, and many other countries around the world. Because of these already completed studies, we are able to develop epidemiologic analysis specifically centered upon the incidence and increased costs involved with hospital-acquired infections. In Poland this type of surveillance was unable to be attained until long after its institution. However, over the past few years, the Polish Society of Hospital-Acquired Infection, has worked to bring recognition of the seriousness of this problem to a representative group of Polish hospitals. One of the most important conclusions reached was lack of departmental control which, using standards previously agreed upon by modern countries, could provide the necessary surveillance over hospital-acquired infections. Currently, surveillance is carried out by treating physicians without the help of specially-trained infection control nurses, epidemiologists and medical microbiologists. The basic challenge for the Polish health service is that of the development and realization of a professional infection control team. This professional team would work develop guidelines for the protection of patients and hospital personnel from hospital-acquired infections.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2001

[Incidence of antibody detection against Toxocara canis and clinical symptoms in inhabitants of North-Eastern Poland].

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the the level of exposition of humans on Toxocara eggs in North Eastern Poland on a base of serological tests and epidemiological and clinical data. 1025 inhabitants of North Eastern region of Poland were examine to detect antibodies against Toxocara antigens. 214 (20.7%) showed presence of antibodies against Toxocara. They were mostly males (71%) and country inhabitants (58.9%). No abnormalities in laboratory tests were found among these people. Some of them had complaints like joint pains (19.6%), temporary skin rash 2.3%).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Legal regulations on occupational health system in Poland.

Occupational health care has a long tradition in Poland. It has evolved from the industrial health care system established in the post-war period to a modern system defined in the Occupational Health Services Act of 1997. When the process of political and economic transformation began in Poland in 1989, the reforms of the workers' health care became inevitable. The process of introducing and implementing new legal regulations comprised three phases: 1. Introduction of amendments to the Polish Labor Code, according to which employers are now committed to provide their workers with occupational health services (OHS) appropriate to given working conditions. 2. Incorporation into the 1991 Health Care Institutions Act the provisions which allow for the establishment of alternative non-public structures responsible for the health care of the working population. 3. Adoption of the Occupational Health Services Act in 1997, the most important law providing grounds for establishing a most comprehensive system of occupational health services. The Occupational Health Services Act introduces, for the first time, the concept of the OHS system that encompasses the whole working population. The Act outlines a broad range of OHS competences; defines individual tasks; and provides the up-to-date definition of the OHS structure with its two organizational levels, consisting of primary and regional occupational health centers. In addition, the Act specifies the sources of finance for the accomplishment of the defined tasks. Pursuant to the provisions of the Act, OHS units co-operate with employers and employees, bodies supervising working conditions and other organizations involved in occupational health that become their partners in activities aimed at protecting and promoting health of workers. In order to further develop the workers' health care system its constant adaptation to changing conditions is absolutely necessary through: developing modern training for specialists in the field of occupational medicine; establishing an efficient system for controlling the quality of services provided by the occupational health care centers; and implementing more effective forms of health protection and promotion at workplace, especially for those self-employed.

Facility Regulation and Control↗
PubMed2001

The pattern of poisonings with substance of abuse in Poland (1997-1998).

Substances of abuse have been known in many cultures and geographic zones, and they were used for different reasons, from religions up to hedonistic ones. Central Europe, a region of Poland has never been an area of religious use of narcotics, but lately a number of drug abusers is still growing up. The extent of the drug abuse problem in Poland is difficult to assess, because there is no monitoring system, which registers drug abusers. In this study, authors retrospectively analyzed the files of all drug abuse poisoned patients treated in 10 Polish Poison Centres; as well as the files of patients treated in other hospitals, but who were consulted by toxicologists from these units. During the last 10 years the number of patients treated for drug abuse intoxication has grown 10 times. The structure of used substance of abuse has also changed. In the early 90's opiates dominated. In 1997 all groups of drug abuses were noted, from natural or synthetic opiates, cocaine, LSD, amphetamine, up to Cannabis sativa derivatives (THC). We also revealed intoxications with hallucinogenic mushrooms and plant--Datura stramonium. The most common drugs used were opiates and amphetamine. THC were the third. Amphetamine and THC derivatives were the most often sources of intoxication in young people 15-25 years of age. The opiate poisonings were the commonest in young males, 20-40 years old.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Premature mortality in lung cancer as an indicator of effectiveness of tobacco use prevention in a gender perspective--a comparison between Poland and Sweden.

