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PubMed1997

Comparison of upper-extremity balance tasks and force platform testing in persons with hemiparesis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between clinically accessible functional balance tools and sophisticated force platform measures in a standing position. SUBJECTS: Twenty persons who had hemiparesis secondary to a stroke and were ambulatory (mean age = 57.9 years, SD = 13.6, range = 35-79) were evaluated during a single testing session. METHODS: Performances on self-generated upper-extremity balance tasks using the nonparetic side (Functional Reach Test [FRT], arm raise and arm reach tasks) were compared with responses to external perturbations on the Balance System (postural sway, symmetry of weight distribution). RESULTS: No relationship was found between the upper-extremity balance tests and the force platform measures of postural sway. After suppressing the effect of age by means of partial correlation coefficients, the FRT was correlated with measures of postural symmetry in parallel stance on the Balance System (r = .66-.78). The FRT was only moderately correlated with the arm raise and arm reach tasks (r = .43 and .44). CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Postural sway in response to force platform perturbations may have little relation to the postural control necessary for self-generated upper-extremity balance tasks. In contrast, the FRT and the force platform measures of postural symmetry appear to be evaluating comparable standing-balance abilities in persons with hemiparesis. The modest relationship between the FRT and the arm raise and arm reach tasks limits the finding's clinical relevance.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Results of artificial immunization of Rh-negative persons for the production of anti-D(RhO)-antibodies].

By means of a recording sheet the data about 62 artificially immunised male persons are evaluated retrospectively. 51 of them (82.3%) were anti-D-antibodies, with 41 of them having a high titer sufficient for gaining plasma. 2/3 of all test persons formed an accompanying antibody anti-C. In order to avoid this, persons of Rh-formula Cde may be included into artificial immunisation. An anti-E as an accompanying antibody was found in 2/3 of those test persons who had received injections of cDE blood. The blood of this Rh-formula will yield better immunising results than cDe blood. It was only in three immunised persons (4.8%) that side effects with a light or medium course of seriousness could be observed. It is necessary to develop immunobiological investigation methods to recognize those persons prior to the arteficial immunisation, who are suitable or unsuitable for anti-D-antibody formation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[EEG findings in 40-60 year old subjects].

Electroencephalographic standard examinations were performed in 170 selected healthy persons aged between 40 and 60 years (average age 49 years). "Ideal Normal Traces" with a regular background Alpha-Activity were registered with only 39 test persons (22.9%). They showed an average frequency of 9.9 c/s and extreme values of 8.6--11.2 c/s. In 35 persons (20.5%) the only outstanding feature was merely a marked discontinuity and a considerable frequency lability of background activity, mostly combined with low voltage and a noticeable beta-waves component. In 17 persons (10%) a diffused increase of the Theta activity was found; the average age of this group was slightly higher (52.9 years) than in the remaining groups. Strongly marked paroxysmal-dysrythmic sequences were noted in 21 Test Persons (12.4%); these were in none of the cases clear sharp waves. In 58 Persons (34.2%) the essentiel changes were observed in the temporal regions being of a slighter nature in 46 persons (27.1%), and in 12 persons (7.1%) of a stronger character, lefthand significantly more frequent than righthand.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Psychopathologic deficits after polytrauma in childhood and adolescence].

PURPOSE: The aim of this report was to evaluate psychological deficits following polytrauma in childhood and adolescence as well as to detect psychological vulnerable phases during the treatment period. METHODS: From 9/92 to 12/98, 41 polytrauma patients (18a or younger) were treated at the University of Vienna Medical School, Trauma Center. Out of the 28 survivors, patients with head injuries and congenital neurological deficits were excluded, leaving 10 young patients that were eligible for psychological testing after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years (range, 1 to 7 years). Besides catamnesis and diagnostic interviews, an evaluation of cognitive functions as well as personality tests were performed. RESULTS: The diagnostic interviews revealed mild psychiatric symptoms in 2/10 patients, but the cognitive functions did not show any deficits compared to normal values. The personality tests presented stress-avoiding strategies and an increased anxiety sensitivity in 2/10 patients. The catamnesis constantly revealed 2 vulnerable phases in all patients: 1. the transfer from the intensive care unit to the normal ward, 2. the retransfer to the domestic field after a long hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: The present report suggests that the long-term psychological outcome following polytrauma in childhood and adolescence may be good, without any major disorders. The described critical phases during treatment demonstrate that psychological support in the young, severely injured patient should start very early on at the intensive care unit.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Routine intrapartum HIV counseling and testing for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a rural Ugandan hospital.

