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PubMed1975

Lipid changes in tissues of young boars fed rapeseed oil or corn oil.

Fully refined rapeseed oil, Brassica campestris var. Arlo plus Echo, and corn oil were fed at 20% by weight of a basal diet to young Yorkshire boars. A serial slaughter technique was employed whereby 3 boars from each dietary treatment were killed at 0,1,2,3,4 and 8 weeks of the experiment. The fatty acid profiles of heart, liver, adrenals and testes lipids were investigated. The typical fatty acids of rapeseed oil, erucic and eicosenoic acids, were incorporated at different levels into the tissue lipids examined. After feeding the rapeseed oil diet for 1 week, the relative concentration of these fatty acids increased in the adrenals, while remaining similar in the heart, liver and testes. The relative concentration of eicosenoic acid was greater than that of erucic acid in all organs examined, except for the heart which contained equal amounts of these acids. Tissue levels of these acids in boars were compared to those found in rats fed the same rapeseed oil in previous studies.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2002

Repellency of a kaolin particle film, Surround, and a mineral oil, Sunspray oil, to silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on melon in the laboratory.

Surround, a kaolin-based particle film formulation, and Sunspray oil, a mineral oil, were evaluated alone or in combination in choice and no-choice laboratory assays on melon leaves for repellency to adults of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. In no-choice tests, the number of adults and eggs on leaves did not significantly differ among the three treatments and the water control when materials were applied to either the tipper or lower leaf surface. Significantly fewer adults and eggs were found on treated leaves compared with water when materials were applied to both leaf surfaces. Application of Surround did not affect the oviposition pattern, with 80.2-88.5% eggs oviposited on lower surface. However, whiteflies oviposited more eggs (53.1-63.8%) on the upper compared with the lower surface when Sunspray oil or Surround + Sunspray oil was applied on the lower leaf surface and both leaf surfaces. When whiteflies were allowed to choose among leaves treated with different materials on the same leaf surface(s), significantly fewer adults and eggs were found on treated leaves compared with water-treated leaves, and more adults and eggs were found on leaves when the materials were applied to tipper versus lower or both surfaces. Leaves treated with materials on both leaf surfaces had fewer whiteflies compared with leaves treated on the upper or lower surface. When whiteflies were allowed to choose among leaves treated with materials versus water-treated leaves in a 6:3 or an 8:1 ratio, significantly fewer adults and eggs were found on leaves treated with treatment materials compared with water, regardless of which leaf surface(s) were treated. No significant synergistic or additive effect was detected in Surround + Sunspray oil compared with either material used separately.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral].

The effects of 12 essential oils, popularly used as antifungal treatments in aromatherapy, on growth of Candida albicans were investigated. Mycelial growth of C. albicans, which is known to give the fungus the capacity to invade mucosal tissues, was inhibited in the medium containing 100 micro g/ml of the oils: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) and cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica). Not only lemongrass oil but also citral, a major component of lemongrass oil (80%), in the range of 25 and 200 micro g/ml inhibited the mycelial growth but allowed yeast-form growth. More than 200 micro g/ml of citral clearly inhibited both mycelial and yeast-form growth of C. albicans. These results provide experimental evidence suggesting the potential value of lemongrass oil for the treatment of oral or vaginal candidiasis.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of group components in oils and aromatics in fuel oils].

On-line coupling of capillary liquid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography (CGC) technique for detailed group component analysis of aviation kerosene, diesel fuels, lubricating oils, extraction oils, and residuum, is described. Aromatics in fuel oils were separated according to their ring number and structures. Different eluents were stored in loops on interface, and introduced sequentially onto the CGC for detailed separation and quantitative anal- pre-column and the components of interest (aromatics plus heavier compounds) eluting from an analytical column were all directed to the same flame ionization detector, which performed quantitative analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in oils by correction factor normalization method. Real oil samples were analyzed and the results showed that the reproducibility, accuracy and reliability of the method can fulfill the requirements of practical application.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2005

A review of the analysis of vegetable oil residues from fire debris samples: spontaneous ignition, vegetable oils, and the forensic approach.

This paper reviews the literature on the analysis of vegetable (and animal) oil residues from fire debris samples. The process of self-heating and spontaneous ignition is well-known by fire investigators and causes many fires. Vegetable oils are often the chemicals that originate such phenomenon. Vegetable oils are composed of lipids, which contain fatty acids. The autooxidation of the double bonds present in unsaturated fatty acids is the exothermic reaction at the origin of the self-heating process. The degree of unsaturation of fatty acids directly influences the propensity of an oil to undergo self-heating and, eventually, spontaneous ignition. When fire debris samples are collected, it is possible to examine them at the laboratory to extract and identify vegetable oil residues. This is typically performed by solvent extraction, followed by gas chromatographic(-mass spectrometric) analysis of the extract. Such analyses differ from ignitable liquid residue analyses, so a different forensic approach is necessary.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1997

Response of human ciliated respiratory cells to a mixture of menthol, eucalyptus oil and pine needle oil.

