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PubMed1995

The "Jews" of the antifascist left: homosexuality and socialist resistance to Nazism.

In the early 1930s, German Social Democrats and Communists seized upon the homosexual orientation of some Nazi leaders, especially Ernst Röhm, with the aim of discrediting the entire National Socialist movement. In Western Europe as well as the Soviet Union, there was a general tendency among socialists in the 1930s to identify homosexuality with Nazism. Antifascist leftists created the impression that homosexuality was widespread in Nazi organizations. Such socialist theorists as Wilhelm Reich tended to view homosexuality sociologically and psychologically as a typical rightist, nationalist, and above all fascist aberration. Leftist aversion to homosexuality was not only an expression of political opportunism. Prejudices against homosexuality were part and parcel of socialist thinking and became even more deep-rooted among leftists as a consequence of the ideological and moral confrontation with National Socialism. Against the presumed immortality and perversion of the Nazis, the antifascists stressed their own rationality and purity.

Germany↗
PubMed2003

Searching the databases: a quick look at Amazon and two other online catalogues.

The Amazon Online Catalogue was compared with the Library of Congress Catalogue and the British Library Catalogue, both also available online, by searching on both neutral (Gay, Lesbian, Homosexual) and pejorative (Perversion, Sex Crime) subject terms, and also by searches using Boolean logic in an attempt to identify Lesbian Fiction items and religion-based anti-gay material. Amazon was much more likely to be the first port of call for non-academic enquiries. Although excluding much material necessary for academic research, it carried more information about the individual books and less historical homophobic baggage in its terminology than the great national catalogues. Its back catalogue of second-hand books outnumbered those in print. Current attitudes may partially be gauged by the relative numbers of titles published under each heading--e.g., there may be an inverse relationship between concern about child sex abuse and homophobia, more noticeable in U.S. because of the activities of the religious right.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2006

The ICD diagnoses of fetishism and sadomasochism.

In this article we discuss psychiatric diagnoses of sexual deviation as they appear in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the internationally accepted classification and diagnostic system of the World Health Organization (WHO). Namely, we discuss the background of three diagnostic categories: Fetishism (F65.0), Fetishistic Transvestism (F65.1), and Sadomasochism (F65.5). Pertinent background issues regarding the above categories are followed by a critique of the usefulness of diagnosing these phenomena today. Specifically, we argue that Fetishism, Fetishistic Transvestism, and Sadomasochism, also labeled Paraphilia or perversion, should not be considered illnesses. Finally, we present the efforts of an initiative known as ReviseF65, which was established in 1997, to abolish these diagnoses.

Denmark↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers.

BACKGROUND: (+)-Calanolide A is a naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transciptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that exhibits enhanced activity against HIV-1 isolates with the Y181C mutation and retains activity against HIV-1 isolates with dual Y181C and K103N mutations. Previous studies have demonstrated that (+)-calanolide A has a favorable safety profile in both animal and human subjects. METHOD: In this study, the safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple escalating doses of (+)-calanolide A were evaluated in a total of 47 healthy, HIV-seronegative individuals. RESULTS: All adverse events seen in the study were mild to moderate in intensity and were transient. The most common adverse events seen were headache, dizziness, nausea, and taste perversion (oily aftertaste). Laboratory abnormalities were determined to be clinically insignificant or unrelated to (+)-calanolide A administration. No dose-related pattern in adverse event or laboratory abnormality incidence was apparent. In all cohorts examined, administration of (+)-calanolide A produced highly variable plasma levels and absorption profiles. No accumulation of parent compound was seen over the 5-day treatment course, with the day 5 area under the curve (AUC) being approximately one half of that seen on the first day of dosing. Steady-state trough plasma levels were determined in the two highest dose cohorts (600 mg and 800 mg bid for 5 days). Mean elimination half-life in the two highest dosing cohorts combined was 15.5 hours in men and 35.2 hours in women. CONCLUSION: These pharmacokinetic properties, together with the benign safety profile, and unique in vitro resistance pattern warrant the continued development of this potential new antiviral agent.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Transference--counter-transference constellations and enactments in the psychotherapy of destructive narcissism.

Destructive narcissism, characterized by a perverse alliance between the self and an omnipotent bad internal object, constitutes a serious obstacle to psychoanalytic psychotherapy. This paper draws together various object relations theories of destructive narcissism, and presents a case study of a failed psychotherapy to illustrate the transference--counter-transference constellations and their associated enactments in treatment of this disturbance.