OBJECTIVE: In Africa, prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programs are hindered by limited uptake by women and their male partners. Routine HIV counseling and testing (HCT) during labor has been proposed as a way to increase PMTCT uptake, but little data exist on the impact of such intervention in a programmatic context in Africa. DESIGN AND METHODS: In May 2004, PMTCT services were established in the antenatal clinic (ANC) of a 200-bed hospital in rural Uganda; in December 2004, ANC PMTCT services became opt-out, and routine opt-out intrapartum HCT was established in the maternity ward. We compared acceptability, feasibility, and uptake of maternity and ANC PMTCT services between December 2004 and September 2005. RESULTS: HCT acceptance was 97% (3591/3741) among women and 97% (104/107) among accompanying men in the ANC and 86% (522/605) among women and 98% (176/180) among their male partners in the maternity. Thirty-four women were found to be HIV seropositive through intrapartum testing, representing an 12% (34/278) increase in HIV infection detection. Of these, 14 received their result and nevirapine before delivery. The percentage of women discharged from the maternity ward with documented HIV status increased from 39% (480/1235) to 88% (1395/1594) over the period. Only 2.8% undocumented women had their male partners tested in the ANC in contrast to 25% in the maternity ward. Of all male partners who presented to either unit, only 48% (51/107) came together and were counseled with their wife in the ANC, as compared with 72% (130/180) in the maternity ward. Couples counseled together represented 2.8% of all persons tested in the ANC, as compared with 37% of all persons tested in the maternity ward. CONCLUSION: Intrapartum HCT may be an acceptable and feasible way to increase individual and couple participation in PMTCT interventions.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2005

Future outlook and financial strain: testing the personal agency and latent deprivation models of unemployment and well-being.

A sample (N=239) of unemployed adults completed scales measuring well-being, financial strain, future outlook, and the latent benefits of employment. The study tested (a) the relative contributions of the latent deprivation and agency restriction models in predicting well-being and (b) whether financial strain interacted with future outlook to predict well-being or whether financial strain was mediated by future outlook. The authors found support for agency restriction over the latent deprivation model and concluded that examining internal personal agency processes is required to explain the decline in well-being. No interaction effects were identified for financial strain and future outlook, but future outlook did mediate the influence of financial strain. Age and length of unemployment were also associated with well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[A new system of testing visual performance based on the cylindrical lens screen].

Using a special microoptical screen as a test-picture coating, a method for testing binocular function was developed. It offers the advantage of providing a separate visual impression to each eye from a diagnostic picture without using any device in front of the eyes. The person tested is unaware of this procedure, of which the diagnostic plate gives no hint. In addition to a description of its numerous uses and diagnostic possibilities, fusion pictures suitable for screening tests are described: Each eye is offered a separate impression with a completely different content. If fusion occurs correctly, a third motif with an entirely new meaning emerges. Several years of experience with this effective system (naked-eye tests) resulted in aids which are listed in the final section of the paper: exercise aids used for preparing the persons tested (especially infants) in the waiting room, recognition aids for the examination, and a partially kinetic picture for rapid, simple and very convincing representation of adjusting movements and of the squint position in cases of concomitant squint.

Child↗
PubMed2001

No effects of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin, cortisol, and selected markers of the immune system in man.