Nasal respiratory cells were harvested from 45 healthy individuals using a microcurette technique. Following harvest, cells were placed on microporous polycarbonate membranes and exposed for 30 min using a gas/liquid interface technique to a mixture of menthol, eucalyptus oil and pine needle oil (MEP), eucalyptus oil alone (ECO), and pine needle oil alone (PNO) at concentrations ranging between 0.2 and 11 g/m3. Ambient air served as control. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was assessed before and after exposure using video-interference-contrast microscopy. Control exposure to air (n = 10) did not alter CBF (7.1 +/- 0.9 Hz before and 7.0 +/- 0.9 Hz after exposure, -1.3% decrease), whereas a dose dependent decrease of CBF following exposure to MEP (max. decrease -22.6% at a concentration of 10 g/m3, p < 0.01), ECO (max. decrease -32.5% at a concentration of 7.5 g/m3, p < 0.01) and PNO (max. decrease -56.1% at a concentration of 9.4 g/m3, p < 0.01) was observed. The data show that essential oils in high concentrations can reduce in-vitro ciliary activity of human respiratory cells not protected by a mucus layer. These effects have to be verified by in vivo investigations.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1995

Olive oil- and sunflower oil-fried sardines in the prevention of rat hypercholesterolemia.

The effect of diets containing olive-oil-fried sardines (diet 1) or sunflower-oil-fried sardines (diet 3) upon the serum cholesterol-raise induced by dietary cholesterol was studied after a 4-week experiment in growing Wistar rats. Results of diet 1 were compared to those obtained in diets containing casein plus olive oil (diet 2), whereas results of diet 3 were compared to those obtained with casein plus sunflower oil (diet 4). All diets contained cholesterol and bovine bile as a cholesterol-raising agent. The hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary cholesterol in fried-sardine groups (a total cholesterol (TC) increase of 0.9 mmol/L (p < 0.05 and 0.4 mmol/L (not significant) in groups 1 and 3, respectively) was markedly lower than in groups 2 and 4 (a TC increase of 13.9 mmol/L (p < 0.01) and 18.2 mmol/L (p < 0.01), respectively). Serum triglyceride levels decreased in fried-sardine diets (p < 0.05) while they increased in casein diets (p < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol levels appear lower in diet 1 than in diet 2 (p < 0.05), but similar in diets 3 and 4. However, HDL-fraction carries in diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, 13%, 4%, 53% and 5% of TC, respectively. Results showed that fried-sardine diets exert a powerful check effect on the cholesterol-raising effect induced by dietary cholesterol.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Effect of olive oil and fish oil on parameters of lipids and antioxidants in hyperlipoproteinemia].

In 56 patients with HLP (40 with hypertriglyceridemia and mixed HLP respectively and 16 with hypercholesterolemia), changes in the lipid state and in the parameters of the antioxidative potential before and after a 4-week olive-oil phase, and after 8-, 20- and 32-week intakes of salmon-oil capsules were determined. The treatment with salmon-oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and mixed HLP respectively, on the other hand, it led to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. The increase of malondialdehyde as measure of lipid peroxidation in both patient groups underlines the necessity of a substitution of antioxidants. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fish-oil capsules can be recommended, especially to avoid side-effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Differential effects of chylomicron remnants derived from corn oil or palm oil on bile acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes.

The effects of chylomicron remnants derived from corn oil (rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids) and palm oil (rich in long chain saturated fatty acids) on bile acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes were studied. Incubation of the cells with corn oil remnants led to increased bile acid production, while the secretion of lipid in very low density lipoprotein remained unchanged. In contrast, addition of palm oil remnants to the medium did not affect bile acid synthesis, but resulted in the secretion of cholesterol-rich very low density lipoprotein. These findings show that chylomicron remnants of different fatty acid composition have differential effects on cholesterol metabolism in liver cells, and provide part of the explanation for the hyper- and hypocholesterolaemic effects of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antihypertensive effect of dietary sunflowerseed oil and linseed oil in spontaneously hypertensive rats during a multigeneration feeding study.

