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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Oxytocin and prolactin responses associated with nipple stimulation contraction stress tests.

Levels of oxytocin in plasma of pregnant women in the third trimester undergoing nipple stimulation-contraction stress tests were found, by parametric (paired t test) statistical analysis to be elevated. No differences in the plasma increases in oxytocin levels were found between those patients undergoing successful and those undergoing unsuccessful nipple stimulation-contraction stress tests. No significant differences in plasma levels of prolactin were associated with nipple stimulation in these patients.

Breast↗
PubMed1976

An alternative operation for inverted nipple.

An operation to correct inverted nipples is described. Its main advantage is that reinversion of the nipple is prevented, because two "dermal" flaps not only increase the density of tissue underneath the nipple but also act as slings.

Breast↗
PubMed1980

Simple technique for correction of inverted nipple.

The described method for correction of the inverted nipple adds both bulk and structural stability to the nipple. This is done by means of a dermal sling and creation of a narrow base to prevent inversion of the nipple.

Breast↗
PubMed1981

Intravenous fluorescein for evaluating the dusky nipple-areola during reduction mammaplasty.

The intravenous fluorescein test is a useful, safe adjunct in assessing the breast skin, as well as the nipple-areola complex, in reduction mammaplasties. If all the tissue fluoresces, one can safely assume that the area will go on to remain viable. If the nipple-areola does not fluoresce, the breast should be reexplored. Anything that subsequently fluoresces generally remains viable. If the nipple-areola remains nonfluorescent, then it should be converted to a full-thickness graft.

Breast↗
PubMed1990

Surgical correction of the inverted nipple with a tendon graft: hammock procedure.

Our procedure, in which the inverted nipple was suspended using autogenous tendon grafts, was easy to perform, and it was not necessary to cut the lactiferous ducts. There was no deformity of the nipple or areola after this procedure, and the surgical scars were inconspicuous. Three patients who were followed up for over 1 year after surgery were presented in this paper. In eight patients (13 corrected inverted nipples), good results were obtained and there have been no complications to date.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A one-stage nipple reconstruction with the "modified star" flap and immediate tattoo: a review of 100 cases.

Nipple reconstruction employing both grafts and local flaps has historically been a staged procedure. This paper presents a one-stage procedure using a local flap with immediate tattoo that has the advantages of high patient satisfaction and low cost. The procedure can be performed in a minor surgery suite with local or no anesthetic in 15 to 30 minutes. In this series of 100 nipples there has been only one partial necrosis, which was easily corrected with a "boost" procedure. Only 8 percent of patients required revision procedures in the office, and there have been no infections or wound complications. Patient satisfaction and compliance have been excellent because the procedure is fast and easy with minimal morbidity. Modifications in technique are presented, based on the type of breast reconstruction (implant versus flap), local scarring, and size and color of the opposite nipple-areola complex.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Variables affecting symmetry of the nipple-areola complex.

Currently, little is known about which variables are most critical to the subjective appearance of symmetry of the nipple-areola complex. Clinical photographs were transferred onto a compact disc and then imported into a computer photoshop program. Alterations to the nipple-areola complex were then performed, creating 1 symmetrical image and 19 asymmetrical images. The asymmetries were produced by altering position, diameter, or pigmentation. The images were converted to 35-mm slides and shown to four separate panels of three members each. A "symmetry score" was given for each slide. Results showed that any deviation from symmetrical was reliably detectable by the observers. Changes in areola diameter were detected most easily, and the specific direction of positional change was not found to be a significant factor. Differences were seen between individual panel assessments. This study has shown an application for CD-ROM technology in analyzing well-identified variables and has helped in delineating which factors are most critical to the subjective impression of symmetry of the nipple-areola complex.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1999

Purse-string suture for nipple projection.

A simple and useful technique for nipple projection is reported. A buried, subcutaneous, purse-string suture is placed through prick holes and, when tied, gives a nipple mound, without the need of skin incisions, flaps, or undermining. This procedure can be applied to inverted, missing, and/or ill-defined nipples.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Contraction stress test by nipple stimulation: efficacy and safety.

