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PubMed1995

Evaluation of the US pharmacopeia adsorption tests for activated charcoals and proposals for changes.

The current USP adsorption tests for activated charcoals, involving methylene blue (MB) and strychnine sulfate (SS), were conducted for 6 activated charcoals having surface areas ranging from 600 to 2000 m2/g. The MB test is relatively complex and tedious, and uses a pass/fail criterion which is of such small magnitude that substantial uncertainties are likely. The SS test is only qualitative. Modification, using quantification of the turbidities, permitted quantitative interpretation. The test was failed by 2 charcoals of surface area 660 m2/g or less, and was passed by 4 charcoals of 720 m2/g surface area or higher. Neither test was able to reflect the substantial drug adsorption differences which exist for charcoals of average, above average, and high surface areas. Alternative tests for MB and SS were developed and evaluated using 6 charcoals. These tests, which are proposed for consideration by the US Pharmacopeial Convention, are simpler and faster than the current tests and yield precise values for the percentages of the 2 compounds adsorbed. Moreover, they clearly reflect the wide differences in adsorption performance of charcoals having widely different surface areas. Minimum percent adsorption values that must be attained for a charcoal to qualify as "USP grade" are proposed for both alternative tests (these would not exclude any current USP grade charcoal). Performance classifications of charcoals into categories of Low, Average, Above Average, and High are also proposed for both tests. These are shown to correspond to surface area ranges of < 700, 700-950, 950-1200, and > 1200 m2/g, respectively.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The stroke pharmacopeia: current medical therapies.

Drug therapies that inhibit or reverse thrombus formation are important components of the management of acute ischemic stroke. The role of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies in stroke prevention has been defined, but further research is needed to confirm the possible benefits of aspirin, heparin, and low-molecular-weight heparin products in acute ischemic stroke. Recently, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have evaluated the role of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Intravenous t-PA, administered within 3 hours of symptom onset at a dose of 0.9 mg/kg, is safe and effective in carefully selected patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The stroke pharmacopeia: promising experimental therapies.

The development of promising acute stroke treatments is the fruit of the growing appreciation for the complex biochemical processes within neuronal tissue that commence immediately after the onset of ischemia. These biochemical cascades can be modified either by direct pharmacologic mitigation or by rapid restoration of perfusion and oxygenation. With both interventions, the ischemic tissue can remain viable and regain neurologic function rather than progress to infarction. Today the two major pharmacologic approaches to stroke therapy are neuroprotectants and thrombolytics. Neuroprotectants enable neuronal tissues to tolerate periods of minimal perfusion better, whereas thrombolytics facilitate reperfusion by disrupting the fresh thrombus. Important classes of neuroprotectants include calcium channel antagonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, benzothiazoles, and free radical scavengers. Pro-urokinase is a potentially important investigational thrombolytic. Ancrod, a defibrinogenating agent, is also currently being evaluated in acute stroke.

Calcium Channel Blockers↗