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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Laser in situ keratomileusis to correct high myopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness, predictability, and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in 143 eyes with myopia from 8.00 to 20.00 diopters (D). SETTING: Alicante Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Alicante School of Medicine, Alicante, Spain. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 143 eyes (94 patients) that had LASIK with the Chiron Automated Corneal Shaper and the VISX 20/20 excimer laser using a multizone profile and a sutureless hinged corneal flap technique. RESULTS: Uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 45.0% of eyes 3 months postoperatively and in 46.4% at 6 months. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved by 0.07 at 3 and 6 months and was stable after 3 months. Mean spherical equivalent was -13.19 diopters (D) +/- 2.89 (SD) preoperatively and +0.51 +/- 1.63 D at 3 months and +0.18 +/- 1.66 D at 6 months postoperatively. At 3 months, spherical equivalent was within 1.00 D of emmetropia in 57.5% of all eyes, 71.0% of eyes with a baseline refraction from -8.00 to -11.99 D (n = 59), 44.4% with a baseline refraction from -12.00 to -15.99 D (n = 54), and 53.0% of eyes with a baseline refraction from -16.00 to -20.00 D (n = 30). The respective 6 month percentages were 60.0, 72.4, 46.0, and 50.0%. The regression of effect was similar in all groups (approximately 0.50 D) between 1 and 3 months, although the high myopia group had further regression. Significant corneal steepening and an increase in corneal thickness occurred between 1 and 3 months. Flap thickness was always less than predicted with both the 130 microns plates, and achieved laser ablation was deeper than programmed. The relationships between postoperative refraction and preoperative keratometry and postoperative refraction and the difference in achieved versus programmed ablation were significant. Complications at 6 months included epithelial ingrowth, corneal flap melting, decentered ablation, and irregular astigmatism with loss of BCVA, although none was vision threatening. CONCLUSION: In this study, LASIK was effective and predictable in the correction of high myopia but was more accurate for myopia up to 12.00 D. Current surgical algorithms must be modified to improve predictability in higher corrections. Longer follow-up is necessary to evaluate long-term incidence of vision-threatening complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and astigmatism: 6 month results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual and refractive results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for mild to moderate myopia with or without astigmatism. SETTING: Barnet-Dulaney Eye Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected on 124 consecutive eyes having LASIK over 12 weeks. Eyes with a preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) from -1.35 to -10.00 diopters (D) (mean -4.81 D +/- 2.21 [SD]) and cylinder from 0 to 5.00 D (mean 1.12 +/- 1.12 D) were entered in the study. Thirty-one eyes had spherical corrections. Ninety-three eyes had spherocylinder corrections; preoperative astigmatism in these eyes ranged from 0.50 to 5.00 D (mean 1.47 +/- 1.09 D). Surgery included creation of a corneal flap using an automated microkeratome with a 160 microns plate followed by photoablation on the exposed stromal bed. Photoablation was performed using five zones varying from 5.0 to 6.6 mm in eyes with 6.25 D of myopia or less and with five passes at a 5.0 mm zone in eyes with 6.50 D of myopia or more. Astigmatism was corrected using a single-pass ablation through a 6.0 mm slit of varying diameter. RESULTS: Six month follow-up was obtained in 89 eyes (72%). All eyes were completely re-epithelialized by the first postoperative day. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 81% of eyes at 1 day and in 91% at 6 months. At 6 months, the mean SE was -0.35 +/- 0.77 D; 83% were within +/- 1.00 D of plano. Postoperative astigmatism in the 93 eyes having cylinder correction ranged from 0 to 1.22 D (mean 0.38 +/- 0.42 D). No eye lost more than two lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. Three eyes (2%) required surgical intervention for cap problems. Visually significant corneal haze was not observed. CONCLUSION: In eyes with myopia with or without astigmatism, LASIK provided rapid visual recovery with satisfactory visual and refractive outcomes. The effect of LASIK on visual function (night glare, contrast sensitivity) awaits further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and myopic astigmatism.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the precision and safety of myopia and astigmatism correction using laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). SETTING: Augenchirurgie und Laserzentrum Hoch-Rum (Sanatorium der Kreuzsch-western), Innsbruck, Austria. METHODS: In this prospective study, LASIK was performed on 66 eyes of 39 patients with myopia ranging from 1.50 to 16.00 diopters (D). Astigmatism, ranging from -0.00 to -3.00 D, was treated simultaneously. Surgery was performed with the Chiron Keracor 117 excimer laser and the Chiron Automated Corneal Shaper microkeratome. During the 6 month follow-up, manifest refraction as well as best corrected and uncorrected visual acuities were measured; corneal topographies were produced and slitlamp biomicroscopy was performed. Changes in visual acuity and corneal topography were evaluated. RESULTS: After 6 months, mean myopia had decreased from 6.78 D +/- 3.48 (SD) to 0.40 +/- 0.98 D. Fifty-one of 63 eyes (81.0%) were within +/- 1.00 D of spherical emmetropia and 61 of 63 (96.8%) within +/- 1.00 D of cylindrical emmetropia. Uncorrected visual acuity improved in all eyes; it was 20/40 or better in 82.5% 6 months postoperatively. Best corrected visual acuity did not change in most eyes; 9.5% lost two or more Snellen lines. No central islands or corneal scars were detected postoperatively. Haze was noted in only 6 eyes (9.1%); it was transient and less than grade 1. No sight-threatening complications occurred intraoperatively. CONCLUSION: Laser in situ keratomileusis was an exact and predictable procedure for correcting low, moderate, and high myopia and myopic astigmatism.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Implantable contact lens for moderate to high myopia: phase 1 FDA clinical study with 6 month follow-up.