This contribution presents a comparative analysis of the probability of premature overall deaths and lung cancer mortality for men and women between one Nordic country--Sweden--and one country in transition in central Europe, namely Poland. Furthermore the study compares the pattern of smoking prevalence for both sexes in the two countries. Male lung cancer mortality is constant in Sweden during the last two decades, which is completely contrary to the trend in Poland with a long period of increase followed by a slow decrease during the last years. Lung cancer mortality for women in both countries is on a continuous increase and the rate is exactly the same. The premature mortality in lung cancer in Sweden in the age group of 20-44 years now is higher for women than for men. Swedish men have reduced their smoking habit strongly and far more than Polish men (17 respectively 42% 1999). The male use of moist snuff in Sweden is taken into consideration when discussing the low rate of lung cancer in Sweden. Concerning the pattern of tobacco use it is obvious that Swedish and Polish women during the last decades have had the same and slowly decreasing smoking prevalence (21 respectively 23% 1999). The conclusion is that the best way to control the lung cancer epidemic is to reduce smoking prevalence in the population. Lung cancer mortality in younger and middle aged groups is a good indicator of the success in tobacco control in a country as well for women as for men, especially in the middle age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Emergency child mental health services in Poland.

This paper describes emergency child mental health services in Poland. The paper defines common emergencies for children and adolescents, describes who responds and how services are organized. The evaluation process, interventions and treatment follow-up are outlined. The lack of consistency across Poland is highlighted. Recommendations for further training of professionals, as well as improvements in the mental health and legal systems are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Tetanus in Poland in 1999].

In last decade gradual decrease in numbers of reported cases of tetanus was observed. In 1999, 21 cases of tetanus (14 women and 7 men) were reported in Poland. All those cases were among people of age 40 or more. 23.8% of cases died. Case fatality increased with age. In more than 90% vaccination status of cases was unknown. The data show effectiveness of vaccination program in younger age groups, but they also show need for promotion of post exposure prophylaxis, especially among older people both in rural and in urban areas. No case of neonatal tetanus was noted in Poland since 1984.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Rabies in Poland in 1999].

Mass oral vaccination of wild animals against rabies which was introduced in 1993, shows a positive impact on the epizootic situation of rabies in Poland. Sources of wild and domestic animal rabies are present on the northeast part of the country, uncovered by oral vaccination. No cases of rabies in human beings have been reported in Poland in 1999. Out of 6,861 vaccinees, only 1,336 (19%) were bitten by or were in contact with a rabid animals. Main reason of vaccination against rabies were contacts with animals category C (rabies not excluded; 4,782 cases, 69%) or category D (animals healthy during the exposition, 743 cases, 10%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Cestode infections in Poland in 1999].

In 1999, 437 intestinal cestode cases were registered in Poland. Among them 369 were caused by Taenia saginata, 7 by T. solium, 35 by Taenia sp., 3 by Hymenolepis nana and 2 by Diphyllobothrium latum and 39 cases of echinococcosis were also registered. The obtained results confirmed the decreasing frequency of infection with intestinal cestodes in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 1999].

2,020 cases of meningitis and 494 of encephalitis were reported in Poland in 1999. Among meningitis 1,024 cases were classified as viral and 996 as bacterial. Etiological factor was determined in 264 (26.5%) cases of bacterial meningitis. Among them Neisseria meningitidis was found in 119 cases, Haemophilus influenzae in 63 cases and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 90 cases. Among types of diagnosed N. meningitidis, as in previous years, type B was strongly predominating. Out of 494 cases of encephalitis 101 cases of tick borne encephalitis were reported in Poland in 1999, most of them from endemic areas of north-eastern part of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[19 c. heart examination in Poland (the beginning of percussion and auscultation)].

Basing on the 19 c literature and health reports, the contemporary views upon the methods of circulatory tract examination were reconstructed. The differences in the choice and propagation of the new methods were pointed out at the most important centres of medicine in Poland: Warsaw, Cracow and Vilnius. It was also established that the methods of percussion and auscultation had reached Poland earlier that the research done so far seemed to have indicated.

Auscultation↗
PubMed1996

[Reception of the Roentgen's discovery in Poland at the turn of XIX and XX century].

Press information about the Roentgen's discovery were published in Poland in January, 1896, and the first scientific sessions devoted to this discovery took place on 7th February the same year. Though all scientific circles were interested in it, a radiology in Warsaw was developing the most intensely. It has happened mainly due to activity of Mikolaj Brunner, who can be recognized as the first Polish radiologist. In the article there are presented opinions and controversies about roentgen rays in different Polish circles at the turn of XIX and XX century, expressed in Polish publications in Poland and abroad.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1998

[Changes in psychiatric care in the lands of Poland in the 19th century].