Countertransference↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In pursuit of an improving National Health Service.

The British National Health Service (NHS) before its 1990s internal-market reforms was a gridlock of perverse incentives. The internal market, an attempt to introduce some market incentives, stimulated much innovation in primary care commissioning and practice improvement and led to increased efficiency. However, its effects were quite limited, because the essential conditions for a market to operate were not fulfilled. There now exists a crisis of confidence in the quality of care in the NHS. It is doubtful whether a culture of innovation, efficiency, and good customer service is possible in a public-sector monopoly whose services are in excess demand and whose units do not get more resources for caring for more patients. It also is doubtful whether the NHS can modernize without consumer choice, competition, and more resources.

Health Care Sector↗
PubMed2001

The psychotherapy of a male anorectic.

The author describes the way in which a male anorexic patient came to be understood in once-weekly psychotherapy. The findings are similar to recent psychoanalytic ones about female anorectics, but add that he was preoccupied with display and that there was an erotised transference in the oral mode. Of two major themes, the first was a food obsession; the food was felt concretely to be the mother as in a symbolic equation, and the conflict about eating represented a wish for and fear of fusion with her. The second major theme concerned exhibition; the self, as seen in two screen memories, was felt to be uncomfortably on show. Meanwhile the patient was preoccupied with a self-displaying maternal object, which was prominent in the transference. This perception of the object served as a defence against envy, although the defensive aspect may have been added to by an actual experience of a mother who functioned operatively, giving food rather than loving attention. The patient employed primary-process thinking defensively against self-object differentiation, which would have excited further awareness both of envy and of the real deficiencies of his primary objects. The author raises the possibility that the anorexia functioned as a perversion, binding and organising the core complex about fusion.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The seductive superego: the trauma of self-betrayal.

The author describes a pathological manifestation of the approving superego that functions as a perversely seductive superego. In this process, the seductive superego rationalises and makes ego-syntonic a gratification of forbidden wishes that will result in unconscious punishment. The author argues that the seductive superego torments the self by teasing it with the presence of a tantalising but forbidden object of desire and then by inflicting shame on the self for its timidity, which prevents it from pursuing the object in spite of the dangers. He suggests that the seductive superego inflicts a betrayal trauma upon the self by unconsciously actualising a sado-masochistic fantasy of seduction, surrender and betrayal, along with a humiliating punishment for surrendering.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed2001

The riddle of femininity: the interplay of primary femininity and the castration complex in analytic listening.

This study elucidates the application of an analytic attitude to questions of gender and sexuality. The paper reports on a study group's exploration of the relative heuristic use of two important organising concepts in analytic work with female analysands: primary feminity and the phallic castration complex. A tendency to cling to one position over the other skews analytic listening. Two cases are presented of women struggling to consolidate positive feminine identifications and, to that end, working through conflicting feminine identifications and defences against a resolution of the awareness of gender differences. Analytic listening requires a view of each psychic construction as a layer to be understood in its own right yet as a cloak soon to reveal the next layer--a different construction. The study includes observations on perverse fantasies in women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The cause is worse: remeeting Jocasta.

This is paper will help bring Jocasta, a figure relatively neglected by psychoanalytic theory, whose lens upon her son has left her to the side, into greater focus. It is not that Jocasta is completely ignored but rather that, when studied, she appears as the dangerous, castrating, forbidden woman to be placated or avoided at all cost. So, although she stands at center stage as the fulcrum of Oedipus's destruction, it is never as a mother longing for her son. The author contends that Jocasta is the personification of an ongoing developmental need on the part of all mothers to separate from their children coupled with a universal longing for reunion. As with Oedipus, Jocasta--a character in a play--is an example of the perverse outcome of forbidden gratifications; but also, as with Oedipus, she is the figurative presentation of normal variations on a theme.

Fantasy↗
PubMed2005

Missing what was true: problems of seeing and knowing in Henry James's The wings of the dove.