PURPOSE: To assess the short-term safety and efficacy of the implantable contact lens (ICL) to treat moderate to high myopia. SETTING: Phase 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration clinical study of the ICL conducted at four sites in the United States. METHODS: Ten patients with myopia of 7.00 diopters (D) or greater had implantation of a Staar Surgical ICL and were examined preoperatively (baseline) and 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Mean preoperative myopia was 7.75 D (range 7.25 to 9.37 D). RESULTS: Six months postoperatively, 5 of 10 eyes (50%) had an uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better, and all eyes had a UCVA of 20/30 or better. All eyes had a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/20 or better and 6 eyes (60%), of 20/15 or better. Six eyes (60%) had an improvement of one or more lines of BSCVA. Mean postoperative spherical equivalent was -0.025 D +/- 0.47 (SD). Eight eyes (80%) were within +/- 0.250 D of emmetropia, and all were within +/- 1.125 D. No intraoperative or postoperative complications or adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the short-term safety, efficacy, and predictability of ICL implantation to treat moderate to high myopia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Complications of photorefractive keratectomy for myopia: two year follow-up of 3000 cases.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results and complications of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia. SETTING: Alicante Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Alicante, Spain. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated the results and complications of the first 3000 cases of PRK performed with a VISX Twenty-Twenty excimer laser. Myopia ranged from -1.0 to -14.0 diopters (D) and astigmatism, from -1.0 to -5.0 D. Follow-up was 2 years. RESULTS: Ten eyes (0.7%) lost two or more lines of best corrected visual acuity 1 year after surgery. Retreatment for undercorrection or regression was done in 7.41% in the low myopia group and 38.69% in the high myopia group. Central islands, which could be detected only on videokeratoscopy, occurred frequently but influenced the refractive and visual outcomes in few cases. Severe haze was present in 17 eyes only after 1 year follow-up. There were no cases of progressive hyperopia. Other complications such as eccentric ablation producing astigmatism (n = 15), delayed re-epithelialization, or recurrent corneal erosion were rare. CONCLUSION: There were few complications after PRK in 3000 eyes. With proper patient selection, PRK can be considered relatively safe compared with other refractive procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Fourier transform infrared spectral evidences for protein conformational changes in immature cataractous human lens capsules accelerated by myopia and/or systemic hypertension.