There is growing public concern that radio frequency electromagnetic fields may have adverse biological effects. In the present study eight healthy male students were tested to see whether or not radio frequency electromagnetic fields as used in modern digital wireless telecommunication (GSM standard) have noticeable effects on salivary melatonin, cortisol, neopterin, and immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels during and several hours after exposure. In a specifically designed, shielded experimental chamber, the circularly polarized electromagnetic field applied was transmitted by an antenna positioned 10 cm behind the head of upright sitting test persons. The carrier frequency of 900 MHz was pulsed with 217 Hz (average power flux density 1 W/m2). In double blind trials, each test person underwent a total of 20 randomly allotted 4 hour periods of exposure and sham exposure, equally distributed at day and night. The results obtained show that the salivary concentrations of melatonin, cortisol, neopterin and sIgA did not differ significantly between exposure and sham exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Activity classification using realistic data from wearable sensors.

Automatic classification of everyday activities can be used for promotion of health-enhancing physical activities and a healthier lifestyle. In this paper, methods used for classification of everyday activities like walking, running, and cycling are described. The aim of the study was to find out how to recognize activities, which sensors are useful and what kind of signal processing and classification is required. A large and realistic data library of sensor data was collected. Sixteen test persons took part in the data collection, resulting in approximately 31 h of annotated, 35-channel data recorded in an everyday environment. The test persons carried a set of wearable sensors while performing several activities during the 2-h measurement session. Classification results of three classifiers are shown: custom decision tree, automatically generated decision tree, and artificial neural network. The classification accuracies using leave-one-subject-out cross validation range from 58 to 97% for custom decision tree classifier, from 56 to 97% for automatically generated decision tree, and from 22 to 96% for artificial neural network. Total classification accuracy is 82 % for custom decision tree classifier, 86% for automatically generated decision tree, and 82% for artificial neural network.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1970

Relationship between breathlessness and anxiety in asthma and bronchitis: a comparative study.

Two personality testing forms, the Eysenck Personality Inventory Form A and the Cattell Self Analysis Form, were completed on 471 hospital patients who fell within the general diagnostic range of asthma, bronchitis, or both. Respiratory diagnoses were based on the standard M.R.C. questionary. All categories of patients showed a tendency towards neuroticism, anxiety, and introversion, and the scores were slightly higher for bronchitics than for asthmatics. Neuroticism and anxiety increased with increasing respiratory disability. Variations in these scores with age of onset of symptoms and length of history were small.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Urinary alanineaminopeptidase with reference to age and sex].

In 200 healthy test persons of either sex between 15 and 94 years the excretion of the alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) and of creatinine with the urine was tested. Female test persons excrete smaller quantities of enzymes with the urine than male ones. In the two sexes the efflux of the alanine aminopeptidase only slightly increases with growing age. With regard of the enzyme activities to the creatinine in the urine the curve of excretion is clearly deformed, since in the senium significantly smaller quantities of creatinine are excreted. When an enzyme/creatinine quotient is used reference values specific to age must be used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A general approach to testing multifaceted personality constructs.

Some personality characteristics are composed of multiple, distinct subcomponents (e.g., Type A, hardiness, attributional style, self-monitoring). The advantages and disadvantages of 3 typical approaches to testing these constructs are reviewed. An alternative approach based on structural equation modeling is then offered. This approach has many advantages over its alternatives, including the provision of an explicit test of the structure of the multifaceted construct, the simultaneous test of the effects of this general construct and the unique aspects of its subcomponents, and the explicit consideration of measurement error. Although the modeling approach does have limitations, these limitations are equally applicable to all of its alternatives. Indeed, the principal disadvantages of the modeling approach seem to be its statistical complexity and the lack of education regarding its proper use.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Bone mineral content of the maxilla estimated by dual-photon absorptiometry after augmentation with bone or hydroxyapatite.

