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PubMed1994

Resting energy expenditure and body composition in morbidly obese, obese and control subjects.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) was investigated by indirect calorimetry in relation to body composition and to different degrees of obesity in order to assess if a defective energy expenditure contributes to extra body fat accumulation. Differences were found between control subjects (group C; BMI 23 +/- 0.5 kg/m2, REE 5890 +/- 218 kJ/day; mean +/- SEM) and obese subjects (group O; BMI 34.2 +/- 0.9 kg/m2, REE 7447 +/- 360 kJ/day; P < 0.0001) and between group C and morbidly obese subjects (group MO; BMI 49.9 +/- 1.6 kg/m2, REE 8330 +/- 360 kJ/day; P < 0.0001); REE was not significantly different between groups O and MO. Body composition data were obtained by means of body impedance analysis. Even though group MO had a fat mass higher than group O, body cell mass, the metabolically active body compartment, was similar in groups O and MO, and this fact may have contributed to the similar REE in the two groups. Multiple regression analysis gave the following equation as the best predictor of REE: REE (kJ/day) = 1591 +/- 49BW + 74BCM - 737G (R2 = 0.88), where BW is body weight, BCM is body cell mass and G is a dummy variable coding group membership (group C = 1; group O = 2; group MO = 3). Thus the analysis showed a negative impact of obesity on REE beyond body composition variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Correction of obesity and diabetes in genetically obese mice by leptin gene therapy.

The ob/ob mouse is genetically deficient in leptin and exhibits both an obese and a mild non-insulin-dependent diabetic phenotype. To test the hypothesis that correction of the obese phenotype by leptin gene therapy will lead to the spontaneous correction of the diabetic phenotype, the ob/ob mouse was treated with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the mouse leptin cDNA. Treatment resulted in dramatic reductions in both food intake and body weight, as well as the normalization of serum insulin levels and glucose tolerance. The subsequent diminishment in serum leptin levels resulted in the rapid resumption of food intake and a gradual gain of body weight, which correlated with the gradual return of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. These results not only demonstrated that the obese and diabetic phenotypes in the adult ob/ob mice are corrected by leptin gene treatment but also provide confirming evidence that body weight control may be critical in the long-term management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in obese patients.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2005

Science-based solutions to obesity: what are the roles of academia, government, industry, and health care?

The complexity of the obesity epidemic requires the cooperation of key stakeholders in this effort. No one sector, academia, government, industry, or health care, has been successful in combating this disease to date. On March 10-11, 2004, The Harvard Medical School Division of Nutrition hosted the symposium "Science-Based Solutions to Obesity: What is the Role of Academia, Government, Industry, and Health care?" as a platform to address the role of these stakeholders, both individually and collectively, in combating the nation's epidemic of obesity. The proceedings from the symposium, included in this supplement, discuss the following: the science of obesity-related topics such as genetics, protein and weight loss, portion size, energy density, and behavior; the need for more aggressive government policies; industry's role in using research and development capabilities to promote healthier, portion-controlled products; and how to translate nutrition information from medical doctors to patients.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2006

Hyperphagia, lower body temperature, and reduced running wheel activity precede development of morbid obesity in New Zealand obese mice.

Among polygenic mouse models of obesity, the New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse exhibits the most severe phenotype, with fat depots exceeding 40% of total body weight at the age of 6 mo. Here we dissected the components of energy balance including feeding behavior, locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis compared with the related lean New Zealand black (NZB) and obese B6.V-Lep(ob)/J (ob/ob) strains (11% and 65% fat at 23 wk, respectively). NZO mice exhibited a significant hyperphagia that, when food intake was expressed per metabolic body mass, was less pronounced than that of the ob/ob strain. Compared with NZB, NZO mice exhibited increased meal frequency, meal duration, and meal size. Body temperature as determined by telemetry with implanted sensors was reduced in NZO mice, but again to a lesser extent than in the ob/ob strain. In striking contrast to ob/ob mice, NZO mice were able to maintain a constant body temperature during a 20-h cold exposure, thus exhibiting a functioning cold-induced thermogenesis. No significant differences in spontaneous home cage activity were observed among NZO, NZB, and ob/ob strains. When mice had access to voluntary running wheels, however, running activity was significantly lower in NZO than NZB mice and even lower in ob/ob mice. These data indicate that obesity in NZO mice, just as in humans, is due to a combination of hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, and insufficient physical activity. Because NZO mice differ strikingly from the ob/ob strain in their resistance to cold stress, we suggest that the molecular defects causing hyperphagia in NZO mice are located distal from leptin and its receptor.