Due to the specific political and economic conditions under which Poland found itself in the 19th century, including above all the lack of independent statehood, any attempt to identify the directions of change in psychiatric care observed in the lands of Poland in that period can be undertaken mainly through an analysis of those scientific and general-purpose medical writings of the period which point to the formation and transformation in the physicians' awareness, rather than by an assessment of the particular practical achievements the transformations in health care as such. In her search for traces of the first mentions of new ideas in psychiatric care, the author analyzes the general-purpose writings of August Ferdinande Wolff and Jozef Frank, as well as the first specialist writings in the field, by Jozef Jakubowski and Jozef Korzeniowski, which appeared in the 1830 and 1840s. She indicates the sources of inspiration and describes the emergence of the so-called psycho-moral approach in treatment. At the same time she gives a background for the new ideas, by describing the realities of the psychiatric institutions of the time, where mechanical-surgical and somatic treatment predominated. She shows the effort made by such pioneers as, e.g., Klemens Maliszewski and Damian Reykowski of Vilnius, who brought about a change in the views on the etiology and prognosis of mental illnesses, and contributed to the gradual introduction of psychologically based treatments and to the inclusion of the care of patients in their treatment, especially since the 1870s, when new forms of psychiatric care had begun to appear, including psychiatric care outside hospitals.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1999

[The epidemic hospitals in Poland ordered or inspected by Chief extraordinary Epidemic Commissariat to fight against the epidemics (1920-1924)].

The anti-epidemic compaign in Poland was in the hands of Chief Epidemic Commissariat. The Commissariat was organized on July of 1920y. as a special institution to fight against the acute infectious diseases. In the end of 1920y. it had 188 hospitals with 9,245 beds, with a reserve of 1,185 beds in the Red Cross, military hospitals and so on, it had a total of 12,915 beds. The tables of number 1 and 2 presented the number of the hospitals in Polish department, number of the beds, number of the patients and number of the hospital-days, number of the cases of the typhus, typhoid fever, relapsing fever, dysentery and the other diseases in the first half of 1920y. and in the second half of 1921y. As you see there were the most patients with the typhus. In 1922y. Epidemic Commissariat ordered of 116 hospitals with 10,785 beds. The table of the number 3 presented the number of the cases, deaths and the mortality of the typhus, relapsing fever, typhoid fever, dysentery, variola vera, cholera and the other diseases. In 1923y. Epidemic Commissariat had 112 hospitals with 11,000 beds. The table of number 4 confronted the number of the hospitals, number of the beds and its use in the hospitals ordered or inspected by Commissariat in 1922y. and in 1923y. there were 9 hospitals with 4,050 beds for the repatriates. In the half of 1923y. the repatriation was reduced and Epidemic Commissariat began to liquidate the part of the epidemic hospitals. The Commissariat had in the end of the year 4 hospitals in department of Kielce, 17 hospitals in the department of Bia3ystok, 19 hospitals in the department of Polesie, 11 hospitals in department of Nowogrodek, 14 hospitals in department of Wo3yn, 14 hospitals in department of Wino, 3 hospitals in department of Stanis3wow and 1 hospital with 100 beds in Tarnopol. Medical care of infectious diseases in the epidemic hospitals in 1919-1924 illustrated the table number 5. There were the numbers of the cases, deaths, hospitals, beds and patients. Generally the progress of epidemic hospitals was connected with the repatriation. In 1923y. the repatriation was finished also were reduced the new cases of infectious diseases. Part of the epidemic hospitals were closed and the others were taken by municipal authorities. The epidemic situation in Poland was better step by step and in 1924y. Epidemic Commissariat was liquidated.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2001

Levels of fungi and mycotoxins in samples of grain and grain dust collected on farms in Eastern Poland.

