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PubMed1992

Epilepsy and employability: a comparative evaluation of epileptic employees working in the steel plants of India.

Information on seizures and provoking factors, occupational status, shift work, overtime, home and work place adjustment was obtained from 176 epileptic employees working in hazardous, less and non-hazardous areas of steel plants in India. Accidents at work and sickness absence were also assessed in 44 epileptics. An overall comparison was made between Group A hazardous (63) and Group B less/non-hazardous (76) of the total of 139 epileptic employees over a three year period. Group A performed better than Group B. When compared with 77 employees with occupational dermatoses, 139 epileptics did more fixed shifts and had less promotion.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The relative impact of status and health variables upon sick-role expectations.

This study deals with the relative impact of socioeconomic status and the level of physical and emotional health upon the sick-role concepts of the laymen in a comprehensive health care system. The selection of variables was guided by our recognition that Parsons' "deviation" model of the sick-role ignores the importance of environmental resources, in particular those that are required for coping with chronic illness and permanent handicaps. No significant differences were found across social classes with regard to serious acute illnesses. By contrast, significant differences between occupational groups were found for chronic illnesses, in which recovery and resumption of independent functioning depend more on the patient's own resources than on professional medical care. The lower the occupational status, the more dependency the patient was allowed. These differences are largely attributable to socioeconomic rather than to cultural resources and to the state of health.

Comprehensive Health Care↗
PubMed2001

[Factors that influence the quality of life of Sichuan population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors influencing quality of life with the aim of providing evidence for valid health promotion measures. METHODS: The authors used the short form 36 to assess the quality of life of 2249 residents in Sichuan Province. The data of potential risk factors including social economic status, culture, chronic condition and personal characteristics were collected. The Student t test, variance analysis, and stepwise multivariate regression methods were used to test the impacts of different risk factors on quality of life. RESULTS: Chronic condition, age, sex, educational level, marital status, occupation, personal income, number of family members, number of generation in a family, inhabitant places (urban or rural), and way of payment of medical expenditure were correlated with all or most of the domains of the short form 36 in t-test or one-way variance analysis. When the effect of interaction between factors were excluded by use of multivariate regression, the chronic condition, personal income, inhabitant places, age, and educational level remained to be significant risk factors. Marital status also had impacts on a few domains. CONCLUSION: The key steps of promoting the quality of life should include the prevention and control of chronic conditions, the development of economy, and the improvement of people's income and educational level. It is necessary to provide norms of the short form 36 stratified by inhabitant's place and age. Further research would be needed to provide evidence for the necessity of norms stratified by sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Bavi District, Vietnam.

AIMS: Like other developing countries, Vietnam is undergoing epidemiological transition, which is characterized by many changes in terms of morbidity and mortality patterns. The fact that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading causes of death in hospitals in the whole country was ascertained from annual statistics. However, the magnitude of the burden of mortality from CVD at the community level remained unknown. The aims of the study were to outline CVD mortality during health transition in a rural community in the north of Vietnam and to examine associations between CVD mortality and the socioeconomic status of the population. METHODS: Within an established demographic surveillance system (DSS), verbal autopsy (VA) was used to identify the burden of mortality from CVD. Cohort analysis was used in this study to measure associations between CVD mortality and socioeconomic determinants. RESULTS: CVD emerged as a leading cause of death in the study area, accounting for more than infectious and parasitic diseases combined. CVD killed many people among the most economically productive age group, both men and women, in all socioeconomic groups. Occupational status was shown to be significantly associated with CVD mortality. DISCUSSION: Already at this point in the epidemiological transition, there is evidence of a substantial burden of CVD in rural Vietnam. Although this study was not able to show trends, the current situation is a cause for concern in health policy and planning. Verbal autopsy methods and CVD risk factor evaluations will form important parts of future research agendas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Factors influencing readmission to hospital. I. Tetraplegia.

Tetraplegia produces exceptionally severe physical impairment causing disability which demands almost total dependence on others for the activities of daily living but there is no impairment of mental function. The tetraplegic is, therefore, capable of influencing his environment and those features of it which may lead to the need for readmission to hospital. Of the factors studied relating to readmission to hospital, only age and occupational status of the patient at the time of his paralysis are of significance.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Recording, notification, compilation, and classification of statistics of occupational accidents and diseases: the Thai experience.