Semisynthetic diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (30 en% sunflowerseed oil or linseed oil) reduced hypertension development in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with control SHR fed on a regular rat chow. The effect was most markedly expressed in the 3rd and 4th generations of a four generation feeding period. PGI2-like production from isolated, pulsatingly perfused aorta preparations was reduced in linseed oil but not in sunflowerseed oil fed rats. Effects on blood pressure and PGI2-like production were abolished when the semisynthetic diets were changed for regular chow (5th and 6th generations).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The influence of dietary fat source (sunflower oil or olive oil) on LDL composition and serum lipid levels in miniature swine (Sus scrofa).

A total of 24 miniature swine (Sus scrofa) were fed with two diets of 9% fat content, differing only in the quality of the fat source (sunflower oil and olive oil). Two groups of animals were fed for a 12-week period, and the other two groups were fed for a 50-week period. After the two experimental periods, the influence of the dietary fat on serum lipids and protein and fatty acid composition of isolated LDLs was studied. In the short term, the serum cholesterol level was slightly higher in the olive oil group but, with the time of adaptation to the diet, serum levels of TC, FC and PL increased significantly in the sunflower group. In the long term, LDL and HDL were also significantly higher in the sunflower group when compared to the monounsaturated diet. In the sunflower group, PROT/TC and PROT/LIP ratios decreased significantly with the experimental period, while in the olive oil group they increased, due to the decrease in EC and TG fractions. The LDL particle in the olive group contained fewer saturated fatty acids and more monounsaturated fatty acids, specially oleic acid, than the LDL in the sunflower group. The changes found in chemical and fatty acid compositions of LDL, according to the saturation degree of the predominant fat of the diet, could alter its cellular metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Biotechnological production of oil: fatty acid composition of microbial oil.

The fatty acid profile and the fatty acid composition of microbial lipids obtained from molds revealed that oil from Aspergillus sydowii, Fusarium oxysporum and F. equisetti had a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, and had a similarity to the edible oils, groundnut and palm oil. This study sheds light on the possibilities of exploring the use of these oils as supplement to other edible fats and for other non-edible industrial purposes.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1998

Effects of dietary coconut oil, butter and safflower oil on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lathosterol levels.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this present study was to determine plasma levels of lathosterol, lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins during diets rich in butter, coconut fat and safflower oil. DESIGN: The study consisted of sequential six week periods of diets rich in butter, coconut fat then safflower oil and measurements were made at baseline and at week 4 in each diet period. SUBJECTS: Forty-one healthy Pacific island polynesians living in New Zealand participated in the trial. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were supplied with some foods rich in the test fats and were given detailed dietary advice which was reinforced regularly. RESULTS: Plasma lathosterol concentration (P < 0.001), the ratio plasma lathosterol/cholesterol (P=0.04), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P<0.001) and apoB (P<0.001) levels were significantly different among the diets and were significantly lower during coconut and safflower oil diets compared with butter diets. Plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and apoA-levels were also significantly (P< or =0.001) different among the diets and were not significantly different between buffer and coconut diets. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that cholesterol synthesis is lower during diets rich in coconut fat and safflower oil compared with diets rich in butter and might be associated with lower production rates of apoB-containing lipoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Influence of dietary linseed oil and sunflower seed oil on some mechanical and metabolic parameters of isolated working rat hearts.

The role played by membrane lipid environment on cardiac function remains poorly defined. The polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of myocardial phospholipids could be of utmost importance in the regulation of key-enzyme activities. This study was undertaken to determine whether selective incorporation of n-6 or n-3 fatty acids in membrane phospholipids might influence cardiac mechanical performances and metabolism. For 8 wk, male weaning Wistar rats were fed a semi-purified diet containing either 10% sunflower seed oil (72% C18:2 n-6) or 10% linseed oil (54% C18:3 n-3) as the sole source of lipids. The hearts were then removed and perfused according to working mode with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing glucose (11 mM) and insulin (10 Ul/l). Cardiac rate, coronary and aortic flows and ejection fraction were monitored after 30 min of perfusion. Myocardial metabolism was estimated by evaluating the intracellular fate of 1-14C palmitate. Sunflower seed oil and linseed oil feeding did not modify either coronary or aortic flow, which suggests that cardiac mechanical work was not affected by the diets. Conversely, cardiac rate was significantly decreased (-18%; P less than 0.01) when rats were fed the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich diet. Radioanalysis of the myocardial metabolism suggested that replacing n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: i) did not alter palmitate uptake; ii) prolonged palmitate incorporation into cardiac triglycerides; iii) reduced beta-oxidation of palmitic acid. These results support the assumption that dietary fatty acids, particularly n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, play an important role in the regulation of cardiac mechanical and metabolic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Adaptation of biliary response to dietary olive oil and sunflower-seed oil in dogs.