During a one-year period, 838 nonstress tests, 425 nipple stimulation contraction stress tests (NS-CSTs), and 115 spontaneous CSTs were done. Results were compared to those of NSTs and CSTs done by classic methods during a previous one-year period. The results revealed no hyperstimulation from contraction stress testing with nipple stimulation, and a significant reduction in the time to perform both tests conducted simultaneously when compared to the nonstress test plus classic oxytocin challenge test. The time to perform the combined tests compared to the routine nonstress test was not significantly different. Moreover, a cost-saving was also demonstrated. The combination of the NST and nipple stimulation CST appeared to be safe, efficacious, and cost-effective.

Breast↗
PubMed1995

Ectopic breast tissue, supernumerary breasts, and supernumerary nipples.

This article will review the embryology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical significance of ectopic breast tissue, supernumerary breasts, and supernumerary nipples. These structures most commonly develop along the embryonic "milk line." Supernumerary nipples can be identified at birth, whereas ectopic breast tissue becomes noticeable only after hormonal stimulation, usually during puberty, pregnancy, or lactation. Axillary ectopic breast tissue may provide a diagnostic challenge, as other benign and malignant lesions occur in this area. Fine needle aspiration is a useful tool. Ectopic breast tissue is subject to the same pathologic events that occur in normally positioned breasts. Excision may be required for diagnosis, treatment of symptoms, or cosmesis. Supernumerary nipples do not themselves pose diagnostic or symptomatic problems, but evidence suggests that they are markers for associated conditions, most notably urologic malformations or urogenital malignancies.

Breast↗
PubMed1998

Ductal orientated sonography improves the diagnosis of pathological nipple discharge of the female breast compared with galactography.

In case of abnormal nipple discharge of the female breast galactography is a recognized radiological procedure to identify and to localize intraductal growths or other ductal abnormalities. However, it harbours several methodological problems. In ductal orientated sonography the availability of high frequency linear transducers enables us now to visualize the mammary ducts in detail. The aim of this study was to compare both methods with respect to the detection of the cause of pathological nipple discharge. Thirty-five patients were first examined by ductal orientated sonography with a 13 MHz linear transducer. The results of sonography were recorded in detail before galactography was performed. Ductal abnormalities were found by sonography in 26 patients and by galactography in 19 patients. In 24 cases both methods revealed concurring results. Among those, 17 cases showed pathological findings and seven cases had normal ducts. In nine patients sonography revealed pathological results whereas galactography was completely normal. In only two cases sonography failed to show ductal abnormalities which were detected by galactography. Our study underlines that ductal orientated sonography is a promising method of diagnosis in abnormal nipple discharge, which may be recommended to be performed routinely before galactography.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adenoma of the nipple: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging findings with histologic features.

Adenoma of the nipple (nipple adenoma) is a rare breast tumor that can show various histologic features. We present magnetic resonance (MR) and other imaging findings of a case of nipple adenoma and correlate them with detailed histologic features of the tumor. The lesion showed early strong enhancement with rim enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images, and internal portions of the lesion showed washout on delayed MR images. Histologically, the tumor showed expansive growth with surrounding dense collagenous tissue and large vessels. Internal portions of the lesion showed a relatively low degree of fibrosis compared with that of the surrounding area, and tiny vessels were observed. These features were clearly reflected in the MR findings.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of ductoscopy-guided and conventional surgical excision in women with spontaneous nipple discharge.