An International Labour Organization (ILO) project was conducted in July and August 1995 in Thailand to assist with the development of an information system on occupational accidents and diseases for the Workmen's Compensation Fund (WCF). The WCF provides cash benefits and medical care to insured workers who suffer employment injuries. The project included literature research based on the facilities of the ILO in Bangkok, and those of the Thai government, and a thorough review of the ILO Code of Practice (the Code) on recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases, and of other international recommendations on statistics of occupational accidents and diseases. A comparative study of various notification systems of occupational accidents and diseases in Australia, Canada, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States was conducted. The project also included fact-finding sessions among various information suppliers and users in Thailand. The Thai notification form for collecting data for the database was redesigned and pretested. Results of the project indicated that the Code is appropriate for the recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases in Thailand. In addition, a number of information requirements, which were included in the notification systems in the countries studied but not listed in the Code, were found to be useful for the database. A list of the baseline variables to be included in the proposed database was developed, the notification form was redesigned, and coding schemes for the information collected on the redesigned form were constructed on the basis of international standard classification systems for economic activity, employment status, occupation, nature of injury, occupational disease, body part, type of accident, and agency. A number of mechanisms were suggested for cross-checking the accuracy of data in the database. Based on the review of the Code and other international recommendations on statistical reporting, a list of baseline statistics was formulated for inclusion in the WCF annual report. Lastly, some suggestions for future statistical analysis of the database were given.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol consumption among school adolescents in Palma de Mallorca.

AIMS: To describe alcohol consumption of adolescent boys and girls in Palma de Mallorca, and its relationship with physical activity and socio-demographic factors. METHODS: Four hundred and forty five adolescents (171 boys, 274 girls; 14-18 years old) selected from the school census (participation 96%), using two-stage probability sampling were studied. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered and alcohol intake was analysed. Physical activity was computed as a ratio of energy expended in basal metabolic rate. Socio-demographic data were collected, and categorized as gender, mother's level of education, parental occupational status, and mother's region of origin. RESULTS: About 60% of adolescents, 53% of boys and 65% of girls, reported alcohol consumption, which increased with age in boys (91% when they were 18 years old), but remained constant in girls. The adolescents consumed alcohol mainly on weekends; average consumption was four drinks per drinking day, and the most consumed drinks were mild distilled spirits. The mother's educational level and adolescents' physical activity were negatively and significantly related to alcohol consumption, whereas the adolescents from occupational upper-class parents and non Majorcan/Balearic mothers were positively and significantly related to alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The increased penetration of alcohol into the adolescents' environment may result in misuse of consumption. To give more information to parents and adolescents on considering alcohol to be a drug, and to promote physical activity among adolescents may be contributing factors towards decreased alcohol consumption among the latter age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inattentive behavior in childhood: epidemiology and implications for development.

Poor concentration is a relatively common childhood problem. The current North American psychiatric diagnostic classification system (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; DSM-IV), American Psychological Association, 1994) differentiates children whose problems are distinguished primarily by symptoms of inattention (ADHD-I) from those whose difficulties are characterized by overactive, impulsive behavior by providing various subtypes within a broad diagnostic category. Yet, comparatively little is known about children who exhibit purely inattentive behavior. This study aims to redress this issue by using a large, community-based, epidemiological sample of 7-year-old children to compare the developmental functioning, social, and environmental backgrounds of children with pure inattentive behavior to that of children with pure overactive behavior and combined problems of inattentive and overactive behavior. Five hypotheses, centered on the validity of distinguishing inattentive behavior from overactivity, are tested. Children with pure inattentive behavior were more likely to have general cognitive delays, particularly in the area of language development, and were more likely to come from a family in which the father was of low occupational status. The results are discussed in relation to the implications for research and the identification of needs and intervention with children who exhibit pure inattentive behavior.

Attention↗
PubMed2000

Long term follow up after perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long term sequelae of perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage (PMSAH). METHODS: Twenty one consecutive patients were studied. All patients were examined by CT, angiography, MRI, multimodal evoked potentials, and transcranial Doppler sonography. All relevant clinical data during hospital stay and outcome at discharge were obtained by reviewing the charts. Long term follow up was evaluated by reviewing the outpatient files and dedicated outpatient review. Patients were specifically questioned about their perceived recovery, residual complaints, and present occupational status. RESULTS: Apart from the initial CT confirming the diagnosis of PMSAH all other examinations disclosed no abnormalities. None of the patients developed any complications during hospital stay, and all patients were discharged in good clinical condition and without neurological deficits. At long term follow up 62% of the patients had residual complaints consisting of headaches, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, weariness, and diminished endurance. Apart from four patients who had already retired before the PMSAH, only seven of the remaining 17 patients (41%) returned to their previous occupation, whereas nine patients (53%) retired from work and one man became unemployed. One patient had a recurrence of PMSAH 31 months after the first event. CONCLUSION: PMSAH can have considerable long term psychosocial sequelae, and may also recur. Prognosis may not be as good as previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between relative's Expressed Emotion and schizophrenic relapse: an Australian replication.