The author examines a central theme in this late novel by Henry James in relation to current psychoanalytic ideas that link the Oedipus complex with the child's developing perception of reality (both psychic and external), specifically through the experience of seeing and being seen. Britton visualises the oedipal triangle as a psychic structure through which the child may achieve recognition not only of its parents' sexual relationship, from which it is excluded, but also of itself being observed by one parent while the child is with the other. Thus, it both observes and is observed. The differing perspectives achieved--of subjectivity and objectivity--promote the perception of objective reality, as the world of relationships grows and becomes more complex. James captures with great subtlety and penetration the experience of three characters living out a symbolic oedipal relationship in which the truth is evaded or perverted. A young couple in love exploit the situation of a dying heiress whose vulnerability is intensified by her reluctance to acknowledge the truth about their relationship. At the same time, she shrinks from the gaze of others and consigns herself to isolation and ultimate despair. The author presents three significant scenes in which seeing and being seen are central to the development. In each, the dying woman is forced to face, if momentarily, her exclusion from the sexual relationship. Increasingly this connects with her approaching death--but also with the anguished recognition that the couple have cruelly befriended her only to betray her. It is suggested that James's late style and novelistic technique require the reader to tolerate confusion and uncertainty. As the perspective shifts from one protagonist to another, we ourselves are in danger of 'missing what is true' in this characteristic Jamesian scenario, where relationships are gradually perverted by manipulation, evasion and lies. In psychoanalytic theory, this would represent a failure to work through the oedipal situation, where the struggle of the child to face reality is met by a parental relationship that is too weak or too perverse to contain the pain and conflict.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed2005

The contributions of Marcel Proust to psychoanalysis.

This article is about the major contribution of Marcel Proust to psychoanalysis in his seven-part novel, A La Rècherche Du Temps Perdu (translated as Rembrance of Things Past, 1934). This work spans two decades, from 1988, when Proust writing to 1927, when the last part was published 5 years after his death. Proust, a literary scholar whose knowledge dated to the early Greeks, knew nothing of Freud or psychoanalysis. His major contributions were to the emergence of memory, specifically the exquisite details of the descriptive unconscious, which we can now explain in cognitive neuroscientific terms. Freud wanted to do this for all mental processes in 'The Project'. Proust contributed to the projective aspects of passionate love. Kernberg has pointed out that although psychoanalysts knew about transference love, idealization, and sex, love has only been a subject for us in the 1900s. Proust also wrote of jealousy as a necessary concomitant of love. He proposed that all humans had pluripotential sexuality and recognized the psychodynamics of the perversions in a way that is closer to modern psychoanalysts like Chassuguet-Smirgel. Proust was himself psychologically disabled, with an illness his father called neurasthenia, adding somatic components and abulia, inability to make decisions. We would probably recognize him today as having a borderline personality disorder, with superior cognition, depression, somatization, obsessions, compulsions, phobias, and severe anxiety, which he understood was the result of his inability to separate from his mother. Proust's findings in all these areas are compared with the psychoanalytic literature--Freud, to the present.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed2005

A psychoanalytic consideration of Pasolini's Salo.

Salo represented the culmination of Pier Paolo Pasolini's career as a filmmaker and engages several questions concerning the nature of perversion and the excitement with the negative. Through exploration of Pasolini's motives and techniques for creating this film, an analysis is offered of the creative process that does not seek to create an aesthetically pleasing compromise formation of psychic conflict, nor a form of erotizing sadomasochism. Rather, this film is explored as an example of a lucid and psychoanalytically informed artwork that speaks to the psychic fascination with what is purely negative--thanatos--which is not mediated by libido.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1996

[On the hypothesis of cesarean birth rate stabilization in southeastern, Brazil].

Births in S. Paulo State (Brazil) between 1987 and 1993 were studied to test the association between cesarean section rates and the social and economic development. The study used both Health Regions and hospitals as units of analysis. The cross-sectional study of secondary data adopted as variables: cesarean section rates in 1987, 1992 and 1993 by hospital and region; kind of provider; link of hospital with medical school; post-neonatal infant mortality rate; number of banks per inhabitant; and consumption potential of the regional central town per inhabitant. The C-section rates in the period studied were around 48% for the State; between 21.3 and 85.5% for the regions; between zero and 100% for the hospitals; as for kind of provider, the higher rates were found in private hospitals (56% in 1993). Medical school hospitals held stable rates throughout the period, around 39%. The multiple linear regression showed that banks per inhabitant and consumption potential by inhabitants explained 48% of the variation of the regional C-section rates. The stabilization of the State C-section rates is questioned, since the data shows a shift in the mode of hospital rates to higher values. A re-structure of the care delivered to births is imperative in S. Paulo State, since cesarean sections, besides being medical procedures, have become a consumer good, a symptom of the perverse logic that pervades the current organization of the health system.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

[Violence in conjugal relations: concealing and taking sexual violence for granted].