The effects of adaptation to dietary fat of different degrees of unsaturation (olive oil and sunflower oil) on bile secretion were studied in dogs at rest and after food intake. The animals were prepared with a bidirectional biliary cannula and a duodenal cannula to provide bile return. The two experimental groups were fed on diets containing 150 g fat/kg in the form of either olive oil (O) or sunflower-seed oil (S). The flow-rate under resting conditions and the patterns of response to food were similar in both experimental groups, although postprandial hypersection were significantly greater in volume and more prolonged in group O. No appreciable differences in concentration and output of biliary cholesterol or phospholipids were noted between the two groups. In contrast, the concentration and output of bile acids differed significantly both at rest and after food: concentration and output of bile acids were greater at rest in group S. However, after food intake, these responses were increased only in group O. The results suggest that the type of dietary fat affects biliary response to food, probably through differences in the contribution of the gall bladder in the two experimental groups.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia.

To evaluate which dietary fat may provide the best response in terms of plasma lipids and lipoproteins and also of platelet aggregability and superoxide formation by white blood cells, 12 type II patients were randomly allocated to three different diets, which provided polyunsaturated fatty acids (corn oil), monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil), and a supplementation of ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids to a prudent diet. Olive oil and, more significantly, n-3 ethyl esters lowered total cholesterol best (-2.2% and -5.8%, respectively); the latter diet, as expected, also significantly lowered triglyceridemia (-21.4%). The corn-oil diet exerted a small, statistically significant reduction of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (-4.3%), and it also lowered plasma total apo B concentrations (-3.8%). n-3 ethyl esters significantly raised both total (+3.1%) and particularly HDL2 cholesterol (+24%). Platelet reactivity was insignificantly reduced by the three regimens, but all three significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated formation of thromboxane B2. Finally, only the n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced O2- generation by adherent monocytes. Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are generally effective on the plasma lipid and lipoproteins in type II patients, but significant differences may be found between the three tested regimens.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed2001

Replacement of fish oil with rapeseed oil in diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects tissue lipid compositions and hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism.

Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed five practical-type diets in which the added lipid was 100% fish oil [FO; 0% rapeseed oil (0% RO)], 90% FO + 10% RO (10% RO), 75% FO + 25% RO (25% RO), 50% FO + 50% RO (50% RO) or 100% RO, for a period of 17 wk. There were no effects of diet on growth rate or feed conversion nor were any histopathological lesions found in liver, heart, muscle or kidney. The greatest accumulation of muscle lipid was in fish fed 0% RO, which corresponded to significantly lower muscle protein in this group. The highest lipid levels in liver were found in fish fed 100% RO. Fatty acid compositions of muscle lipid correlated with RO inclusion in that the proportions of 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) all increased with increasing dietary RO (r = 0.98-1.00, P < 0.013). The concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] in muscle lipid were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), along with total saturated fatty acids, with increasing dietary RO. Diet-induced changes in liver fatty acid compositions were broadly similar to those in muscle. Hepatic fatty acid desaturation and elongation activities, measured using [1-(14)C] 18:3(n-3), were increased with increasing dietary RO. Limited supplies of marine fish oils require that substitutes be found if growth in aquaculture is to be maintained such that fish health and product quality are not compromised. Thus, RO can be used successfully as a substitute for fish oil in the culture of Atlantic salmon in sea water although at levels of RO >50% of dietary lipid, substantial reductions occur in muscle 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3) and the (n-3)/(n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, which will result in reduced availability of the (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial for human health.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparison between extra virgin olive oil and oleic acid rich sunflower oil: effects on postprandial lipemia and LDL susceptibility to oxidation.

The aim of our study was to determine whether the minor polar components of virgin olive oil could have favorable effects (1) on fasting and postprandial lipid profile and (2) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) composition and susceptibility to oxidation in vitro. Ten normolipidic subjects were included in a crossover study (two diet periods of 3 weeks) and received either virgin olive oil (OO diet) or oleic acid rich sunflower oil. An oral fat load was performed at the end of each period. The plasma lipid levels were not significantly different after both diets in the fasting and postprandial states. A few minor variations of the LDL composition were observed only in the postprandial lipemia, and they were different after both diets. The LDL oxidation susceptibility was evaluated by the formation of conjugated dienes. With LDL isolated in the fasting state, the diene production decreased (p = 0.0573) only after the OO diet. The dienes determined at time 0 and the maximal dienes obtained during the oxidation reaction decreased (p = 0.0145 and p = 0.0184, respectively) only after the OO fat load. Nevertheless, the diene production decrease was not significant (p = 0.0848). Our results suggest a mild effect of minor components of virgin olive oil related to a decrease of LDL susceptibility to oxidation; further analyses are necessary to give clear conclusions about their role.

Adult↗