We report a predictive study, carried out in Sydney Australia, investigating the association between the Expressed Emotion (EE) status of the household to which the patient is discharged and schizophrenic relapse. Expressed Emotion was not related to illness severity either at admission or discharge, but was related to variables reflecting chronicity and employment history. There was a significant association between returning to a high EE household and both re-hospitalisation and relapse. The significant association between EE and relapse held only for: patients not on medication, males, and those patients in high contact with their relatives. A discriminant function analysis found that decline in occupational status and the number of critical comments expressed by the relative were the strongest predictors of relapse. The results presented here are consistent with the majority of published reports on EE and relapse and contradict the negative findings of a recently published but smaller study also carried out in Sydney.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Culture, socioeconomic status, and coronary heart disease risk factors in an African American community.

In this paper, cultural influences are examined in the relationship between socioeconomic status and health. Cultural definitions of material lifestyles are investigated as a correlate of disease risk in an African American community in the rural South. A new technique--called "cultural consensus analysis"--is used to test for a cultural model of lifestyles indicative of success. Survey data are then used to operationalize the degree to which individuals adhere in their own behavior to that cultural model; this measure is referred to as "cultural consonance in lifestyle." Cultural consonance in lifestyle is more strongly associated with hypertension and smoking (but not serum lipids) than are conventional measures of socioeconomic status (occupation, income, and education). These results suggest that the extent to which individuals are unable to live in accordance with cultural norms regarding lifestyles may contribute to the risk of coronary heart disease in the African American community.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Socioeconomic status differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events.

Previous research has documented consistently that persons holding low-socioeconomic status (SES) positions are more strongly affected emotionally by undesirable life events than are their higher-status counterparts. Two types of resources have been implicated in this differential vulnerability: financial resources and a broader class of coping resources, including social support and resilient personality characteristics. We present an analysis that disaggregates measure of life events and of SES to identify which events and which components of SES are most important for understanding differential vulnerability. We document that the lower-SES vulnerability persists across all types of personal events. In addition, we find that differential vulnerability is not confined to income but extends to education and occupational status as well. On the basis of these patterns, we conclude that differential vulnerability reflects more than a simple economic reality. Previous research offers speculative evidence that status differences in past and current social environments may explain differential vulnerability, especially through their effects on the socialization of resilient personality characteristics. We propose future research that could help to evaluate the validity of these speculations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Age and sexual culture among homosexually oriented males.

It is here argued that the thesis has been overgeneralized that the culture of homosexually oriented males is heavily youth oriented. It is suggested that any "youth orientedness" is due to their largely single "marital status" rather than to sexual orientation. Utilizing data from 243 males from the Detroit area, several qualifications to the thesis of youth orientedness are indicated. It was found that a majority of males aged 18-24 prefer a male partner who is older, a majority of those aged 25-34 years prefer a same-age person, and 50% of theose over 35 prefer a younger partner. These relationships were found to be especially strong among those segments of the sample who attend gay bars infrequently or who are of lower occupational levels. Also, higher occupational status was found to be associated with preference for the younger, independent of age. It is suggested that, because of the heterogeneity of the male homosexual community, the degree of emphasis of youth will be found to vary with social setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of demographic factors on serum lipids in diabetics of Trinidad and Tobago. Possible association with ischaemic heart disease.

This study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of race, sex, weight, activity level and residential area on serum lipoprotein patterns, and to determine how this could possibly relate to the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Seven hundred (700) diabetics attending outpatient clinics at Sangre-Grande and Port-of-Spain hospitals were screened. There were 132 males and 249 females of African descent; 99 males and 163 females of East Indian extract, and 19 males and 38 females of other ethnic origins. The average age of the population studied was 50 years (+/- 15). The results obtained from this study indicate that diabetes mellitus is apparently more common in women that in men, particularly in those women who have borne children, and the incidence rises markedly after menopause. East Indians have higher triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations than their counterparts of African origin. TG, LDL-C and total serum cholesterol (TC) concentrations are highest in overweight-obese patients while HDL-C concentrations are highest in the lower weight division. The domestic working class, as well as those who were in retirement, have higher TG, LDL-C and TC than members of other occupational status. The fractions mainly affected by a residential area are TG, HDL-C and LDL-C. Moreover, diabetes mellitus and its consequent impact on lipoprotein homeostasis imposes a greater predilection to IHD, especially among members of the East Indian community.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hispanic Americans in the United States: Young, dynamic and diverse.