The possible changes in protein structures of the cataractous human lens capsules of the immature patients with myopia and/or systemic hypertension have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. Second-derivative and deconvolution methods have been applied to obtain the position of the overlapping components of the amide I band and assign them to different secondary structures. Changes in the protein secondary structure and composition of amide I band were estimated quantitatively from Fourier self-deconvolution and curve fitting algorithms. The results indicate that myopia and/or systemic hypertension were found to significantly modify the protein secondary structure of the cataractous human lens capsules to increase the beta-type structure and random coil and decrease the alpha-helix structure. Myopia-induced conformational change in triple helix structure was more pronounced. In conclusion, myopia and/or systemic hypertension seem to modify the conformation of the protein structures in cataractous human lens capsule to change ionic permeation through lens capsule to accelerate the cataract formation of senile patients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lid-suture myopia in tree shrews with retinal ganglion cell blockade.

To determine whether central communication of retinal signals is necessary for the development of an experimentally induced myopia, tree shrews were exposed to monocular deprivation (MD) while the action potentials of retinal cells in the deprived eye were blocked with intravitreally injected tetrodotoxin (TTX-MD animals). TTX injections (0.6 microgram in 3 microL) and MD began about 15 days after eye opening, at the start of the susceptible period for the development of lid-suture myopia. Six injections were given, one every second day to produce 12 days of MD and TTX-blockade. Control TTX animals (TTX-open) received TTX in one eye, but not MD, on the same injection schedule and were always found to be behaviorally unresponsive to visual stimuli through the injected eye indicating that TTX blocked central communication of action potentials. Other control animals received intravitreally injected saline in either an open eye (saline-open), or an MD eye (saline-MD). A sham-injected group (sham-inj-MD) received MD and all anesthetic and surgical manipulations except for penetration of the sclera. In all groups, one eye in each animal was an untreated control. Two effects were found. All MD groups, including the TTX-MD animals, developed a significant vitreous chamber elongation in the deprived eye, indicating that an experimental myopia developed despite ganglion cell blockade. Thus, retinal mechanisms in tree shrew can detect the presence of a degraded visual image and produce an experimental myopia that does not depend on the receipt of visual messages by central neural structures. In addition, eyes in which the sclera was punctured had smaller vitreous chamber depths than comparable uninjected eyes, indicating that puncturing the sclera reduced the normal elongation. These data suggest that forces within the eye normally contribute to its expansion and may be resisted by the choroid and/or the sclera.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Dose-dependent effects of 6-hydroxy dopamine on deprivation myopia, electroretinograms, and dopaminergic amacrine cells in chickens.

We found that a single intravitreal injection of 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) is highly efficient in blocking the development of deprivation-induced myopia in young chickens. To investigate the effects of 6-OHDA on retinal function, we studied electroretinograms (ERGs) in chickens aged 15-25 days, 4 days subsequent to the injection. Both spectral sensitivity and oscillatory potentials were tested. In addition, a histological examination was performed of dopaminergic amacrine cells labeled by a monoclonal antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase. We found that, at doses of 6-OHDA sufficient to suppress deprivation myopia entirely, no effect could be detected on either the ERGs or on the density and appearance of dopaminergic amacrine cells. For higher doses, spectral sensitivity and the number of dopaminergic amacrine cells declined gradually. In contrast, as doses increased, oscillatory potentials 1 and 2 grew in amplitude only to decline at the highest doses. The results indicate that (1) development of deprivation myopia requires normal retinal function and that (2) slight changes in the gains of dopaminergic pathways are sufficient to block the development of deprivation myopia.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The influence of near-work on development of myopia among university students. A three-year longitudinal study among engineering students in Norway.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of near-work on development and progression of myopia among adults exposed to high educational demands. METHODS: A three-year longitudinal refraction study was performed among 224 Norwegian engineering students (mean age 20.6 years, 117 females and 107 males) measuring their refraction at the beginning and the end of the period. The examinations included automated and clinical refraction in cycloplegia and a questionnaire regarding time spent on different kinds of near-work was filled in by the participants. A total of 192 students (100 females and 92 males) completed the study. RESULTS: The mean refractive change of -0.51+/-0.49 D (n=192) during the three-year period was statistically significant (p=0.0001). A significant relationship between refractive change towards myopia and time spent on reading scientific literature (p< or =0.001) and on practical near-work (p< or =0.05), respectively, was found. Also, a significant relationship between refractive change towards myopia and time spent at lectures was revealed (p< or =0.001). No relationship was found between refractive change and time spent at working with video display terminals (VDT) or watching television, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that intensive near-work could initiate myopia or lead to its progression in young adults. The time spent on near-work seems to play a significant role in that process.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Increased PRSS56 expression is a causal factor and therapeutic target for human axial high myopia.