Adiposity↗
PubMed2004

Anti-obesity effect of PM-F2-OB, an anti-obesity herbal formulation, on rats fed a high-fat diet.

PM-F2-OB is one of the most well-known traditional herbal medicines that are frequently used for the treatment of obesity in Korea. The anti-obesity effect of PM-F2-OB on rats fed a high-fat diet was investigated through analyses of changes in body weight, kidney fat weight, and blood biochemicals including cholesterol, free fatty acid, BUN, creatinine, HDL, LDL, phospholipids, SGOT, SGPT, total lipids, and triglycerides. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: a normal group with a standard diet (N); a PM-F2-OB treatment group fed a standard diet (N+PM-F2-OB); a control group fed a high-fat diet (C); and a PM-F2-OB treatment group fed a high-fat diet (C+PM-F2-OB). There were no significant differences in body weight change between the N and N+PM-F2-OB treatments. Also, there was no significant difference in the amount of food intake between the C and C+PM-F2-OB treatments. These results suggest that PM-F2-OB has no significant toxicity and does not induce a dislike for that diet due to its smell or taste. Rats were administered a high-fat diet (20% (w/w)) for six weeks to induce obesity. The study shows that PM-F2-OB significantly prevented increases in body weight, cholesterol, LDL and total lipids that resulted from the high-fat diet. PM-F2-OB also decreased kidney fat weight and free fatty acid, phospholipid, and triglyceride concentrations induced by the high-fat diet to level equals or below the normal diet group. It was concluded from the results that PM-F2-OB has a distinct anti-obesity effect.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

[Study on effects of Codonopsis eupolyphaga anti-obesity powder in mice with nutritive obesity].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Codonopsis Eupolyphaga anti-obesity powder(CEAOP) in mice with nutritive obesity. METHODS: CEAOP 0.5-2.5 g/kg was given to mice for 4 weeks and its effect was observed. RESULTS: CEAOP could significantly reduce the Lee's index, weight of fat cushion and fat index, lower the blood levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and blood glucose, but influence neither the calories and quantity of food intake, nor the endurance against anoxia and fatigue, the property of stool was not changed at all. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-obesity effect of CEAOP was similar to Fenfluramini but without influence on appetite and bowel movement, tolerance against anoxia and fatigue. The mechanism of the anti-obesity might be related with its metabolism regulating actions on lipids and glucose.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Obesity and obesity hypoventilation syndrome].

Some patients with obesity show chronic hypercapnia while awake. Such patients are referred to as obesity hypoventilation syndrome(OHS). Particularly, patients with profound obesity who have clinical features of sleep disordered breathing, hypersomnolence, cor pulmonale and so on represent the Pickwickian syndrome. The mechanisms of hypoventilation in OHS are multifactorial. The level of the blunted chemosensitivity, mechanical impairments of the respiratory system, the severity of the sleep-disordered breathing, and chronic hypoxemia may be important determinants of chronic hypoventilation. In this paper, the characteristics of pulmonary functions in obesity and the possible mechanisms of hypoventilation in patients with OHS were reviewed. Furthermore, the definition of OHS and descriptions of thr severity of OHS as recommended by Respiratory Failure Research Committee of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare are introduced.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protection by tree-peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr) of obesity in (SLN x C3H/He) F1 obese mice.

