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Results for “PERIODONTAL DISEASE”

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PubMed2005

[Maternal periodontal disease as a factor associated with low birth weight].

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have presented evidence that periodontal disease in pregnant women may be a determining factor for low birth weight. The present investigation was carried out to verify whether or not there is an association between maternal periodontal disease and low birth weight. METHODS: This was a case-control study on 302 women, of whom 102 were the mothers of live newborns of low weight (case group) and 200 were the mothers of live newborns of normal birth weight (control group). The existence of an association between periodontal disease and low birth weight was evaluated by means of a multivariate logistic regression model that considered other risk factors for low weight. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable with regard to age, height, pre-gestational weight, smoking, alcohol use, previous diseases, marital status, socioeconomic status, frequency of tooth-brushing and use of dental floss, number of meals per day and visits to the dentist. Periodontal disease was diagnosed in 57.8% of the mothers in the case group and 39.0% in the control group. Logistic regression analysis indicated a positive association between periodontal disease and low birth weight (unadjusted OR=2.15; 95% CI: 1.32-3.48), especially among the mothers with schooling of less than or equal to four years (ORadjusted=3.98; 95% CI: 1.58-10.10). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal disease is a possible risk factor for low birth weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Antioxidant status (CoQ10 and Vit. E levels) and immunohistochemical analysis of soft tissues in periodontal diseases.

Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant status in periodontal diseases and periodontal-related pathologies is an item of growing interest. Immunohistochemical approach may be usefully employed in the study of soft tissues affected by periodontal disease, giving valuable information on tissue morphology and vascular proliferation that depends directly on the inflammatory state. In order to study CoQ(10) and vitamin E content in healthy gingiva and in gingivitis a new adaptation to previously published methods for their determination was adopted. During gingivitis tissue displayed a large inflammatory infiltration in the lamina propria and a VEGF positive squamous epithelium. The inflammatory infiltration consisted mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. Vitamin E dramatically decreased and CoQ(10) remained unchanged despite the increased amount of cells present in the periodontally affected tissues, indicating that continuous oxidative stress which occurred in these structure affected the antioxidant pattern of the tissue.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: a renewed paradigm in periodontal disease pathogenesis?

In the past, various models including the autoimmunity model have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The aim of this review is to introduce the pathogenic role of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs) in various autoimmune diseases and compare these conditions with periodontal disease to elucidate common pathogenic mechanisms. Also, a novel model to explain the pathogenesis of periodontal disease based on the concept of ANCA-associated autoimmunity is proposed. This encompasses a wide array of biochemical mediators that range from direct and indirect initiators of ANCA production and eventual release of proinflammatory mediators and free radicals, all of which have been implicated in periodontal tissue destruction in the past. In addition, specific links between the typical ANCA-associated diseases and periodontal disease are discussed. Finally, a new paradigm in the periodontal disease-associated destruction is proposed that includes the currently accepted mechanism, namely, the genetic-microbial-host interactions.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗
PubMed1998

Epidemiology of periodontal disease among older adults: a review.

Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted concerning periodontal disease, the majority were not included in this review because of deficiencies in the measures used. Although it is increasingly common for studies in this field to measure periodontal disease using clinical attachment level, attachment loss or bone loss, the evidence pertaining to prevalence, incidence and risk in older adult populations is limited. Although it is the best indicator to date, characterizing periodontal disease by means of attachment loss has some limitations. Prevalence and incidence rates may vary according to the number of teeth and sites probed and bias and case misclassification may occur because of the healthy survivor effect. Moreover, prevalence data that document lifetime disease experience are of little use in planning for periodontal treatment needs. Problems with sampling or subject selection and idiosyncratic ways of reporting data also limit the quality of the evidence currently available. In order to standardize the collection of data on loss of attachment and to measure it as accurately as possible, Papapanou (63) recommends that studies use full-mouth periodontal examinations and the assessment of clinical attachment level at four sites on each remaining tooth. Given the inconsistencies in and problems with the methods used in the studies reviewed above, only broad conclusions can be drawn concerning periodontal disease in older adults. These confirm the conclusions reached in other reviews of the literature. While moderate levels of attachment loss are to be found in a high percentage of middle-aged and elderly subjects, severe loss is confined to a minority, albeit a substantial one. Severe loss is evident in only a few sites and, in general, affects only a small proportion of sites examined. Nevertheless, approximately one-fifth of older individuals have experienced more generalized severe loss; the rate is much higher in the oldest subjects and subjects from minority groups. Although not universal, severe disease is common in some older populations and some population subgroups. Studies using common approaches are needed to fully elucidate the extent to which disease experience varies across different populations. Similar conclusions can be drawn from prevalence studies measuring bone loss. These show that a minority of subjects accounted for most sites with advanced loss. Studies of incidence suggest that 50-75% of older adults experience additional loss of attachment of 2 or 3 mm or more at a minimum of one site over relatively short periods of time. Rates fall dramatically when more stringent case definitions are used. Moreover, relatively few sites examined show evidence of additional loss so that, although rates are high, extent and severity are low. More detailed analyses of incidence data, although few, indicate that new lesions are more common than progressing lesions, and the pattern of loss tends to support an episodic model of periodontal disease progression.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Periodontal diseases of children and adolescents. An update.