High myopia (HM), characterized by significant ocular axial length elongation, affects hundreds of millions of people and is often inherited, particularly in cases that develop during childhood or adolescence. Although numerous myopia loci (MYP) have been identified, most causative genes remain undefined. Here, we analyzed two large HM pedigrees and refined the critical region through haplotype linkage analysis to a 3.9-Mb interval on 2q37.1, which was previously reported as MYP12 with an unknown pathogenic gene. Whole-genome sequencing identified the noncoding promoter variants c.-187G>T and c.-187G>C in PRSS56, encoding a trypsin-like serine protease, which exclusively co-segregated with all affected members in both pedigrees. Compared with matched controls, increased PRSS56 expression was observed in both patient-derived iPSCs carrying c.-187G>T and knock-in mice (c.-155G>T, corresponding to human c.-187G>T) that faithfully recapitulate myopia phenotypes. Noncoding PRSS56 variants promote self-expression via enhanced binding to the transcription factor EGR1, as confirmed by dual-luciferase assays. Notably, we demonstrated that higher PRSS56 levels directly increase ocular axial length in a dose- and activity-dependent manner in multiple transgenic mouse models. Guinea pig myopia models consistently exhibited high Prss56 expression, and short-wave light exposure reduced Prss56 mRNA levels and attenuated further axial elongation. Mechanistically, higher PRSS56 expression was associated with reduced abundance of myosin-4 in the sclera and with molecular signatures of scleral remodeling, which were in turn correlated with axial elongation. In conclusion, our findings provide strong genetic and functional evidence for the pathogenic role of noncoding PRSS56 variants in HM and highlight PRSS56 as a promising therapeutic target for juvenile HM.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Peripheral and posterior pole retinal lesions in association with high myopia: a cross-sectional community-based study in Hong Kong.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with posterior pole and peripheral retinal lesions in Chinese subjects with high myopia. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-seven asymptomatic adults with high myopia of refractive error <or=-6 D were examined in a cross-sectional community-based study. All subjects underwent cycloplegic refraction, ultrasound biometry and dilated fundal examination. Statistical analysis was performed to assess factors associated with the presence of posterior pole and peripheral retinal lesions. RESULTS: The mean age of the 337 subjects was 36.0 years and the mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -10.2 D. Thirty-eight eyes (11.3%, 95% CI=8.1-15.2%) were found to have one or more posterior pole lesions and subjects with posterior pole lesion had significantly older age, longer axial length and higher degree of myopia (all P<0.001) compared with subjects without posterior pole lesion. After controlling for axial length, both the severity of refractive error and older age were significantly associated with the presence of posterior pole lesion (both P<0.001). For peripheral retinal lesions, 189 eyes (56.1%, 95% CI=50.6-61.5%) were found to have one or more peripheral retinal lesions. The presence of peripheral retinal lesion was associated with younger age and higher degree of refractive error (P=0.046 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Posterior pole and peripheral retinal degenerative lesions were found in a considerable proportion of subjects with high myopia. As some of these retinal lesions might predispose to visual impairment, highly myopic individuals should be educated on the symptoms of various eye conditions and seek care immediately if symptoms arise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

High heritability of myopia does not preclude rapid changes in prevalence.