This article presents the results of a qualitative study of women who had filed complaints of domestic violence, situating gender relations in a broader context. The authors focus on the meaning ascribed to sexual coercion in violent relations, suggesting that conjugal sexual violence is related to the perverse effects of changes in the sexual division of labor and the aggravated double demands on women from housework and the workplace, in relation to the dismantling of the male's role as provider in situations of poverty. In this context, women's refusal to engage in sex (a form of resistance which expresses their desire to be sexual protagonists and communicates disappointment with their partners) can be seen as contributing to the exacerbation of conjugal violence. In their partial position of "subjects of resistance", these women reveal a situation of oppression which is rarely referred to as violence: feelings of disgust and repulsion following sexual relations conceded as "conjugal rights" are similar to those manifested by victims of rape by strangers (which, in contrast, is generally recognized as "sexual violence").

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social scenarios in Latin America and the Caribbean].

A wide range of sources have pointed out the magnitude and depth of the social problems that trouble Latin America and the Caribbean and the risks that these problems pose for democracy. Although there are other issues that merit consideration, this article briefly outlines nine key social problems: 1) the increase in poverty, 2) the impact of poverty, 3) unemployment and informal employment, 4) deficiencies in public health, 5) problems in education, 6) the newly poor, 7) the erosion of the family, 8) increasing crime, and 9) the perverse cycle of socioeconomic exclusion. Solving these problems must not be delayed. It is urgent to move to a comprehensive view of development that achieves a different balance between economic and social policies, and that recognizes the indispensable role of these policies in achieving truly sustainable development. At stake are problems that not only concern resources, but also priorities, levels of equity, and the organization of society. Facing up to this poverty and inequity requires an in-depth assessment of these economic policies' social consequences, of the crucial subject of Latin American inequity--the greatest in the world--and of the role of social and public policies.

Caribbean Region↗
PubMed1998

Commentary: Medicaid reform issues affecting the Indian health care system.

Substantial numbers of Indian people rely on Medicaid for their primary health insurance coverage. When state Medicaid programs enroll Indians in managed care programs, several unintended consequences may ensue. This paper identifies some of the perverse consequences of Medicaid reform for Indians and the Indian health care system and suggests strategies for overcoming them. It discusses the desire of Indian people to receive culturally appropriate services, the need to maintain or improve Indian health care system funding, and the duty of state governments to respect tribal sovereignty. Because of their relatively small numbers, Indians may be treated differently under Medicaid managed care systems without significantly endangering anticipated program savings. Failure of Medicaid programs to recognize the uniqueness of Indian people, however, may severely weaken the Indian health care system.

Eligibility Determination↗
PubMed1987

A balanced approach to the detection, characterisation and mechanism of the toxicity of industrial chemicals.

Several thousands of new chemical entities are synthesised each year in the laboratories of the world. Currently there are estimated to be some 100,000 substances used commercially of the 7 million chemicals recorded by chemical abstracts (Ca 1.5%). Public attention is mainly attracted to the potential life threatening and ill health effects of chemicals such as systemic poisoning, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity, although there are relatively few proven human chemical carcinogens, teratogens or mutagens. Many substances have been examined in animal toxicity studies for their acute toxic effects, far fewer for chronic toxic effects. The public's perception is that chemicals are toxic. In our laboratory, minimal to no lethal toxic effects were recorded for more than 60% of substances examined at doses below 2000 mg/kg/bwt by either oral or dermal routes. A similar spectrum of chemicals did not elicit skin or ocular irritant or skin sensitisation response in 70-80% of studies. Perversely although toxicity studies reasonably predict the probable human response following exposure, they are a focus of a strong public lobby supported by many scientists to curtail studies in experimental animals. Consequently, much effort is devoted towards the development of "alternative" in vitro and ex-vivo procedures. Often these are empirically based without consideration of the underlying fundamental physiology, biochemistry or toxic mechanism of action. Consequently there can be an over-estimation or expectation of their ability to predict potential toxicity. Attention is seldom directed towards the design requirements of the validation studies needed to test, performance and reproducibility and the evaluation of the parameters of sensitivity and specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