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PubMed1983

Toxicity in chick embryos of three commercial mixtures of chlorinated paraffins and of toxaphene injected into eggs.

Three commercial mixtures of chlorinated paraffins (Cereclor 42 (C22-26, 42% Cl w/w), Cereclor 50 LV (C10-13, 49% Cl w/w), and Cereclor 70 L (C10-13, 70% Cl w/w) did not affect the hatchability of hens' eggs when injected into the yolks in doses of up to 200 mg/kg egg. The hatching rate of eggs treated with 200 mg/kg of the insecticide Toxaphene was significantly lower than that of the control eggs. Toxaphene also affected the growth of the chicks and had neurotoxic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in Wistar rats with a mixture of five pesticides often found as residues in food: alphacypermethrin, bromopropylate, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos and mancozeb.

Six dose groups of 8 male and female rats respectively received a daily dose equivalent to 0, 0.15, 0.006, 0.03, 0.15 or 0.3 mg/kg b.w./day chlorpyrifos (groups 1-6) and the last four dose groups (groups 3-6) received in addition daily doses equivalent to 18 mg/kg b.w./day alphacypermethrin, 30 mg/kg b.w./day bromopropylate, 45 mg/kg b.w./day carbendazim and 12.5 mg/kg b.w./day mancozeb for 28 days. Plasma acetylcholinesterase was significantly decreased in the groups 2, 5 and 6 males. Total white blood cell count was significantly lower in females of group 6. Total red blood cell count, haematocrite and haemoglobin concentration was significantly reduced in both male and female rats of groups 5 and 6. Relative liver weight was significantly increased in groups 3-6 male and female rats. Absolute thyroid gland weight was significantly increased in groups 3, 5 and 6 male rats and of groups 3-6 female rats, and relative thyroid gland weight was significantly increased in groups 2-6 male rats and of groups 3-6 female rats. Absolute thymus weight of groups 3-6 male and female rats and relative thymus weight of groups 3-6 male rats and groups 3 and 4 female rats was significantly decreased. A mild degree of centrilobular cell hypertrophy of the liver was seen in all male rats and of three female rats of group 6. In the thyroid gland follicular cell hypertrophy was present in one female in the control group and in six females and seven males of group 6. It was concluded that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in plasma and brain by chlorpyrifos was not enhanced by co-administration of the other four pesticides. Effects were seen in liver, thyroid, thymus and blood in the combination groups. However, identification of the pesticide(s) responsible for these changes would require further studies of the individually pesticides as well as various combinations of the pesticides.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2006

Influence of certain fertilizers on the activity of some molluscicides against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis snails.

Effect of the fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, potassium sulphate and urea) on molluscicidal activity of the molluscicides (copper sulphate, niclosamide & mollutox) against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis was investigated. The molluscicides were more potant than fertilizers. Snails were exposed for 24 hr to a fertilizers using LC0 (1/10 & LC50) then, to molluscicides. Pre-exposure to potassium sulphate caused a synergistic action with copper sulphate, niclosamide and mollutox on L. natalen-sis. Pre-exposure to urea caused an additive effect with niclo-samide and mollutox against L. natalensis and B. alexandrina respectively. Pre-exposure to ammonium nitrate caused an additive action to niclosamide on L. natalensis. Snails were exposed for 24hr to one molluscicide, then exposed to fertilizers, showed that pre-exposure to niclosamide or mollutox caused an additive effect with ammonium nitrate and potassium sulphate. Pre-exposure to mollutox caused an additive effect with urea on the two snails' sp. juvenile or adult B. alexandrina were ex-posed to LC0 of molluscicide-fertilizer mixture, showed that urea when mixed with each molluscicides showed greatly reduced on the growth rate percent (0.00), survival rate and snail fecundity. Molluscicides and fertilizers mixed at different ratios of LC (40:10, 30:20, 25:25, 20:30 & 10:40), the toxicity of the mixtures caused antagonistic effect on adult B. alexandrina, but a mixture of niclosamide-ammonium nitrate caused a potent effect (synergism or additive) except at ratio 20:30 which showed an antagonism on L. natalensis. Mixtures of copper sulphatepotassium sulphate (10:40), niclosamide-potassium sulphate (20:30), mollutox-ammonium nitrate (25:25) revealed an additive effect on L. natalensis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 8. Lack of genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity with phytosterol oxides.

Vegetable oil spreads containing phytosterol-esters are marketed as a cholesterol-lowering functional food in more than 20 countries worldwide. An extensive package of safety data has shown phytosterol-esters to be safe for human use. However, even though phytosterols are very stable molecules, oxidation may occur at low levels under extreme heating conditions, resulting in phytosterol oxides. As there is some suggestion of adverse biological effects in the literature for the related cholesterol oxidation products, safety data have been generated for phytosterol oxides. A phytosterol oxide concentrate (POC) was generated by prolonged heating of phytosterol-esters in the presence of oxygen. The genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity of this mixture was assessed in a series of in vitro genotoxicity assays (bacterial mutation, chromosome aberration and micronucleus) and a subchronic feeding study in the rat. Results showed that a phytosterol oxide concentrate containing approximately 30% phytosterol oxides did not possess genotoxic potential and no obvious evidence of toxicity when administered in the diet of the rat for 90 consecutive days. In the latter study, a NOEL was established at an estimated dietary level of phytosterol oxides of 128 mg/kg/day for males and 144 mg/kg/day for females. In conclusion, these materials have been shown to raise no obvious concerns for human safety.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Interactions of paraldehyde with ethanol and chloral hydrate.