A new, precise, non-invasive method for measuring the bone mineral content (BMC) of the mandible in vivo by dual-photon absorptiometry has recently been introduced. The purpose of the present analysis was to examine the precision in vitro and in vivo and the accuracy in vivo for assessment of BMC in the maxilla. The precision was determined by repeated measurements in vitro on a cranium and in vivo on two test persons with and without a bone specimen fixed to a palatal plate. The accuracy in vivo was determined from the BMC measurements of the two test persons and of nine edentulous persons, scanned before and after augmentation of the maxillary alveolar ridge with hydroxyapatite. The analyses indicated that the precision for maxillary BMC assessments was high (0.9% in vitro and 2.0% in vivo) and the accuracy in vivo was 6.6%, corresponding to the accuracy in vitro for skeletal BMC measurements by dual-photon absorptiometry. The present method therefore seems to be well-suited for follow-up analyses of the BMC changes in the jaws after augmentation of the alveolar ridges with bone or hydroxyapatite.

Alveolar Ridge Augmentation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin concentrations and time-action profiles of three different intermediate-acting insulin preparations in nondiabetic volunteers under glucose-controlled glucose infusion technique.

This study describes the pharmacokinetics of three intermediate-acting insulin preparations, NPH porcine insulin, NPH human insulin (recombinant DNA), and "Depot-A" insulin, a mixture of 20% regular and 80% NPH human insulin from Eli Lilly and Company. Metabolic healthy normal weight volunteers were selected for the study. After overnight fasting, each test person received 0.4 U of each insulin per kg body weight injected subcutaneously in the triceps area of the arm. To prevent severe hypoglycemia, the test persons were connected to a "GCIIS Biostator" with blood glucose clamp at the 60 mg/dl level. Peripheral blood was sampled at regular intervals for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide determination. More elevated insulin levels were measured after application of both NPH human insulin and "Depot-A" insulin than after NPH porcine insulin. A more rapid decrease in the blood glucose concentration was observed after injection of both human insulin preparations than after porcine insulin. The dextrose output of the "GCIIS Biostator" was more pronounced in both human insulins than after the porcine preparation. After the injection of NPH human and NPH porcine insulin, significant differences were calculated between the concentrations of these two insulins in the blood, from the 2nd to the 10th hour (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.005) and between the dextrose output of the "GCIIS Biostator" from the 3rd to the 8.5th hour (P less than 0.05). The fall of the C-peptide concentration to the lower detection limit of the assay reflects suppression of the endogenous B-cell secretion and confirms the measure of peripheral insulin concentrations as a result of the exogenously applied insulin. Although all investigations were performed under identical experimental conditions and equal dosages of each insulin were injected, higher insulin concentrations and a stronger biologic effect, shown by larger amount of dextrose delivered, were observed in both human insulins than in porcine insulin. Why this phenomenon occurs is as yet unclear. The clamp technique used with the "GCIIS Biostator" enables establishment of the biologic profile of any insulin, and thus represents a valuable tool in comparative studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Multivariate analysis for the understanding of typical diabetic hemostasis criteria. 2. Prevalent thrombocytic markers].

Various thrombocyte functions and metabolic criteria were investigated in 309 test persons, among them 198 Patients affected with diabetes mellitus, 67 of type I and 131 of type II as well as 111 healthy control persons. From the variety of these factors an optimal amount was determined by means of the statistical method of multivariance analysis separating both types of diabetes and healthy control persons. In addition to haemoglobin A1 concentration, thrombocyte parameters have been found together with the degree of capillary fragility, adrenalin-induced aggregation, platelet aggregation test and clot retraction, which allow individuals to be assigned diagnostically to various groups of test persons. Thus, thrombocyte functions found in both types of diabetes and normal persons exhibit differences which may contribute to a diagnostic classification.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Measurement of the clenching force during needle point registration in dentulous patients].

In this study the clenching force was measured, which 12 patients used, while the needle-point tracing was in progress. The patients were not instructed about the measurement. The results show, that 10 of 12 test persons used higher clenching forces, when they had to do border movements according to verbal instructions then when doing free movements of the mandibula. All test persons showed peaks in the level of the clenching force, which were clinically accompanied with swallowing.

Bite Force↗