Water extracts of 10 medicinal plants were checked for protection against obesity in female and male (SLN x C3H/He) F1 obese mice. Each extract was given as drinking water at the concentration of 0.5% between 3 and 32 weeks of age. Among agents examined, only the root extract of tree-peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr) retarded growth, especially in males. In males, the treatment with tree-peony resulted in a significant decline in food intake and of the Lee index, an index of obesity, and an increase in glucose tolerance. While no significant difference was observed between the experimental and the control groups in serum free fatty acid levels, the range of the levels was much larger in female and male mice given tree-peony. There was little difference between groups in the weights of heart, liver, kidney, lung, spleen and major endocrine organs in both sexes and in the pattern of oestrous cycles in females. All results indicate that tree-peony can protect against obesity, especially in males, at least partly by a decrease in food intake and an increase in glucose metabolism.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance: implications from molecular biology, epidemiology, and experimental studies in humans and animals. Synopsis of the American Diabetes Association's 29th Research Symposium and Satellite Conference of the 7th International Congress on Obesity, Boston, Massachusetts.

The number of genetic features potentially contributing to the development of obesity and of NIDDM continues to expand, even while evidence from epidemiological studies and prospective longitudinal evaluations of risk factors continue to argue strongly for nongenetic factors in the expression of these disorders. Even as the intensive search goes on for the diabesity gene(s), it is imminently clear that treatment initiatives can and must be oriented to reducing the well-established risk factors, most likely through multiple simultaneous interventions and alterations. Clearly restriction of calories is the most immediately effective of the various tools currently available. The recent results of long-term minimal restriction suggest extraordinary benefits to health can result for those predisposed to the diabesity or insulin resistance syndrome. Changes in diet composition may facilitate maintenance of a lower calorie intake, but in themselves they are not likely to significantly alter the risks of the syndrome, with the exception of lower cholesterol diets for reducing elevated cholesterol levels. Exercise and increased general physical activity must be seen as potentially beneficial; however, because of the magnitude of the physical training activities likely to be effective in lowering insulin resistance on a chronic basis, the expected outcomes from the usual types of relatively limited exercise regimen are less likely to have powerful preventive effects. Nevertheless, the combination of exercise and moderate alterations in caloric intake is likely to have a synergistic beneficial effect. Pharmacological interventions in the insulin resistance syndrome are in their early developmental phases, and we look forward to new developments in this area. Effective anti-obesity agents are greatly needed, and new understanding of the excess risk carried by obesity for many features of the diabesity or insulin resistance syndrome suggest the urgency of greater investment in research toward new modes of therapy. We look forward with great anticipation to the next Obesity, Diabetes, and Insulin Resistance Conference, where new progress in prediction, new understanding of pathogenesis, new genetic markers and modifiers, and new treatment candidates are sure to be forthcoming.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Exercise capacity and energy expenditure of morbidly obese and previously obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether morbidly obese and previously obese women fail to lose weight after gastric bypass surgery because of reduced energy expenditure, and whether a large, surgically induced, rapid weight loss improves exercise capacity on a treadmill. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Four groups of 5 subjects: 1) patients still obese 12 months after surgery (failure); 2) patients who achieved normal weight after surgery (success); 3) obese patients who had not yet undergone surgery (preoperative); and 4) nonobese (control) subjects. Four subjects in the preoperative group were studied again at 6 months postsurgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and exercise capacity and peak oxygen consumption (VO2) during treadmill exercise. RESULTS: TDEE or energy expenditure (EE) above basal metabolic rate (when normalized for body size) was similar for all groups, but the absolute energy consumption was higher in the preoperative and failure groups. Treadmill endurance time was greater in the success than the failure and preoperative groups, and the endurance times of these 3 groups were less than those of the nonobese subjects. Peak VO2 body weight was similar in the success, failure and preoperative groups, which meant that the peak VO2 was lower in the success group than in the preoperative and failure groups. Six months after surgery, peak VO2 had not decreased in the preoperative group. CONCLUSION: Failure to lose weight after isolated gastric bypass surgery was not because of a lower level of activity. Aerobic capacity was impaired 1 year, but not 6 months, after a large weight loss. Exercise training may be appropriate to maintain absolute peak oxygen consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Body image disturbance in obese outpatients before and after weight loss in relation to race, gender, binge eating, and age of onset of obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess body image disturbance as a composite of three aspects (distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction) in obese subjects before and after weight loss. Disturbance was then related to race, gender, binge eating behavior, and age of onset of obesity. METHODS: Eighty-two obese outpatients (24 males, 58 females) completed the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS). A Disturbance score was derived from the weighted sum of distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction. The measures were repeated 4 weeks after starting a medically supervised liquid formula diet. RESULTS: Prior to weight loss, race (r =.28, p =.01) and gender (r =.25, p =.02) were each predictive of disturbance, with Caucasians and men having the most disturbance. Binge eaters exhibited more discrepancy (p =.03) and dissatisfaction (p =.005) than non-binge eaters. Early-onset subjects demonstrated more discrepancy than adult-onset subjects (p =.02). Following weight loss, disturbance scores decreased for all groups (p =.009). However, early-onset subjects still showed more discrepancy (p =.002) and more dissatisfaction (p =.005) than adult-onset subjects. DISCUSSION: Body image disturbance was viewed as a composite of three aspects. Prior to weight loss, the high disturbance score in Caucasians may be due to them experiencing greater cultural pressure to be thin. The men may have exaggerated their degree of obesity because of less denial of being overweight than women. Following weight loss, disturbance decreased for all groups but remained elevated for those with early onset, possibly because of a persistent self-image from adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Binge eating disorder and obesity in 2003: could treating an eating disorder have a positive effect on the obesity epidemic?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity. METHODS: Recent literature relating to the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment of binge eating disorder was reviewed. RESULTS: The data suggest that binge eating may be a contributor to the development of obesity in susceptible individuals. Although eating disorders treatment in the absence of obesity treatment does not result in large weight losses, amelioration of binge eating does result in small weight losses and decreased weight regain over time. DISCUSSION: Our challenge in the future is to understand better the ways in which BED and obesity co-exist, and to find treatment strategies that will relieve the distress and dysfunction due to this disordered eating while enhancing appropriate weight loss or preventing further weight gain.