The interaction of the depressant and toxic actions of paraldehyde with those of ethanol and chloral hydrate were investigated in two strains of male mice by determination of the ED50 for anesthetic action (righting reflex loss) and the 24 hr LD50, respectively. In all instances less than simple additive synergism was observed. Onset and duration times for the anesthetic actions of paraldehyde and ethanol were observed to be almost identical. Investigation of the time of maximum toxic effect revealed paraldehyde itself and mixtures containing 40% or more paraldehyde to be more acutely toxic than ethanol or mixtures containing more than 80% ethanol, suggesting the possibility of different mechanism of toxic action as contributory reasons for the less than simple additivity of the lethal effects of these two agents. The onset and duration of the anesthetic effect of chloral hydrate was longer than that of equipotent doses of paraldehyde, binary mixtures of these two agents having intermediate onset times but much longer duration than either compound, leading to the conclusion the less than simple additivity observed with respect to both the depressant and toxic actions of paraldehyde and chloral hydrate resulted from different time courses of action.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2006

Bioremediation of olive oil mill wastewater and production of microbial biomass.

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMWW) was used as a substrate for the culture of a mixture of edible fungi in order to obtain a potentially useful microbial biomass and to induce a partial bioremediation of this fastidious waste. Before fermentation, the OMWW underwent an alkaline-oxidative treatment with the aim of decreasing the polyphenolic content which is the main cause of its toxicity. The fungal mixture grew fairly well in the treated OMWW and reached a maximum of biomass production within about 14 days of fermentation at room temperature. Up to 150-160 g of wet biomass was obtained per liter of OMWW. Analysis of the partially dehydrated biomass revealed a protein content of about 13 g% and 6 g% of row fiber. A relevant presence of unsaturated fatty acids was found, as well as the presence of significant amounts of vitamins A and E, nicotinic acid, calcium, potassium and iron. The possibility of using the microbial biomass produced from OMWW as an additive to animal feed is discussed.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

An environmentally sound method for disposal of both ash and sludge wastes by mixing with soil: a case study of Bangkok plain.

This study reported the test done on ash-sludge mixture for amendment of soil in pot experiments. Ash-sludge mixture ratio studies revealed that 1:5 fly ash-sludge mixture and 1:10 bottom ash-sludge mixture were the optimum mixture ratio that minimized toxic element and provided sufficient nutrients. Experiments indicated that ash-sludge mixtures is more suitable for amendment of acid soil than neutral soil which can increase soil pH and reduce available heavy metal toxicity. The maximum heavy metal adsorption occurred in a pH range of 4 to 6 for all soil studied. The finding also revealed that fly ash application seemed more effective than bottom ash, due to its higher loading rate and metal contents. Heavy metal toxicity was monitored using seed germination test. Marigold and tomato seeds were the two crops selected for this test. Seed germination test result shows that percentage of seed germination increased in pot experiments with sludge only and ash-sludge mixtures. In addition, higher percentages of seed germination were observed to vary with longer incubation time (1-8 weeks). After week 12 of the incubation period, percentage of seed germination began to decline, as a result of reduced soil pH and release of toxic heavy metals.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Effects of chronic ammonium and nitrite contamination on the macroinvertebrate community in running water microcosms.

In the present study, during a three-month exposure lethal and sublethal effects of ammonium and its products on typical brook organisms (Gammarus pulex, Amphipoda; Radix ovata, Gastropoda; Limnephilus lunatus Trichoptera) were monitored in microcosms approximating field conditions. Every 24 h during this period the microcosms were contaminated with ammonium at five different nominal concentrations, which by chemical reactions produced a mixture of the toxic products ammonia and nitrite. G. pulex proved the most sensitive to the ammonia and nitrite contamination resulting from the ammonium load. In contrast. L. lunatus and R. ovota exhibited clearly effects only at concentrations 10 times higher. It is appropriate to investigate ammonium pollution with its reaction products as a mixture, because in natural bodies of water receiving ammonium input (e.g., from sewage-treatment plants) the substances ammonium/ammonia and nitrite are likewise present simultaneously.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of SO2 and NO on growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1.

Effects of the toxic compounds in flue gas, SOx and NOx, on growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1 have been determined. Although growth of KR-1 was suppressed by the toxic compounds, KR-1 exhibited excellent tolerances to SOx compared to other algal strains. When Chlorella KR-1 was cultured with the model gas containing 60 ppm SO2, the linear growth rate was 1.24 g/l day which is about 25% lower than that of the control culture aerated with the gas mixture containing no toxic compounds, SO2 and NO. KR-1 could grow even with the model gas containing 100 ppm SO2 and the linear growth rate of KR-1 in the culture was 0.78 g/l day. The period for lag phase was increased with increasing of SO2 concentration that also resulted in the decrease of the linear growth rate and the maximum cell concentration. Direct CO2 fixation by Chlorella KR-1 has been successfully done using actual flue gases from a liquified natural gas (LNG)- or diesel-fueled boiler. These results indicated that Chlorella KR-1 may be applied for direct CO2 fixation from actual flue gas.

Air Pollutants↗