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PubMed1985

The contribution of neuroscience to exercise studies.

Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in theoretical and technological developments and a substantial data base that provide new opportunities for those involved in exercise studies. The scope of opportunities available as a result of these advances is explored in brief reviews of four areas of inquiry: phase- and state-dependent reflexes; the effects of motor activity on neuronal responses to injury; the orderly recruitment of motor units; and fatigue. Within the framework of a tripartite neural control model, an examination of the extent of our knowledge on fatigue revealed two features. First, although numerous failure sites have been identified as potential contributors to the force reduction of fatigue, little is known about the relative significance of these failure sites in everyday activity. Second, technical developments have made it feasible to address the central nervous system aspects of fatigue on a cellular basis.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Excitatory amino acids: physiological and pharmacological probes for neuroscience research.

The 2S,3S,4S-isomer (L-CCG-I) of 2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (CCG) is a potent metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist. L-CCG-I depressed monosynaptic excitation in the newborn rat spinal motoneurone at low concentrations well below those causing postsynaptic depolarization. 2S,3R,4S-CCG (L-CCG-IV) is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type agonist. In cultured rat hippocampal neurones, L-CCG-IV caused marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. 6-Carboxylated L-CCG-IV (DCG-IV), which is a tricarboxylated CCG derivative containing both chemical moieties of L-CCG-I and L-CCG-IV, depressed preferentially monosynaptic excitation of spinal reflexes in lower concentrations than L-CCG-I. 4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-carboxy-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid (MFPA), which is the most potent kainoid yet described, is superior to acromelic acid A in causing depolarization of the newborn rat spinal motoneurone. In addition to MFPA, some non-kainoids demonstrated considerably high depolarizing activities. These new compounds would provide useful probes for neuroscience research.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Fostering a change in policy. HIV, AIDS and the neuroscience nurse.

As new treatments and drug therapies enable the control of opportunistic diseases associated with Aids, its neurological manifestations are becoming more prevalent. This poses new challenges to neuroscience nurses, who must reassess their attitude to and understanding of the disease.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1996

Perfluorochemical oxygen carriers: potential uses in neurosciences.

In this article we review recent developments in the field of "first-" and "second-generation" perfluorochemical (PFC) oxygen carriers. Particular emphasis is placed on the latest research and its implications regarding the clinical and experimental neurosciences. These compounds are ideally suited to the transportation of O2 within the vascular system. Two properties that facilitate their use in this respect are their very high solubility coefficients for O2 and CO2 and their biological inertness. Unfortunately, their widespread use has been limited by logistical difficulties associated particularly with their molecular behavior in vivo. However, advances in PFC technology have led to renewed interest. A potential role for second-generation PFCs in cerebral protection is exciting. Other possible significant applications are slowly becoming established in clinical practice. Currently under investigation are potential uses in the management of severe head injuries, radiotherapy or chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors, protection against air embolism, preservation of organs for transplantation, and as a tool in microsurgery of the retina or other parts of the CNS. Diagnostic neuroimaging applications could include the employment of PFCs as adjuncts in ultrasound, Doppler, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) to achieve enhanced imaging and precise staging of inflammatory, neoplastic, and vascular disease processes. Research applications could include their use in magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in assessing cerebral blood flow, local oxygen tension, and brain metabolism, in molecule-specific imaging, and as physiological markers of O2, ions, and pH.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Neuroscience nurses' intentions to care for persons with HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of this study, which was based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, was to determine the extent to which personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of behavioral control influence the intentions of nurses to care for persons with HIV/AIDS. Questionnaires measuring the concepts of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and intention to care for persons with HIV/AIDS were completed by 368 members of a neuroscience nursing organization. Hierarchial regression analysis was used to determine if nurses' intentions were predicted by their attitudes and subjective norms, and if perceived behavioral control would add to the prediction. Attitudes accounted for a significant percent of variance when entered at the first step, and perceived behavioral control accounted for a significant increase in variance when entered at the second step. In the final model, only perceived behavioral control contributed significantly to the prediction of intention.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1997

[Psychopathology and cognitive neurosciences: theoretical conflicts and experimental paradigms].

Clinical research may be seen in the context of the more general problem of an exchange of knowledge between psychopathology and neurosciences. While this interaction is not contested by the specialists in either field, we cannot, nonetheless, ignore the question of their various levels of congruence. More generally, we are increasingly aware of a need for enhanced formalization of the models derived from the two disciplines with a view to setting up transpositions or even cross fertilizations. The two communities, that of psychiatrists and that of neurobiologists, while they fascinate each other, have rarely been able to produce joint findings. The psychopathologist expects a positive validation of his clinical concepts from the neurobiologist, while the neurobiologist, who has frequently not resisted the etiological temptation, wants the clinician to give him pointers to enable him to refine his own experimental models. What is required, however, is that both the psychopathologist and the neurobiologist reduce their expectations and agree to move outside of their respective disciplinary autarkies. This would avoid two traps: that of the homological temptation which leads both to graft an experimental model onto clinical entities without checking the levels of congruence or non-congruence, making do with a simple behavioral similarity; the second error consists in using the complexity of the clinical picture as an unavoidable obstacle to any coming-together of the two disciplines. These two traps have not always been avoided, in particular in the context of the use of cognitive paradigms in nosographic clinical models.

Brain↗
PubMed1998

[Neuroradiology, a specialty among the neurosciences].

Neuroradiology as a Neuroscience speciality has to keep undoubtedly a narrow relationship with the rest of the branches of Neurological Diagnostic, but mainly with Clinical Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology. It is specially remarked that cooperation with Neurosurgery has to be very narrow not only in diagnostic field as in evaluation of Neuroradiology operation techniques (endovascular therapy) as in the field of Stereotaxis and Radiosurgery.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Space vestibulo-neuroscience in the new century.

In the new century there will probably be more long spaceflights and fewer short spaceflights. There will probably be several flights to Mars, flights that (if chemical rockets are used) will involve one year to get there, a second year on Mars, and a third year to return. The three-year Mars scenario will probably include rotation of the spacecraft to provide artificial gravity. If nuclear thermal rockets are used, a manned exploration of Mars could be accomplished in less than one year. Vestibular research will be directed towards ensuring that astronauts, upon landing on Mars, will be able to walk with confidence and without delay. Research will be required to investigate vestibular adaptation in spaceflight, motion sickness, and the vestibular effects of rotation in spaceflight.

Adaptation, Physiological↗