Bulimia↗
PubMed1995

Opinions of obesity experts on the causes and treatment of obesity--a new survey.

A survey of opinions on the causes of and effectiveness for treatment of obesity was carried out on data provided by questionnaires from 57 physicians and scientists involved in obesity research. Responses were grouped by region (Europe, North America, and South America), gender, age (30-50 and over 50 years), and professional training (MD or PhD). Metabolic factors were considered the most important cause of obesity overall with physical inactivity only slightly behind. There were no gender differences, but the older group thought physical inactivity was a more important cause than the younger group. Weight cycling overall was not considered very important, although it was significantly more important among the Ph.D. group. Low-fat diets were considered the most effective treatment, with the older group of respondents rating low-fat diet more highly than their younger colleagues. Exercise was viewed as a more important treatment among North Americans, and medications as less in the treatment of obesity. All groups viewed serotonergic and thermogenic drugs as the most effective treatments whose usefulness would increase during the next 10 years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in obese and never-obese young men.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in age-matched, weight-stable, free-living, ad libitum-fed, obese (OB) and never-obese (NO) young men (body mass index means [SD], 38.5 [3.9] and 22.0 [1.7], respectively) was evaluated by sequential blockade of cardiac autonomic innervation with weight-adjusted doses of parasympathetic (atropine) and sympathetic (esmolol) blockers so as to produce maximal effects on heart rate. Change in heart period (interbeat interval) from baseline, induced by atropine, defined parasympathetic control (PC), and the subsequent change, after esmolol administration, defined sympathetic control (SC). The heart period, after PC and SC blockade, defined intrinsic heart period (I). In the OB group, baseline heart period and PC were lower, and SC and I were higher, than in the NO group. The results in the OB, relative to the NO subjects, are similar to those reported in a previous study of NO subjects who had undergone a 10% weight gain by overfeeding. These findings suggest that the ANS of individuals with obesity is chronically altered in a way that would tend to oppose their excessive adiposity, and that these autonomic changes are more likely to be responses to other forces that induce obesity, rather than being primary agents in the production of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Segregation analysis of body mass index in a large sample selected for obesity: the Swedish Obese Subjects study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a major gene hypothesis for body mass index (BMI) in a large sample of probands (n = 2580, ages 37-57 years) who were selected for obesity (BMI> or =34 kg/m2 for males and > or =38 kg/m2 for females), along with their spouses and first-degree relatives (n = 11,204 family members). The probands were recruited as part of an intervention trial assessing whether mortality and morbidity were improved after surgical intervention for obesity as part of the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The current analyses were based on BMI measures obtained before intervention. Segregation analysis was carried out using the mixed model implementation in PAP (Pedigree Analysis Package), which allowed for ascertainment correction and for genotype-dependent effects of covariates (sex and age) in both the major gene component and the multifactorial (i.e., polygenic and familial environment) component. RESULTS: Both a major effect and a multifactorial effect were significant. The percentage of the total variance accounted for by the multifactorial effect was 17%-24% (increasing as a function of age), and by the major effect, 8%-34% (decreasing as a function of age). Although tests on the transmission probabilities (taus) were not compatible with Mendelian expectations of 1, 1/2, and 0, the equal taus model was rejected (i.e., the effect is transmitted in families) and the point estimates (0.96, 0.60, and 0.17) compared favorably to Mendelian expectations. The major effect was transmitted in a codominant fashion, consistent with a gene-environment interaction. DISCUSSION: These results suggest both multifactorial and major effect etiologies for BMI in these families of extremely obese probands. Before 20 years of age, the major effect dominates the BMI expression, but after age 20, multifactorial effects account for the most variance. Although the major effect is transmitted in these families, the pattern does not appear to be consistent with a simple Mendelian trait. The possibility of additional major loci (i.e., epistasis) and gene by environment interactions may explain these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacokinetics of intravenous bisoprolol in obese and non-obese volunteers.

The pharmacokinetics of a single i.v. dose of dl-bisoprolol 0.16 mg.kg-1 ideal body weight has been studied in 8 obese women (mean weight 91 kg; 161% of ideal body weight) and 8 non-obese women (51 kg; 94% of ideal body weight). Compared to the controls, the obese subjects showed an increase in the total apparent volume of distribution (Vz) (182 vs 1351) and a decrease in Vz per kg body weight (2 vs 2.71.kg-1). There was a negative correlation between Vz l.kg-1 and the percentage of ideal body weight (r = -0.672). Total body clearance was increased, but t1/2 and renal clearance was unchanged. It is concluded that tissue diffusion of bisoprolol in obese subjects is limited, despite its lipophilicity, possibly because of alteration in the blood flow to adipose tissue produced by bisoprolol.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1991

Different aetiologies of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in obese and non-obese subjects.

Insulin responses to intravenous glucose infusion and glucose utilization during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp were determined in a large homogeneous group of 65-year-old male subjects. Twenty-eight had untreated Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and the remaining 44 control subjects had a normal glucose tolerance. Diabetic patients with abdominal obesity displayed peripheral insulin resistance in combination with defective insulin secretion, whereas non-obese diabetic patients showed only a secretory defect. Thus, Type 2 diabetes in obese and non-obese elderly male subjects may take two forms where the cause of hyperglycaemia differs.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Obesity: do fat cells from genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) have an innate capacity for increased fat storage?

Fat tissue from the genetically obese mouse (C57BL/6J ob/ob) and its lean littermate (+/?) was transplanted into lean hosts(+/+). Chemical induced obesity in the host mice caused no greater increase in the size of 'obese' fat cells than it did in the size of 'lean' fat cells. 'Obese' fat cells, therefore, have no innate capacity for increased fat storage.

Adipose Tissue↗