Hispanic Americans are a rapidly growing population group, with numbers that increased 53 percent between 1980 and 1990. In 1994 Hispanics numbered 26.6 million, accounting for 10.3 percent of the civilian noninstitutional U.S. population. The Census Bureau projects continued rapid growth but at a decreasing rate than in the past. The population totals may exceed 31 million by the year 2000 and 96 million by 2050. According to the Census Bureau, Hispanic Americans may surpass African Americans as the largest U.S. minority group by the year 2005. While Hispanics present a varied social and economic portrait, they are likely to be young and economically active. As a group, they tend to trail the rest of the U.S. population in terms of educational attainment, occupational status and income. Hispanics are much more likely to be living below the poverty level and less likely to have health insurance than other U.S. populations. The origins and migration patterns vary both between and among the various groups. Each group has tended to settle in a few states with close to 90 percent of all Hispanics living in just nine states. Low educational attainment, combined at times with a lack of English language and other job skills, tends to confine Hispanics to the lower-paying, less stable and more hazardous occupations. Low income and larger family size translate into higher poverty rates, particularly among children. That, in turn, may affect children's ability to realize their full educational potential. Still, Hispanics, particularly men, have high labor force participation rates and will become an expanding part of the future labor force. As such, they will be expected to contribute to the retirement benefits of an ever aging U.S. population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Smoking behaviour among young adults: beyond youth prevention.

OBJECTIVE: There is a widespread assumption that smoking behaviour is largely established by the age of 18 years. As a result, smoking prevention has focused almost exclusively upon youth. However, recent trends suggest that young adulthood may be an important--and largely overlooked--period in the development of regular smoking behaviour. The current study sought to examine patterns of tobacco use among young adults (aged 18-29 years) and to address the implications for tobacco control policy. DESIGN: Data are presented from the 2003 Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey, a national survey of smoking behaviour (n = 10,559, response rate 89%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of smoking behaviour, smoking initiation, susceptibility to smoking, and occupational status. RESULTS: A total of 1.4 million or 28% of young adults in Canada currently smoke, the highest proportion among all age groups. The prevalence of daily smoking rose from 8% among youth to 22% among young adults, and approximately one fifth of smokers tried their first cigarette after the age of 18 years. Smoking behaviour among young adults was also distinct from older smokers: young adults were more likely to be occasional smokers and reported lower daily consumption. Finally, smoking prevalence and cessation rates varied substantially within subgroups of young adults, as characterised by occupational setting. CONCLUSIONS: Dramatic increases in the proportion and intensity of smoking occurs after the age of 18 years. Smoking behaviour among young adults is distinct from both youth and older adults, and warrants immediate attention from the public health community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Home parenteral nutrition in adults: a multicentre survey in Europe.

This registry describes a multicentre experience of Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) in nine European countries covering 27 centres and 194 patients. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and prognosis of patients on HPN. Patients started HPN at 44 +/- 1 years old (mean +/- SEM), and received 200 courses of HPN for a mean of 12 +/- 1 months representing a cumulative duration of 207 years. The four commonest indications for HPN were inflammatory bowel disease (30%), mesenteric vascular disease (21%), malignancy (17%) and radiation enteritis (13%). The nutritional status during HPN was clinically normal or subnormal in 93% of cases. The yearly incidence of catheter related complications leading to a catheter change was 0.74, sepsis accounting for half of this. The duration of hospital readmission for HPN complications was 4 +/- 1% of time spent at home, which represents 2 weeks per year and 41% of the total readmission time. Mortality was mainly influenced by the underlying disease since only 3% of patients died of HPN complications. A good social rehabilitation was observed in 52% of patients who during treatment recovered their pre-HPN occupational status. The poorest social rehabilitation was observed in patients over 65 years of age, and patients with malignancies and radiation enteritis, who also had the poorest prognosis. Caution seems necessary before recommending HPN in these patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Anxiety, depression, and heart disease in women.

This is an extension of previous research that has reported on psychosocial risk factors in women participants in the Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project (RCPP). The RCPP women (N = 83) were under 65 years of age, non-diabetic, non-smoking and had experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) at least 6 months prior to the study. Baseline data was available on 80 RCPP subjects. Seventy three non-smoking, coronary disease-free women participants in the Stanford-Sunnyvale Health Improvement Project (SSHIP) served as a control-comparison group. Women with coronary heart disease had higher serum cholesterol than controls. There were no case-control differences in marital status, occupation, or number of children. RCPP women had Videotaped Structured Interview (VSI) Type A scores comparable to those of the SSHIP women, but had significantly higher VSI-hostility scores (p < .01). In addition. the post-MI women were rated more anxious and depressed, and had more avoidance symptoms than controls ( p < .01). Additional analyses involved the 65 RCPP women located at 8.5-year follow-up. In these women, univariate predictors of coronary recurrence (N = 13) were body mass index (kg/m)2. Peel Index, low time urgency (VSI) and high anxiety ( p < .05). Employment status, marital status, and education were not associated with subsequent cardiac events. These exploratory analyses suggest that the relations between heart disease and hostility, anxiety, and depression in women deserve further investigation.

Journal Article↗