Ten samples of stored wheat grain and 10 samples of settled grain dust released during machine threshing of wheat grain were collected on 10 farms located in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The samples were examined for the concentration of total microfungi, Fusarium species, fusariotoxins (moniliformin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol), and ochratoxin. Microfungi able to grow on malt agar were present in 30% of grain samples (median for all examined samples = 0, range 0-227.5 x 10(3) cfu/g) and in all samples of grain dust (median = 977.5 x 10(3) cfu/g, range 115.0-16,700.0 x 10(3) cfu/g). Fusarium species (F. avenaceum) were found only in 10% of grain samples (median = 0, range 0-800.0 x 10(3) cfu/g), but in 90% of grain dust samples (median = 1,150 x 10(3) cfu/g, range 5.5-10,060.0 x 10(3) cfu/g). The species F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. sporotrichioides were isolated respectively from 50%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 20% of examined grain dust samples. The presence of the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium (moniliformin, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol) was found altogether in 70% of wheat grain samples (median = 0.1275 microg/g, range 0-1.480 microg/g) and in 90% of grain dust samples (median = 0.350 microg/g, range 0-1.090 microg/g). Moniliformin (MON), deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV) were each detected in 40% of grain samples, and respectively in 80%, 40%, and 40% of grain dust samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected in 60% of grain samples and in 60% of grain dust samples (median in both cases was 0.0005 microg/g). The concentrations of F. poae (p<0.05) and of total Fusarium species (p<0.01) in grain samples, and the concentrations of F. culmorum and F. graminearum (p<0.05) in grain dust samples were significantly correlated with the concentration of deoxynivalenol. The concentrations of F. poae (p<0.05) and of total Fusarium species (p<0.01) in grain dust samples were significantly correlated with the concentration of total fusariotoxins. Moreover, the concentration of total Fusarium species in grain dust samples was significantly correlated with the concentration of nivalenol (p<0.05). In conclusion, the majority of samples of wheat grain and grain threshing dust collected on farms in eastern Poland contained notable quantities of fusaria and/or fusariotoxins. This fact poses a potential risk of mycotoxicoses to agricultural workers exposed to grain dust when handling wheat during threshing, unloading, shuffling, and other farm occupations.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2001

[Collective outbreaks of foodborne infections and intoxications in Poland in 1985-1999].

In outbreaks of foodborne infections and intoxications in 1985-1999 in Poland among salmonellas S. Enteritidis amounted for 84.9% in 1986 and 97.8% in 1991-1992. In 1985-1999, among the total number of diseases in outbreaks most of the cases occurred after eating of the dishes made from eggs (over 50%). In 1987-1999, food prepared in private homes had the largest influence on the occurrence of the outbreaks (up to 65.4% of outbreaks). The private homes were also the most frequent places of the consumption of that food. Contamination of the ready-made dishes was found to be due to the raw materials, mainly eggs coming from private farms. In Poland and in neighboring countries Salmonella of animal's source determines the epidemiological situation of foodborne infections and intoxications.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2000

[An unsuccessful attempt to move the medical faculty in Edinburgh to Poland].

In the years 1945-1947 attempts were made to move the Medical Faculty from Edinburgh to Poland. The main supporter of this idea was, among others, Professor Antoni Jurasz, a leading authority among Polish medical circles in the West. This concept was taken up by the Polish government in Warsaw. Prof. dr Edward Grzegorzewski, the representative of the Department of Education and the person then dealing with the formation of the Doctors' Academy in Gdańsk, tried to bring this concept to fruition. These endeavours were unsuccessful. However, the return of staff to Poland, particularly of professors, from the Medical Faculty in Edinburgh was a success. The execution of this project turned out to be unsuccessful when confronted by the political reality existing at that time.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMed2001

[Sensitization to cow and pig allergens among farmers in Eastern Poland].

The study aimed at assessing the frequency of sensitization to cow and pig allergens among farmers in Eastern Poland. Sixty eight farmers from 17 randomly selected family farms were examined. The study group included 30 females and 38 males, aged 18-84 years (median, 47 years), with exposure duration ranging from 1 to 80 years (median, 30 years). The farmers were interviewed and subsequently skin prick-tested with cow and swine epithelia. Blood samples were examined for the presence of IgE antibodies, specific to cow dander and swine epithelium, using enzyme immunoassay (UniCAP). None of the farmers complained of any symptoms when working with cows or pigs. In 13 farmers (19.1%) either positive skin pick test and/or the presence of IgE specific to cow and/or pig were found. Seven farmers (10.3%) reacted to skin prick tests: 2 to cow epithelium; 2 to pig epithelium; and 3 to both allergens. Specific IgE was also found in 7 farmers (10.3%): in 4 to cow dander; in 1 to cow epithelium; and in 2 to both allergens. There was a very weak correlation between skin tests and IgE determination; only one farmer showed positive reaction to cow allergens in both skin tests and IgE. Following the results of the previous and the present studies, it was concluded that in Poland the farm animal allergens are less important causes of work-related diseases than plant allergens.

Adult↗