The aetiology of myopia is complex, but the major form of myopia results from an interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences. Although there are clear patterns of family inheritance and high heritability values in studies from all over the world,environmental factors are increasingly important in determining myopic outcomes in East Asia, and perhaps elsewhere. This is not paradoxical, as high heritability does not preclude strong environmental influences. The lower heritability values obtained from parent-offspring correlations in populations of East Asian origin where there are marked differences in the environmental exposures (education and urbanization) of parents and children, and where there has been a major shift in the population distribution of myopia, are consistent with this view. Despite the impact of environmental pressures in East Asia, there is evidence that parental myopia influences the position of their offspring within that new population distribution.

Asia↗
PubMed2003

Contact lens fitting for post-radial-keratotomy residual myopia.

PURPOSE: To formulate guidelines for contact lens fitting following radial keratotomy and to achieve a relationship between contact lens fitting parameters and refractive and keratometric parameters. METHODS: Thirty-five eyes of 30 patients who had post-radial-keratotomy residual myopia were evaluated for contact lens fitting. The base curve was selected by 'hit and trial' method until a proper fit was achieved, following which an over-refraction was done and final power of the contact lens obtained. RESULTS: The mean contact lens base curve was 43.04 +/- 1.62 D, which was steeper than the postoperative keratometry by 2.35 +/- 0.74 D. The base curve and the postoperative keratometry were correlated by regression analysis (r = 0.895, P < 0.001). The mean overall diameter of the contact lenses was 9.64 +/- 0.08 mm. The mean contact lens power was 5.81 +/- 3.07 D, which was more myopic than the residual myopia by 2.79 +/- 1.67 D. Regression analysis showed definite correlation between the contact lens power and postoperative myopia (r = 0.854, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: For correction of post-radial-keratotomy residual myopia, contact lens fitting parameters can be determined by a regression formula using keratometric and refractive values.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The development of myopia in Hong Kong children between the ages of 7 and 12 years: a five-year longitudinal study.

The purpose of this work was to characterize the development of refractive error in Hong Kong children between the ages of 7 and 12 years. A non self-selected sample of 7-year old children was recruited and followed for 5 years, non-cycloplegic refractions being carried out annually. A life-table was used to determine myopia incidence and prevalence. The mean annual change in the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was -0.32 D; 75 out of 83 subjects followed for 5 years became less hyperopic or more myopic, the maximum progression occurring between 9 and 11 years of age. The mean change in SER over the 5 years in children who were myopic at age 12 years was significantly greater than that in children who remained non-myopic. The incidence of myopia at age 7-8 years was 9% and at age 11-12 years was 18-20%. At age 7 years the prevalence of progressive myopia was 1.6% and 2.5% of subjects had anisometropia. Any treatment to prevent myopia should start by the age of 6 years and treatment to retard development should commence before age 9 years.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

[Pathogenesis of eso- and hypotropia in high myopia].

BACKGROUND: In myopia characteristic types of strabismus and defects of ocular motility can occur. One of these myopia related disturbances shows a gradually increasing eso- and hypodeviation in progressively myopic eyes, caused by a corresponding deficit of abduction and elevation. Different pathogenetic factors have been described for this long known clinically uniform entity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In eight patients with pathologic myopia a marked eso- and hypotropia was operated on in the last 15 years. The deviation was infantile in two and acquired in six cases. We performed a routine orthoptic examination and looked for anatomic variations of the rectus muscles during surgery. RESULTS: In seven of the eight cases the anterior portion of the lateral rectus muscle was not directed straight dorsaly but obliquely into the lower temporal quadrant of the orbit. A supraposition of the horizontal recti muscles in addition to a recess-resect procedure provided satisfactory results in five of six cases. CONCLUSIONS: Scleral ectasia in high myopia can lead to a downslip of the lateral rectus muscle relative to the globe, giving this muscle a depressing effect at the cost of its physiological action. As in Duane's syndromes with up- or down-shoot, a repair of the deviation is possible by combining horizontal surgery with vertical transposition of the horizontal recti muscles. Additional operations on the vertical recti muscles can thus be avoided.