INTRODUCTION: Radiologic imaging is routinely used to evaluate women with spontaneous nipple discharge (SND), but definitive diagnosis is usually only achieved by surgical terminal duct excision (TDE). Ductoscopy has been reported to result in improved localization of intraductal lesions and may avoid surgery in women with endoscopically normal ducts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the records of 117 consecutive women who underwent ductoscopy to guide ductal excision (scope-DE) or received conventional TDE without ductoscopy. Two women had atypical ductal lavage cytology and the remainder presented with SND from 1 or more duct. Preoperative evaluation included radiologic imaging as clinically indicated. RESULTS: Fifty-nine women underwent scope-DE, and 58 underwent conventional TDE. There were no significant differences in age, race, discharge characteristics, or radiologic findings. The proportion of women with intraductal neoplasia was slightly greater in the group undergoing scope-DE (88% vs. 81%, P = 0.2). In the conventional TDE group, 8.5% were found to have atypical hyperplasia or duct carcinoma in situ compared with 18.6% in the scope-DE group. In the ductoscopy group, 22 of 59 (37.3%) had lesions >5 cm from the nipple, compared with 1 of 17 women for whom distance of the lesion from the nipple was known in the conventional group (P = 0.02). Of the ductoscopy-detected cancers, 5 of 6 had no symptoms other than SND, whereas 1 of the 4 malignancies in the conventional group presented as SND alone. DISCUSSIONS: Ductoscopy identifies intraductal lesions in a high proportion of women with SND, and it may contribute to more accurate resection of these. A prospective study is required to obtain an unbiased assessment of these possible advantages.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Basal cell carcinomas of the areola-nipple complex: case reports and review of the literature.

Two white men 57 and 39 years old, and a 47-year-old white woman were seen with slowly developing papulo-nodular lesions of the areola-nipple complex. None of the patients presented with regional lymphadenopathy, history of trauma, or relevant sun-exposure. After excison of the mass, the histologic diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma was made. At two years of follow-up, no recurrence was evident. The low incidence of basal cell carcinoma in this particular site allows us to consider the areola-nipple complex location as unusual. Moreover, literature reports do not suggest that these BCCs have an increased potential for malignancy. The treatment options depend on the extension of the tumor and on the possible involvement of the areola-nipple complex and mammary tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Basal cell carcinoma of the male nipple. Case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the nipple is a very unusual occurrence, often mistaken for Paget's disease. OBJECTIVE: By reporting a further case of BCC of the nipple in a 57-year-old man and by reviewing the sixteen previously reported cases, we mean to characterize further a common lesion arising at an unusual site. We also wish to stress the lack of agreement regarding the treatment of BCC of the nipple. METHODS: Review of the literature was based on a search in Medline. CONCLUSIONS: We appeal to compile all cases of BCC arising at unusual locations in order to gain a better understanding of these lesions.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2005

A common tumor, an uncommon location: basal cell carcinoma of the nipple and areola in a 49-year-old woman.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) occurring on sun-protected regions is an uncommon phenomenon. BCC of the nipple is an exceedingly rare event. METHOD: We review the literature on BCC of the female nipple and herein describe the eighth reported case in the English literature. Our patient was treated with Mohs micrographic surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy. CONCLUSION: BCC of the nipple are extremely rare tumors with unclear etiology. They can be aggressive and are capable of causing significant morbidity and mortality if they are neglected or improperly treated. With continued reporting of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these patients, we may gain an understanding of the pathogenesis, as well as the best method of control for these unusual tumors.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola using a radiofrequency surgical unit.

BACKGROUND: Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) is a rare condition of unknown etiology. Verrucous thickening and pigmentation of the nipple and areola are the main features of the condition. Different therapeutic options, both medical and surgical, have been described. OBJECTIVE: To use a radiofrequency surgical unit to treat an NHNA case, which was unresponsive to keratolytic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lesions of the nipple and areolas were excised tangentially with a diamond-shaped electrode of a radiofrequency surgical unit under local anesthesia. RESULTS: The patient had a good cosmetic appearance after the treatment, and there was no recurrence at the ninth postoperative month. CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency for tangential excision in the treatment of NHNA lesions that have not responded to medical therapy can be an alternative surgical method.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Supernumerary nipple. A histologic study.

Supernumerary nipple (SNN) is a developmental abnormality that occurs most commonly over the anterior aspect of the trunk in the pathway of the embryonic milk lines. This report describes a histologic study of 48 cases with 51 SNN found among 360,000 consecutive skin biopsy specimens received in a dermatopathology laboratory. Histologically, the supernumerary nipple shows all the components observed in the nipple area, including eqidermal thickening, pilosebaceous structures, smooth muscles and mammary glands. A brief review of the literature is also made concerning the incidence and other characteristics of this lesion.

Adolescent↗