Plaque related periodontal diseases in children and adolescents have long been recognized, but recent studies have highlighted their prevalence and presentation. The aim of this article is to highlight the current classification of periodontal diseases of children and adolescents and to review the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. This will help dental practitioners to diagnose and treat their juvenile and young adult patients suffering from different types of periodontal diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Exploring interrelationships between diabetes and periodontal disease in African Americans.

Population-based data on interrelationships between diabetes and periodontal diseases among African Americans are limited. This article is an overview of our knowledge regarding the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases and a descriptive analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), focusing on the diabetes-periodontal diseases interrelationship in African Americans. Results of the analysis are consistent with the current body of evidence supporting a bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases and indicate generally poorer periodontal health and glycemic control among African Americans. The results also indicate significantly lower dental care use in dentate African Americans with diabetes than in the US non-Hispanic white population with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Risk of severe periodontal disease in a Swedish adult population. A longitudinal study.

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for severe periodontal disease progression in a Swedish adult population between the years 1973 and 1988-91. In 1973, a random sample of 474 dentate adults living in Jönköping County was examined clinically and radiographically. A questionnaire on demographic and socio-economic status, general health, and dental care habits was also used. During the years 1988-1991, 361 of the individuals examined in 1973 were re-examined. A total of 506 (6%) teeth or in average 1.4 teeth per subject were lost between the 2 examinations. 4 subjects had become completely edentulous. The mean loss of teeth in the different age groups 20-60 years was 0.2, 0.9, 1.4, 2.3, and 2.6, respectively. The periodontal bone level decreased by age both in 1973 and in 1988 91. The mean annual progression rate was 0.06 mm for all 357 individuals and varied between 0.04 and 0.07 mm per subject in the different age groups. The presence of periodontal disease progression was defined as bone loss of >20% at a proximal site between the 2 examinations. The most prevalent tooth types with bone loss of >20% at proximal sites were the maxillary and mandibular 2nd molars and the 1st maxillary molar, representing a % of 18.0, 12.8, and 13.5, respectively. The degree of association between severe periodontal disease progression and explanatory variables was investigated using logistic regression models. The dependent variable was no progression of periodontal disease or severe periodontal disease progression, i.e., subjects with periodontal bone loss >20% at > or =6 sites. Age was found to be correlated with severe periodontal disease progression by an odds ratio of 1.05 (CI: 1.02-1.07). The frequency of females in the group with severe bone loss was 58% and higher than in the non-progressing group, 50%. Only 9% in the group with no bone loss smoked as compared to 38% in the group of individuals with severe periodontal bone loss. % supragingival plaque, gingival inflammation, and deepened periodontal pockets (> or =4 mm) at baseline were related to severe periodontal disease progression by odds ratios of 1.03 (CI: 1.02-1.05), 1.01 (1.00-1.03), and 1.03 (1.00-1.05), respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model, age (odds ratio 1.13 (CI: 1.06-1.19)), smoking (odds ratio 20.25 (5.07-80.83)), and % pockets > or =4 mm (odds ratio 1.15 (1.04-1.27)) remained significantly associated with severe disease progression. Furthermore, female gender and differences in income level appeared in the multivariate analysis to be related with severe bone loss, with odds ratios of 3.19 (CI: 1.02-9.97) and 8.46 (CI: 1.97-36.37), respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Periodontal disease as part of the insulin resistance syndrome in diabetic patients.

Periodontal disease has been considered as a complication of diabetes mellitus. A recent epidemiological study revealed that obesity is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with many metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Chronic sub-clinical inflammation, although often for the most part in a healthy reference range, has recently been declared part of the insulin resistance syndrome, as such inflammatory responses appear to participate in the progression of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that periodontal disease is one such sub-clinical inflammation. Here, we summarize current knowledge supporting this concept primarily based on data obtained from our own studies and propose a new concept that periodontal disease should be considered as part of the insulin resistance syndrome.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1985

A correlative study of the clinical and radiographic signs of periodontal disease in dogs.

Twenty-four dogs admitted for routine teeth cleaning were selected arbitrarily to undergo a periodontal examination and a dental radiographic examination before the dental procedure. Data pertaining to the physical and radiographic manifestations of periodontal disease of 783 teeth were collected. All dogs had lesions consistent with periodontal disease, ranging from mild gingivitis and minimal plaque accumulation to severely inflamed gingiva, exuberant calculus formation, and root exposure. Of the 783 teeth examined, 153 (20%) had a pocket depth greater than or equal to 4 mm and less than or equal to 9 mm. Data regarding these teeth were subjected to statistical analysis. The clinical signs of plaque, calculus, mobility, pocket depth, and furcation were positively associated with radiographic signs of periodonta disease. The association between grossly evident gingivitis and radiographic signs of periodontal disease was not significant. Conditional probability analysis was applied to determine confidence intervals for the probability of a radiographic sign of periodontal disease occurring given that a clinical sign of periodontal disease occurs.

Animals↗