Duane Retraction Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

[2 years experience in the treatment of myopia with photokeratectomy].

The results of the PRK treatment started on june 91 on 30 myopic eyes between -4 and -16 D with the Meditec Mel 60 show: a tendency to overcorrection in high myopia, undercorrection in low myopia, a tendency to regression in high myopia of about 3 D and no regression in low myopia. A slight decentration of the treated area is common but the vision is not affected. The haze is often visible but never dramatic and decreases significantly with time. Most of the patients are fully satisfied in the visual rehabilitation if they do not expected emmetropia.

Cornea↗
PubMed2002

Case series of 12 children with progressive axial myopia following unilateral cataract extraction.

PURPOSE: We report the occurrence of unilateral progressive axial myopia ipsilaterally in a retrospective analysis of 12 children following uniocular cataract surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the case records of children who had developed progressive ipsilateral axial myopia following unilateral cataract surgery was done. Follow-up ranged from 4 years to 14 years. RESULTS: Twelve children, 7 male and 5 female, were eligible for the study. Mean age at the time of cataract surgery was 6.7 +/- 2.5 years (range, 4-11 years) and follow-up period was 7.8 +/- 3.1 years (range, 4-14 years). Ten children (83.3%) had traumatic cataracts of which 8 had undergone repair of penetrating eye injuries and 2 had suffered blunt trauma. Two patients (16.7%)had been operated for unilateral developmental cataracts. Three children had aphakia and nine had pseudophakia. Degree of myopic shift ranged from -4.75 D to -15 D (mean, -7.35 +/- 3.51 D). Axial length difference between the 2 eyes ranged from 1 mm to 3.5 mm (mean, 2.2 +/- 0.9 mm). Mean increase of axial length from preoperative recording to final follow-up was 2.53 +/- 0.90 mm (range, 1.6-4 mm). Three children had to undergo IOL explantation and 1 had posterior chamber intraocular lens exchange due to high unilateral myopia. The rest were visually rehabilitated with either spectacles or contact lenses. CONCLUSION: Following cataract surgery pediatric eyes may suffer from progressive axial myopia. Trauma or multiple ocular surgeries may be predisposing factors.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed2002

Axial myopia associated with dense vitreous hemorrhage of the neonate.

BACKGROUND: Various forms of visual deprivation during infancy have been shown to cause axial myopia. Although infantile vitreous hemorrhage is associated with myopic progression, it is unknown whether this aberrant development is refractive or axial. The primary objectives of this study were to investigate this abnormal myopic development and to determine what duration of dense vitreous hemorrhage is sufficient to cause significant amblyopia in neonates. METHODS: Four infants with dense unilateral vitreous hemorrhages in the first weeks of life underwent serial evaluations of the posterior segment, refractive error, and A-scan ultrasonography. RESULTS: Three of the 4 infants underwent successful lens-sparing vitrectomy between 3 and 6 weeks after the onset of the hemorrhage, and all 3 developed axial myopia and dense amblyopia during a mean follow-up of 29.7 months (range, 16 to 38 months). At the most recent follow-up examination, the mean myopic error of the 3 eyes that required surgery was -11.42 D with a mean ocular axial length difference of 3.45 mm between the affected and the unaffected eyes. The fourth child had a dense hemorrhage soon after birth that cleared by 11 days of age. Although this patient developed amblyopia and a mild myopic error of the involved eye, there was no significant increase in axial length. CONCLUSIONS: Dense hemorrhages persisting in the neonatal vitreous for 4 weeks or longer appear to cause axial myopia and severe amblyopia. Surgical intervention before this time should be considered to avert deprivation amblyopia and to retard axial myopia.

Amblyopia↗